Nadene Goldfoot
Jews were not allowed to own land in any country, so they had to rely on their own education; knowledge of languages, reading, writing and arithmetic skills, and hand crafts of making jewelry, and money management, which many kings needed help along with trade with different countries. They had skills that led into the banking profession they had developed with all their trading, especially along the Silk Road leading to China.
Another of Worms, Germany is 16th century.
There was a Labor Movement with Jews in the Middle Ages in Eastern Europe until the birth of industrialization in the 19th century; before its return to Palestine to join their brothers who never left, since those in Jerusalem at the time of its destruction in the year 70, were taken as slaves or were slaughtered or starved to death. Others in the country remained. The appreciation of the social spiritual importance of manual Labor was restated by the HASKALAH and HIBBAT ZION MOVEMENTS. It was the core of the philosophy of the "Prophet of Labor," and forms one of the main planks of Labor Zionism. From this came the Leftists later on in Israel's politics. Israel was born on May 14, 1948 after a struggle of attacking on it starting in 1947.
Eshkol was first appointed as prime minister following the resignation of David Ben-Gurion. He then led the party in the elections to the Sixth Knesset (1965) and won, remaining in office for six consecutive years. Shortly after taking office, Eshkol made several significant changes, among them the annulment of military rule over Israeli Arabs and a successful journey to the United States, being the first Israeli leader to be formally invited to the White House. His relations with American President Lyndon B. Johnson greatly affected Israel–United States relations and later on the Six-Day War.
Labor Party: The Israeli Labor Party (Hebrew: מִפְלֶגֶת הָעֲבוֹדָה הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִית, romanized: commonly known as HaAvoda (Hebrew: הָעֲבוֹדָה, lit. 'The Labor'), was a social democratic political party in Israel. The party was established in 1968 by a merger of Mapai, Ahdut HaAvoda and Rafi. Until 1977, all Israeli prime ministers were affiliated with the Labor movement. The final party leader was Yair Golan, who was elected on 28 May 2024.
A party in the Labor Zionist tradition supporting the welfare state and trade union links, The Labor Party was associated with supporting the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, pragmatic foreign affairs policies and social-democratic economic policies. The party has also been described as secular,progressive, and in favour of a two-state solution. The party was a member of Socialist International until July 2018, and was subsequently a member of the Progressive Alliance and an observer member of the Party of European Socialists.
Prime Ministers were: Levi Eshkol (1963–69); Golda Meir (1969–74); Yitzhak Rabin (first time, 1974–77); Shimon Peres (first time, 1984–86)
Rabin also signed a peace treaty with Jordan in 1994. In November 1995, he was assassinated by Yigal Amir, an extremist who opposed the terms of the Oslo Accords. Amir was convicted of Rabin's murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. There is no death penalty in Israel.
During the 1970s, the welfare state was expanded under successive Labor governments, with increases in pension benefits and the creation of new social security schemes such as disability insurance and unemployment insurance in 1970, children’s insurance in 1975, vacation pay for adopting parents in 1976, a Family Allowance for Veterans in 1970, a benefit for Prisoners of Zion in 1973, and a mobility benefit and a Volunteers’ Rights benefit in 1975. During 1975–76, a modest program of housing rehabilitation was launched in a dozen or so older neighborhoods, while the Sick Leave Compensation Law of 1976 provided for compensation in cases when employees were absent from work because of illness. What they were introducing was Socialism, copied by Russia to become Communism.
The beginning of the end of Labor’s dominance began before the . The was hampered by internal dissension, persistent allegations of corruption, ambiguities and contradictions in its political platform, and by the disaffection of Mizrachi Jews (those who came from Arab and Muslim countries). Labor’s failure to prepare the country for the war further alienated a large segment of the electorate.
Many Israelis blamed Golda Meir for what some saw as a defeat or, at a minimum, an embarrassment. She subsequently resigned and was replaced by . The postwar estrangement from the Israeli public intensified throughout 1976 as the party was hit with a barrage of corruption charges that struck at the highest echelons. minister of housing, who was under investigation for alleged abuses during his time as director general of the Housing Authority, committed suicide in January 1977. At the same time, the governor of the Bank of Israel, who had been nominated by Rabin, was sentenced to jail for taking bribes and evading taxes, and the director general of the Ministry of Housing was apprehended in various extortion schemes. Rabin was also caught lying about money illegally kept in a bank account in the during the time he was ambassador.
Before the creation of the state of Israel, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. He proclaimed a revolt, on 1 February 1944, against the British mandatory government, which was opposed by the Jewish Agency.
The combination of events before, during, and after the 1973 War created an opportunity for the under the fiery to assume power. In the , the Likud won 43 seats, the Alignment 32, and Begin was able to form a coalition government that left Labor in the opposition for the first time.
When I moved to Israel in 1980, the first thing I learned that the Leftists were the opposite of those in the USA. We were for Netanyahu, of Likud. That's who everyone turned to when Israel was being attacked. The Leftists were more likely to give away all of Israel, which was our fear.
Meretz was formed prior to the 1992 Israeli legislative election by an alliance of three left-wing political parties, Ratz, Mapam and Shinui, and was initially led by Ratz's chairwoman and long-time Knesset member Shulamit Aloni. The name "Meretz" ( מרצ) was chosen as an acronym for Mapam ( מפ"ם) and Ratz .
Meretz was a social-democratic and secular party emphasising a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, social justice, human rights (especially for religious, ethnic and sexual minorities), religious freedom and environmentalism.
It had no seats in the Knesset following its failure to pass the electoral threshold in the 2022 elections, the only time it failed to win seats in the Knesset.
Barack Hussein Obama, b: Aug.4, 1961; (President 2009-2017) 2 terms
Bill Clinton, b: Aug.19,1946; (President 1993-2001) 2 terms
Leftists of the USA would be the Democrats. The American left refers to the groups or ideas on the left of the political spectrum in the United States of America. It is occasionally used as a shorthand for groups aligned with the Democratic Party. At other times, it refers to groups that have sought egalitarian changes in the economic, political, and cultural institutions of the United States. Various subgroups with a national scope are active. Liberals and progressives believe that equality can be accommodated into existing capitalist structures but they differ in their criticism of capitalism and on the extent of reform and the welfare state. Anarchists, communists, and socialists with international imperatives are also present within this macro-movement. Many communes and egalitarian communities have existed in the United States as a sub-category of the broader intentional community movement, some of which were based on utopian socialist ideals. Bernie Sanders, Senator of Vermont, would be one of the socialists, an Independent.
The left has been involved in both the Democratic and Republican parties at different times, having originated in the Democratic-Republican Party as opposed to the Federalist Party. The Federalist Party was a conservative and nationalist American political party and the first political party in the United States. It dominated the national government under Alexander Hamilton from 1789 to 1801. The party was defeated by the Democratic-Republican Party in 1800, and it became a minority party while keeping its stronghold in New England.
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Netanyahu made his closeness to Donald Trump, a friend since the 1980s, central to his appeal from 2016. During Trump's first presidency, the US recognized Jerusalem as capital of Israel, Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights, and brokered the Abraham Accords, normalization agreements between Israel and the Arab world. Jared Kushner,(Modern Orthodox) Trump's son in law, was the dealer that made sure these took place for Israel.
Bibi (Benjamin), Netanyahu's father, Benzion, laid the groundwork of Benjamin's party line choice. He despised the liberal élites. They had stifled his academic career, he believed, and weakened the country with their prattle about making peace with the Palestinians. Supporters of the Labor Party, the dominant force in Israeli politics for decades, did not, in his mind, live in the real world. Bibi's mother was a Segal, a family I matched DNA with. “Jewish history is in large measure a history of holocausts,” he said that day.
Benjamin Netanyahu is with Likud's Party on the Right. It stood for: The Right of the Jewish People to the Land of Israel (Eretz Israel)
a. The right of the to the land of is eternal and indisputable and is linked with the right to security and peace; therefore, and will not be handed to any foreign administration; between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty.
b. A plan which relinquishes parts of western Eretz Israel, undermines our right to the country, unavoidably leads to the establishment of a "Palestinian State," jeopardizes the security of the population, endangers the existence of the State of Israel. and frustrates any prospect of peace.
Genuine Peace-Our Central Objective
a. The Likud government will place its aspirations for peace at the top of its priorities and will spare no effort to promote peace. The will act as a genuine partner at peace treaty negotiations with our neighbors, as is customary among the nations. The Likud government will attend the Geneva Conference. .
b. The Likud governments peace initiative will he positive. Directly or through a friendly state. Israel will invite her neighbors to hold direct negotiations, in order to sign without pre-conditions on either side and without any solution formula invented by outsiders (invented outside ).
At the negotiations each party will he free to make any proposals it deems lit. The two parties have been seriously battling each other to gain the leadership of Israel.
Resource:
https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/aloni-shulamit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party
https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Ben-Gurion
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-and-overview-of-the-labor-party
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Eshkol
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Left
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/original-party-platform-of-the-likud-party
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Presidents-of-the-United-States-1846696
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/04/22/the-trump-netanyahu-alliance
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