Sunday, December 29, 2019

The Jewish Kings : Dynasties of Israel and Judah

Nadene Goldfoot                                             
                     The Three Founding Fathers of                                        Israel

1. The first king of Israel was Saul in the 11th Century BCE.  He was son of Kish of the tribe of Benjamin.   The people were threatened by the Philistines and Ammonites, and wanted a king over them to show their power.  The prophet Samuel chose Saul.

2. David of the tribe of Judah took over from Saul in 1000-960 BCE.  He ruled from about 1010 to 970 BCE.  He was the youngest son of Jesse, born in Bethlehem and at age 25 was Saul's armor- bearer.  David and Jonathan, Saul's son, were good friends.  He married Saul's daughter, Michal.  Saul became very jealous of David and his popularity.  First David was king of Judah.  After 8 years, David captured Jerusalem, making it his capital.  David won many battles and became king over all the area.  It is believed that he had written the Book of Psalms.

3. Solomon succeeded his father, David as the next king and reigned from 961 to 920 BCE. Where David had to engage in battles, Solomon was the creator and built the Temple.  Solomon was king of Israel from 961 to 920 BCE.  His mother was the Bathsheba.  He became king because of the help of his mother and the prophet Nathan before his father had died.  King Hiram of Tyre helped him by sending materials for the Temple which was completed in his 11th year of his reign.  Solomon divided his empire into 12 districts and built many cities such as Meggiddo and Hazor.  He had a harbor built on the Red Sea.  It is said that he had 1,000 wives and concubines, procured many by making peace with smaller kingdoms and marrying the daughters of the kings.  His realm extended from Egypt to the Euphrates River and was the most energetic in the entire region.  The arts of historiography, parables, and elegant writings were developed and many biblical works such as the Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Psalm 72 were attributed to Solomon.  His reputation was his great wisdom.  His downfall was the forced labor that was part of his building program and it impoverished the country.  The Edomites and Arameans started revolts.  Inside Israel was malcontent of the people.  When he died, there was the problem of who the next king would be.  This is when Judah pulled out of the statehood of Israel.

                                                       ISRAEL'S  KINGS

4. Jeroboam became king from 930 to 910 BCE.  He was not a son of Solomon.  Instead, he was an Ephraimite, one of the 12 tribes of Jacob.  He had been a superintendent of Solomon' forced labor gangs who had led the revolt.  He hid out in Egypt after Solomon's death.

5-19.  Nadab (912-911 BCE)                           Jehoahaz   (816-800 BCE)
          Baasha (911-911 BCE)                          Jehoash     (800-785 BCE)
          Elah     (888-887 BCE)                          Jeroboam II  (785-745 BCE)
          Zimri   (887 BCE)                                 Zachariah  (744 BCE)
          Omri   (887-876 BCE)                          Shallum     (743 BCE)
          Ahab  (876-853 BCE)                           Menahem  (743-736 BCE)
          Ahaziah/Uzziah  (853 BCE)                 Pekahiah   (736-735 BCE)
          Jehoram  (853-843 BCE)                      Pekah        (735-730 BCE)
          Jehu   (843-816 BCE)                           Hoshea      (730-721 BCE)
     
                 ASSYRIA ATTACKED IN 721 BCE AND CARRIED OFF THE BEST OF THE PEOPLE INTO CAPTIVITY.  ISRAEL HAD LOST TERRITORY OF TRANSJORDAN AND GALILEE IN BATTLE.  PHILISTIA, TYRE, MOAB AND EDOM BECAME ASSYRIAN PROVINCES.  SAMARIA WAS TAKEN BY SARGON WHO ANNEXED ISRAEL AND DEPORTED 27,290 ISRAELITES TO ASSYRIA AND MEDIA.  REPLACED THEM WITH SYRIAN AND BABYLONIAN PRISONERS.                                     
                                                      

                                                   JUDAH'S KINGS

  Southern part of Israel, which divided in 933 BCE when Solomon had died,
                         maintained the Dynasty of Solomon

4. Rehoboam (933-917 BCE), son of Solomon and his Ammonite wife, Naamah.  He had not listened to the people who wanted relief from heavy taxation.  The tribes of Judah, the largest, and Simeon and mosat of Benjamin remained loyal to him because of the Temple.  Egypt invaded and plundered the Temple at this opportune time.

5-20  Abijam  (917-915 BCE)                    Jotham  (740-735 BCE)
         Asa        (915-875 BCE)                    Ahaz     (735-720 BCE)
        Jehoshaphat  (875-851 BCE)              Hezekiah  (720-692 BCE)
        Jehoram  (851-844 BCE)                    Manasseh (692-638 BCE)
        Ahaziah  (844-843 BCE)                    Amon       (638-637 BCE)
        Athaliah  (843-837 BCE)                   Josiah       (637-608 BCE)
       Joash       (837-798 BCE)                    Jehoahaz  (608 BCE)
       Amaziah  (798-780 BCE)                   Jehoiakim  (608-598 BCE)
       Azariah/Uzziah  (780-740 BCE          Jehoiakin   (598-597 BCE)
                                                                   Zedekiah   (597-586 BCE)
                                      
                                    On Mount Moriah in Jerusalem

Temple built by Solomon was destroyed in 586 BCE
It was rebuilt from 538-515 BCE (2nd Temple)
519 BCE-RENEWED TEMPLE WORSHIP
A 50 YEAR INTERVAL
by the returning Babylonian Jewish exiles.
This was destroyed in 70 CE by the Romans
The Romans built a temple over this site.
A mosque has stood there (Mosque of Omar)

                BABYLONIANS(Chaldees where Abraham was born) , WHO HAD TAKEN OVER ASSYRIA, ATTACKED IN 597 BCE AND AGAIN IN 586 BCE WITH NEBUCHADNEZZAR, LAND OF INSOLENT PAGAN TYRANNY, EXILED MANY JEWS TO BABYLON.  MANY JEWS REMAINED HERE AFTER FREED BY CYRUS WHO HELPED THEM TO RETURN TO JUDAH.  THE JEWISH POSITION WOULD BE IN PERIL UNTIL THE ARAB CONQUEST IN 7TH CENTURY CE.

  538 BCE  CYRUS II, KING OF PERSIA (IRAN TODAY) was in power so granted permission to the exiles of Judah in Babylon to return to their homeland and rebuild the Temple.  The Jewish exiles regarded Cyrus as a Divine agent.  Ezra led them back.  Not all followed.  
He overran the Babylonian Empire which then included what was later called Palestine by the Romans in 135 CE.  Cyrus died in 529 BCE.  It's thought that he may have been the son of Queen Esther, the Jewish beauty who was married to King Ahasueros.  

312-198 BCE:  Ptolemaic rule and then under                Seleucids-growing Hellenization
           Macedonian king of Egypt
                One of Alexander the Great's generals.  

250 BCE:  PARTHIA RULED JUDAH: This was an empire of Iranic people.  from 3rd century BCE-226 CE it ruled over the vast mass of the Jewish population in Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Media.  
200 BCE:  Antiohus III conquered Eretz Yisrael  and granted privileges to the Temple.  Seleucids had financial problems and had a hard time eeting its depressed monetary situation.  Here we have the Hasmonean revolt.  

                             

            2 CENTURIES OF PERSIAN RULE OVER JUDAH

                                                

                                         HASHMONEAN DYNASTY

168 BCE  Mattathias the Hashmonian revolted against Greek Syrians who had  occupied Jerusalem.  5 sons, Judah, Jonathan, Simon John and Eleazar  with him.  


Judah Maccabee
   d: 160 BCE

145 BCE Jonathan, Judah's brother, added Lydda to Judah
142 BCE Simon , brother of Judah Maccabee, became leader and high priest  died in 135 BCE:  

135 BCE  John Hyrcanus aka Yohanan Cohen Gadol (John, the high priest) was Simon's son, 
first to force people to become Jewish which he did to Idumaea.  
Preferred Sudducees over Pharisees.  
was defeated by Antiochus Vii Sidetes. 
     Aristobulus I, son of Hyrcanus last reign with Judaea being powerful and united as a state.
 Jerusalem was taken by the Syrians after a prolonged siege.
     Judea once more became a Seleucid province.    

105-104 BCE  Judah Aristobulus, son of Aristobulus King. 
104-76 BCE  Alexander Yanai, son of Aristobulus, now King. He set up a standing mercenary army and conquered Transjordan, Idumea and the coastal plain.  The Pharisees opposed his war policy so he was antagonistic toward them.  This led to a Civil War.  After a bloody struggle, he won.  
76-69 BCE He was married to Salome Alexandra who ruled after his death.  She died and the Hashmonean Dynasty declined.  

Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II were sons of Salome and Alexandaer Yanai had strife between them as leaders.  

63-43 BCE: Antipater saw a door open during this strife and became ruler of Judea.  He supported Hyrcanus in his war against his brother Aristobulus.  Then he assisted the Romans.  He joined up with Julius Caesar after his victory over Pompey, and recruited Jewish and Nabaean troops for his army.  He became financial administrator of Judea in 47 BCE.  
Father of Herod.  
47 BCE;  Antipater became effective ruler of the country.  He was also ruler of Idumea in 1st century BCE.  He grew rich from  trade with Arabia.  

Phasael and Herod: were sons of Antipater.  Appointed to chief administrative posts by their father.  

73-4 BCE:  Herod I:  King of Judea by the Senate of Rome, son of Antipater the Idumean by his Nabatean wife, Cypros.

 Parthias restored: 40-37 BCE: King Antigonus Mattathias restored  to the throne of Judah .  he had been the last Hasmonean king, son of Aristobulus II.  when Pompey captured Jerusalem in 63, he was taken as a hostage to Rome.  He returned to Judea in 49.  He captured Jerusalem in 40 with the support of the Parthians.  Herod's brother, Phasael put him to death and mutilated his own uncle Hyrcanus so as to disqualify him for the high priesthood.  He then ruled as king of Judea and high priest.  

40 BCE  Parthians made Antigonus king who was the son of Aristobulus II. Antigonus was put to death.  

4 BCE-6 CE   ARCHELAUS, Son of Herod  ruled Judah as king.  A Jewish delegation requested Emperor Augustus.of Rome to dethrone the herodian dynasty.  Augustus did but gave him the title of ethnarch of Judea, Idumea, and Samaria.  Archelaus's rule was marked by severity, leading to his removal from office by Augustus.  He sent him to Gaul where he died in 16 CE.  

6 CE:  Romans created a province out of Judea,       Samaria and Idumea, naming it Iudaea

6 -66 CE:  Archelauas, son of Herod, Jerusalem            was ruled by Roman Procurators.
Procurators of Judea usually lived in Caesarea, the administrative capital of Roman Judea.  They went to Jerusalem to maintain order during holidays where they stayed in Herod's palace.  There were 14 of these governors:  7 between 6-41 CE.  Others ruled between 44-66.  

29 CE: Pontius Pilate was a procurator.  During his time, Jesus was crucified. 
37 CE  Herod captured Jerusalem with help of large Roman force.   
37 CE Herod married Mariamne, granddaughter of the high priest, Hyrcanus, a Hashmonean.  Herod murdered all rivals to his new power including his own brother in-law, Aristobulus III, the last Hasmonean high priest.  He put to death his own wife Mariamne, their 2 sons Alexander and Aristobulus, and his firstborn, Antipater.   

He rebuilt the Temple in Jerusalem on a magnificent scale and erected the 2 new cities of Sebaste and Caesarea.  When he died, his will read that his kingdom was to be partitioned among his sons Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip. 

39: Romans drove the Parthians from Syria.  Herod attacked Antigonus and won.  Antigonus then fortified himself in Jerusalem, but was captured after a 5 month siege and put to death. 

  Herod Antipas. Herod Antipas, (born 21 BCE—died in 39 CE), son of Herod I the Great who became tetrarch of Galilee and ruled throughout Jesus of Nazareth's ministry.  His mother was Malthace of Samaria.  Herod died in 4 BCE and he became tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, founded Tiberias for the emperor.  He married Herodias, wife of his brother Herod.  

41-44: Agrippa (10 BCE-44 CE)  ruled in Jerusalem as king.  Son of Aristobulus and grandson of Herod.  He began to build a 3rd wall to the North
It was Caligula, Roman Emperor from 37 -41 the title of king to rule NE Palestine.  Caligula was touched in the head, insisting on being worshiped as a divinity causing disturbances in Alexandra when he visited.  

64–68 CE: Nero, Roman Emperor 54-68,  persecutes Jews and Christians throughout the Roman Empire.  His wife was sypathetic to Judaism.  This was a period of turmoil in Judea ending with war against Rome.  


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Featured snippet from the web

  • The Sanhedrin is relocated to YavnePharisees become dominant, and their form of Judaism evolves into modern day Rabbinic Judaism (whereas Sadducees and Essenes are no longer recorded as groups 
  • in history. 
  • 130 CE Hadrian, Roman Emperor, built a new city over Jerusalem, calling it Colonia Aelia Capitolina.  

132 Revolt against Roman Emperor Hadrian (117-138) led by Bar Kokhba. He tried to end circumcision.  Turning Jerusalem into Roman colony to be called after himself. 
135 CE  General Bar Kokhba died after retaking Jerusalem and holding it for 3 years from the Romans.  Nephew of Rabbi Eleazar of Modiin, of David descent.  

324 – Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire Constantine the Great, having defeated Emperor Maximian, Caesar of the Western Roman Empire at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge becomes the sole ruler of the re-united Roman Empire with its capital at Byzantium (New Rome) and legalizes Christianity and other religions. Queen Helena, a devout Christian, wife of Eastern Roman Emperor Constantius and mother of Constantine the Great, departs for the Holy Land and begins the construction of churches.


Updated with additional information going to 324 CE:  12/31/19 





352 CE  An upriing in Lydda happened causing Jews to be nearly exterminated by Constantius Gallus.  Now Christians made up the population.  
After Arab conquest, Lydda became the capital of Palestine until: 700 CE.  Arabs left in 1948.  
700 CE when the capital became Ramleh nearby.  

1950  Lydda holds the airport of modern-day Israel.  




Tuesday, December 17, 2019

All About the Maccabees, The Reason We Celebrate Chanukah

Nadene Goldfoot                                                                            

In 168 BCE, Jews revolted against Syria.  Mattathias the Hasmonean was the military leader of this revolt.  His oldest son was Judah, known as Judah the Maccabee.  Four other sons were Jonathan, Simon, John and Eleazar.  They all helped to direct this popular revolt against the hellenizing policy adopted in Judah by the Syrian king ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES.  Judah was known as Judah the hammerer.  
                                                      
Antiochus was a Greek king from the House of Seleucus.  Antiochus III was king from 223 to 187 BCE and had transferred 2,000 Jewish families from Babylon to Lydia and Phrygia.  After his capture of Jerusalem in 198 BCE, he treated the Jews with understanding.  
                                                       

However, it was Antiochus IV Epiphanes who reigned from 175 to 163 BCE and after being turned back by Rome on his 2nd expedition against Egypt in 168 BCE, occupied Jerusalem instead.   It was he who plundered the Temple treasure and endeavored to hellenize Judea by force in order to convert it into a reliable frontier-province.  
                                                      

This, of course brought about a rising which Antiochus suppressed with great cruelty.  Thousands of Jews were killed and many were sold into slavery.  Antiochus brought in gentile settlers into Jerusalem and fortified the ACRA as a stronghold of the Hellenizers to dominate the city.  He then began a fierce religious persecution of the Jews, forbid circumcision and the observance of the Sabbath, desecrated the Temple altar, set up pagan altars in the provincial towns, and compelled the Jews to participate in pagan ceremonies.  His excesses caused the Hasmonean uprising.  

                                                                                 
Judah the Maccabee
From 166 to 164 BCE, the Hasmoneans fought a number of successful battles against the Syrians.  Judah the Maccabee died in 160 BC.  He had succeeded his father as leader of the revolt against Antiochus Epiphanes (167/166 BCE), and had attacked the Syrian armies by his creative moves of ambush, rapid movement and night-attacks.  These Syrians were more Greek than Syrian as the Greek culture had developed within the Greek people. 
                                                     

Judah managed to occupy Jerusalem in 164 BCE and then purified the Temple from the Greek god statues that had been placed there.  Then be brought assistance to Jewish communities in Transjordan  Galilee, Ammon, Idumea, and Gilead.                                             


Judah was defeated by overwhelming forces under Lysias in 163 at Bet Zechariah.  At that time, Syrians were having dynastic difficulties which forced Lysias to recognize Jewish religious freedom. 


The family went on to create the Hasmonean dynasty as a whole who were leaders of their people..  The name of Mattathias was used loosely with other members of the family being it had become so well known. 
                                                                           
Sufganiot or special donuts for Chanukah, fried in oil
Remembering the oil in the Temple that lasted for 8 days,
we eat fried potato latkas and sufganiot
 Judah didn't waver in his distain for Syrians so maintained his resistance, insisting on political freedom as well, and was killed in battle at Elasa in 160 BCE.  He had become the prototype of heroism among the Jews and was regarded by the Christians as one of the military celebrities of antiquity. John was murdered shortly afterward and Jonathan took over the leadership.  By playing off Syrian pretenders against each other, Jonathan was able to secure the high priesthood in 152 and the governorship of Judah in 150. 

Simon succeeded in gaining exemption from tribute in 147 BCE.  He was confirmed by the people as hereditary high priest, ethnarch (governor), and general leader in 142 BCE only to be murdered in 135 BCE. 
                                                    

 His son, John Hyrcanus, (. In rabbinic literature he is often referred to as Yoḥanan Cohen Gadol (יוחנן כהן גדול), "John the High Priest".) who succeeded him, suffered a crushing defeat by Antiochus VII Sidetes.  Jerusalem was taken by the Syrians after a prolonged siege and Judea once more became a Seleucid province. 

After the defeat of Antiochus in his war against Parthia, John launched an offensive against Transjordan.  Samaria and Idumea, marking the transition of the Hasamoneans to a semi-hellenized secular military dynasty. 
                                                                         
This led to John's repudiation of the PHARISEES and his adherence to the aristocratic SADDUCEE party.  " He forced Idumaea to convert to Judaism, the first example of conversion imposed by the Jews in their history. Upon his death Hyrcanus was succeeded by his eldest son, Aristobulus I. Hyrcanus’ reign was the last under which Judaea was a powerful, united state."

He was succeeded by his sons Judah Aristobulus in 105-104 BCE and Alexander Yannai in 104-76 BCE, one of whom was the first to adopt the royal title.  Yannai set up a standing mercenary army and conquered Transjordan, Idumea and the coastal plain.  His antagonism to the Phariseees, who opposed his war policy, led to civil war i;n whcih he was victorious after a bloody struggle.  The Pharisees were in the ascendant during the reign of his widow, SALOME ALEXANDRA from 76 to 69 BCE.  When she died, the Hasmoneans declined.
                                                         
Herod (73 BCE-4 BCE) 

It was cause by strife between her sons Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II that led to the intervention and domination of Antipater and his son Herod, who had Roman assistance.  Pompey drastically reduced the country's territory in 63 BCE.  Hyrcanus remained a puppet while Aristobulus II and his sons Alexander and Antigonas Mattathias tried to regain power but failed.

Hyrcanus' granddaughter, Mariamne married Herod but was put to death by him in 29 BCE as well as the surviving Hasmoneans by Aristobulus III in 35 BCE, Hyrcanus II in 30 BCE and Mariamnae's sons Alexander and Aristobulus in 7 BCE.                                                            
It was the custom for a long time to give gelt
as gifts to children.

                                                                             
We spin the dreidal, a game played during
Chanukah
Syria's ancient name used in our Tanakh is ARAM.  The state was never a homogeneous one.  The coastal strip was settled by the Phoenicians.  Described in the Bible (I and II Kings), Israel and Judah had constant friction with The Phoenicians until the 8th century when Syria was overrun by the Assyrians.
                                                        

They had a large Jewish population in Antioch which became most important during the Seleucid era but had suffered from the hostility of the Greeks.  The largest Jewish communities in Syria in the 12th century were at Aleppo with 5,000 and Damascus with 3,000 and Palmyra with 2,000.  Today the Jews are gone from Syria, held prisoners for many years and freed by a Jewish Canadian lady, Judith Feld Carr, with the promise to President Assad,  of being taken anywhere but to Israel.  

Resource:
Updated 12/22/19 on Ms. Carr
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/omitting-the-maccabees/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Hyrcanus-I

Sunday, December 1, 2019

How I Almost Became an Assimilated Jew as Dershowitz Prophesized

Nadene Goldfoot
                                                                       
1981 and we've moved into our Safed, Israel apartment. This is
my living room with bars on the window as we're on the main floor
and terrorists could come through here.  The apartment comes with bars.
I'm waiting for my lift to be delivered.  This is a bed provided for us that I'm using
as a sofa.  I'm now an Israeli, the girl who almost became an assimilation statistic. 
      As I write this, our numbers have been quickly fading away.  Our American-Jewish population makes up only 2% of Americans as of 1997 when Alan Dershowitiz's "THE VANISHING AMERICAN JEW" was published.  That means that about 5.5 million Jews out of 262 million Americans are the  teeny group that I belong to.  For such a small group, we manage to get a lot of attention by being leaders in many areas, causing others to think we make up about 20% of this country.

This number is huge compared to our position in the world.  There, we make up only about 0.02% of the world population.  We exist mainly in in Israel with 6 million today and the USA, with about 2 million more scattered throughout the world.

As far as the USA's numbers go, we are vanishing just as Dershowitz prophecized, and I was certainly one of them.  My parents never took my brother and I to synagogue as they never attended, though I must add that my mother took me to synagogue on the high holidays. My father must have attended my brother's bar mitzvah.
                                                                               
Charlie 6 on left and Morris 4 on right; my dad
My father, Morris (Moses) born in 1908, lost his father when he was 4 years old.  His father was killed in his horse and wagon accident in SE Portland.  Not being proficient in handling horses, his was spooked by a loud noise and threw my grandfather Nathan Goldfoot, out of his wagon which caused him to land on his head and be taken to the old St. Vincent Hospital, never to waken.  My grandmother (Bubba) was beside herself on Friday when he didn't come home.  She didn't speak anything but Yiddish and didn't know what happened to him until several days later when a friend of  Nathan's came by to tell her that her husband was dead.

Our dad was out on the streets at age 4 selling newspapers by following his 6 year old brother, Charlie.  The boys continued to help this fledgling family of a mother and 2 sisters.  Their mom had lost Abraham, a middle child to the feather mattress he had died on before their father had died.  Dad had been a track star and baseball outfielder at Commerce High School in Portland but had to drop out before his senior year to help support everyone.  His mom had found work plucking chickens which didn't pay very much.  She also raised goats in the Gulch where they lived and sold the milk.
                                                                     
I know that both Charlie and my father, Morris (Moshe) had been thrown out of Hebrew school where Bubba had sent them for being rowdy and unmanageable.  I don't think from the stories I've heard that Bubba could ever manage them.  She's chase them under a bed in the house with her broom.  So much for their Jewish education, even though she attended the First Street Shul.  It was all she could do to see to it that they all survived.

Dad had a failed first marriage that ended in divorce.  In those days he had become a kosher butcher, in a shop that was part of the neighborhood they lived in.
                                                                                   
 He also was a boxer at the Neighborhood House, something a lot of poor immigrants did that were either Jewish or Italian.

One day he saw Milly walk by his shop and he whistled.  She had beautiful "Betty Grable legs, was a tall as he was, and was a blonde..  They dated.  It turned out that she was a live-in maid and baby-sitter for the Gurions, another Jewish family in the neighborhood who was very well off.  Milly came from a poor home herself whose mother was a Swedish immigrant.  Her father was from an old established Vermont family of Robinsons.   Milly's parents were old enough to be her grandparents and she was one who had left home early to seek her fortune.   They married and Milly converted to Judaism.                                                                   
Mom was 5'6" with great Aunt Jenny Criss nee Jermulowske, my bubba's sister.
I thought mom was really tall.  

                                                                                 
I was born in 1934, just after the 1929 Depression that hit the whole world and especially the USA.  We were lucky to have a dad who was in the meat business, so we didn't go without that.  Dad's aim in life had not changed.  His efforts were in keeping his extending family supplied with meat.  The last thing on his mind was his religion.  They sent me to Sunday School at age 5, and I loved it. By then we had moved across the river to the SE side of Portland so dad had to drive me to school.   I continued on till about age 15, staying home some mornings and thus missing some important classes in Hebrew which set me behind.  I skipped a year in grade school, making me just 16 when I started college.
                                                                               
                                                             
When still 15, I was chosen QUEEN ESTHER at our Purim Ball.  At the time I was going steady with Sam Arnstein who had caused this to happen with his ticket-buying which meant votes for me.  When I found out how it came to be, I was furious with Sam, but as things turn out strangely, it was the best thing that had ever happened to me for the rest of my life.  It was a huge reminder that I was Jewish, even a queen.  I'm forever grateful to Sam for that.

One thing that probably kept a lot of Jewish families from attending a synagogue was the expense.  It was a time of frugality due to  poor income and to attend a synagogue meant joining one by paying  dues, probably once a year.  There wasn't much of getting out and beating the bushes and finding families who did not attend, either, I imagine.  Once people moved out of a pocket of Jewish families, they were lost to the rest.  My parents did see to it that my brother was bar mitzvahed and I became a Sunday school teacher after being too old to continue attending school myself.

 What brought me into the Jewish community was joining the B'nai Brith which had clubs and groups for Jewish teens.  How did that happen?  I was a butterfly caught in the net, I suppose, by a friend or relative.
                                                                             
Sam and I had broken up and I became enamored with a pre-med student at Reed College, the Harvard of the West.  He wasn't Jewish but some of his friends at Reed were.  We met through Bernie Ax.  We married and wound up in Seattle where Wes was in medical school.  We divorced and Wes went on to became a Radiologist.  His parents were from England and they had been very anti-Semitic but changed somewhat when they met my mother..
                                                                       
Oil painting I did of Danny before moving to Israel
My life continued with its ups and downs, but I managed to become an elementary teacher and supported my children and myself by teaching.  I met a Jewish conservative from Brooklyn somewhat  like myself and we married, winding up in Israel where we lived and taught for over 5 years.  We held dual citizenship.  That's when I finally took a look at myself and was so proud of being Jewish.  I was delving into our ancient Jewish history and appreciating everything I read.
                                                                       
Cooking  lot of our Jewish foods was a good reminder of who I was.
Here's a round challah I baked for the Rosh Hashana. It's a more recent picture.
I make the challah from scratch; yeast and all.  There's nothing like the smell of
bread baking and chicken soup simmering in the kitchen. It's the smell of heaven.      
We were married for 22 years and I constantly studied our religion and actually was able to attend a synagogue, even a synagogue in Israel!  We had to live in an ulpan and study Hebrew which led to a 3 hr test at the end of our 10 months of daily classes 6 days a week and I passed despite having fallen and crushed my right elbow and arm bone.  Ending up in Haifa's army hospital, it took 3 hours for 3 doctors to put me back together and be able to play the piano I had shipped to Israel along with our other belongings.

The NJOP Report of July 2019 in their article, FACING ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE USA by Ephraim Z. Buchwald tells us that 80% of American Jews cannot read Hebrew.  The 20% that can must be the Orthodox as our books contain both Hebrew and English for our Synagogue readings.

This is very sad as reading Hebrew starts in Kindergarten and even in Jewish pre-schools.   Buchwald wonders how many Jews know who the mother of Moses was as so many can answer the question of who was the mother of Jesus.  Of course they can answer that;  it's a part of their environment, but I figure that anything about Moses is a mystery today to many people who are children of Jews.  In fact, few know anything about Judaism.

It is said that if Hitler had left the Jews of Germany alone they would have totally assimilated within 2 or 2 generations; a generation being about 25 years.  The same is being said of American Jews today.  We hear about the possible loss of about 70% of American Jews within 2 generations, and I think that the 30% remaining will be in pockets in New Jersey and New York.

Looking back, almost every child attended Hebrew school, especially the boys.  Ugh, my father must have been either terribly unruly or the teacher just didn't know how to handle the class.
                                                                             
One of our Silver Falls  Cattle Trucks 
 I say this because dad went on without a high school diploma to have Silver Falls Meat Packing Co on Columbia Blvd next door to Swift and Armour.  He was successful, though he died in 1967.  It was a very competitive business and he worked day and night.  He had grown from his beginnings of Lincoln Wholesale Meats near the Lincoln Theater.  I worked for him after school when 15 as his bookkeeper until my son was almost born.

Too many American Jews today have become completely estranged from their religion and heritage.  All this is happening at a time when anti-Semitism is running rampant in this country.  I know a few who don't even recognize anti-Semitism.  Where do interests lie today with our population?  Seems as if a large segment of our population know all about football and basketball and who the winners are.

Along with the lack of interest in our religion, I see a conflicting group has developed to compete with AIPAC, the group who speaks up in Israel's defense with our governmental leadership  It's J Street, who profess to also defend Israel.

When I returned to Portland after living in Israel at the end of 1985, I eventually joined a group of advocates for Israel.  Believe me, I was shocked with what I  found out about J Street and how they had no regard or respect for how Israelis felt and voted for the land they were living in.  It's as if these couch potatoes simply knew it all because they were Americans and had better insight to matters.  What hurt was that I saw many rabbis belonging to this group.  It all comes together with not having the knowledge or even interest to know what they were advocating.  It's a part of group mentality; following the leader, doing what's popular.  It's disgusting!   This is what lack of education leads to; going against your own people.  They may even be more anti-Semitic than the  anti-Semites!

We've been a people for almost 6,000 years and have gone through so many periods of being almost totally wiped out from the time of slavery in Egypt and our 40 year march back home with Moses to the Crusaders, the Inquisitors, Martin Luther, pogroms, forced conversions to Christianity which included some being burned at the stake showing that some of us were even willing to fight and die for the right to remain Jewish and today,  who cares?

The prophets may be right.  All 3 religions, Jews, Christians and Muslims all believe that there is an ending coming soon and each one thinks they are on the right path.  What a time to happen; when the world has changed so much that we can get to the moon, when we have weapons that can blow up the planet or at least many parts of it, and all but Islam is dying off.  Well, they were last to get on board in the year 632.  ISIS has been picking up people from other religions to join their slaughtering. 

I'm hoping that the discovery of DNA might arouse some people like it has me in our history and therefore the respect and love for our religion of Judaism.  The birth of Israel certainly has shook up a lot of the world.
                                                                             
Here I am at my Safed apartment building with my German shepherd dog that
we shipped with us from Ontario, Oregon.  This is 1981.  
While living in Safed, Israel, I met Dov Silverman, author of Legends of Safed,  and his book certainly did impress me with unbelievable stories that make you gasp with wonder.  Dov, a former marine from New York, made aliyah in 1972 and we arrived in 1980, so he already had a real house in Safed while we lived on the 1st floor of a high rise apartment.  His only son was killed in an automobile accident in Safed.  He wrote some interesting tales that took place during the 1967 War that surprised me about planes that collided with each other.  He also wrote one about the Katusha rockets and the 7 sons of Hannah.  (I bet very few know who Hannah was.)  It was a story about how this holy city of Safed was protected from the Lebanese border which is only 14 km away.  Safed received hits often even between wars.  Hannah existed during the days of the Maccabees-you know, the story of Chanukah, I hope and how the Maccabees turned against the Greeks who put a Greek god statue in our Temple.  Her 7 sons were killed by the Greeks at the beginning of the revolt against them and they all are buried on the side of the hill over which the katushas pass.  It is thought they cause the slowing down of the rockets so that they all fall harmlessly in the wadi.

For those assimilated Jews and for those who have found they bear some segments of Jewish genes, be it Ashkenazi or Sepharic or Mizrachi, and would like to know a little of your people's past, I suggest a few books to get started.  Unlike other religions, we don't  proselytize.  That's one reason why we remain a small group.  You must know that Jews have been the scapegoats of the world's problems.  We've been blamed for it all.

1.  THE SOURCE by James Michener, a novel that is an interesting introduction to the land of Israel by Random House, 1965.  I love this book.  I wrote a play based on the chapter, the Saintly Men of Safed and put it on in Safed with the help of the city who had the building we used as the theater.  The book also led me to choosing Safed to live in as well.

2. THIS IS MY GOD by Herman Wouk, 1992.  Tells about our religion.

PS: Amram was the father of Moses and Jochebed was his mother.  Their children were Mirium, Aaron and Moses.  Moses was found by the Egyptian princess who saved him from the river where he had been placed to save his life from the government who were slaughtering Jewish baby boys.  He was raised by this princess.  Watch Exodus, the movie and get a taste of the history.


Resource: Video on becoming an assimilated Jew  by son which triggered my writing this article:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQ7eqRA7TeY&feature=youtu.be
 National Jewish Outreach Program (NJOP) July 2019
The Vanishing American Jew by Alan M. Dershowitz
Legends of Safed by Dov Silverman