Past and Present Anarchist Places Like East Jerusalem

Nadene Goldfoot                                                     

What is anarchy?  One definition is the absence of government.  It is a state of disorder  due to absence or nonrecognition of authority.  Yes, Portland, Oregon fits several times over to this category.  We never want anarchy, and we never want a one man leader like an Emperor or Tzar  with all the power.  We want strong leadership with everyone doing their duty to run a smooth ship so we can have smooth sailing, a captain with a skilled crew.                    

The Mayflower Compact - as it is known today - was signed by those 41 “true” Pilgrims on 11 November, 1620, and became the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. There were 102 passengers on the Mayflower including 37 members of the separatist Leiden congregation who would go on to be known as the Pilgrims, together with the non-separatist passengers. There were 74 men and 28 women - 18 were listed as servants, 13 of which were attached to separatist families.

It declared that the colonists were loyal to the King of England, that they were Christians who served God, that they would make fair and just laws, and that they would work together for the good of the Colony. (It had been many years since any of them had lived in England.  They were English-speakers living in Holland, one reason why they were leaving.  They couldn't speak Dutch and that's what their children were speaking.  That and the opportunity to live in a new land and make their own laws was compulsive.  In a way, they felt they were the new Israelites going to their Promised Land.                 

The men also chose John Carver, Deacon,  credited with writing the Mayflower Compact and was its first signer,  as Plymouth Colony’s first governor. The women and “strangers” were not allowed to vote.  Many on the Mayflower living in Holland were under the leadership of Pastor John Robinson who stayed in Holland with his flock, but his son, Isaac, boarded the ship, ANN, or Lion    10 years later of a fleet of ships, and came over.  They were Puritans.  The Puritans were members of a religious reform movement known as Puritanism that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century. They believed the Church of England was too similar to the Roman Catholic Church and should eliminate ceremonies and practices not rooted in the Bible.  John Robinson, (born c. 1575, Sturton-le-Steeple, Nottinghamshire, Eng. —died March 1, 1625, Leiden, Neth.), English Puritan minister called the pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers for his guidance of their religious life before their journey to North America aboard the “Mayflower” in 1620.

Speaking of that, how many realize that the Mayflower of 1620's passengers were pretty special people who drew up their own rules of conduct before disembarking from the ship? It was called the Mayflower Compact.  They were on an old-fashioned space ship on unchartered water instead of the outer space above us, and they weren't sure what would happen when they landed.  So they left with rules.  They didn't want to become anarchists.                          

               The Diggers is a painting by Vincent van Gogh 

The English who had left England for Holland found that had been a bad idea as well, and many were dare-devilish enough to board the Mayflower.  The Diggers were a group of religious and political dissidents in England, associated with agrarian socialism. Gerrard Winstanley's followers were known as True Levellers in 1649, in reference to their split from the Levellers, and later became known as Diggers because of their attempts to farm on common land, which was not owned by individual people but by the group.  

Their original name came from their belief in economic equality based upon a specific passage in the Acts of the Apostles. The Diggers tried (by "levelling" land) to reform the existing social order with an agrarian lifestyle based on their ideas for the creation of small, egalitarian rural communities. They were one of a number of nonconformist dissenting groups that emerged around this time.

Flag	Society	From	Until	Duration	Location	Ideology	Ref.
	Paris Commune	18 March 1871	28 May 1871	71 days	Paris, France	Revolutionary socialism	[23]

The Paris Commune (French: Commune de Paris, was a revolutionary government that seized power in Paris, the capital of France, from 18 March to 28 May 1871.

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 to 1871, the French National Guard had defended Paris, and working-class radicalism grew among its soldiers. Following the establishment of the Third Republic in September 1870 (under French chief executive Adolphe Thiers from February 1871) and the complete defeat of the French Army by the Germans by March 1871, soldiers of the National Guard seized control of the city on March 18. They killed two French army generals and refused to accept the authority of the Third Republic, instead attempting to establish an independent government.

                                                                              

Dignity Village

2000 (December)

21 years, 70 days

Portland, United States

Anarchism

[16][17][18

A different example of  people ruling themselves within a city:  Dignity Village is a membership-based community in NE Portland, Oregon,  providing shelter off the streets for 60 people a night since 2000. It’s democratically self-governed with a mission to provide transitional housing that fosters community and self-empowerment– a radical experiment to end homelessness.  The encampment is located on a land near Portland International Airport, and has elected community officials and constructed crude but functional cooking, social, electric, and sanitary facilities.

 People are going homeless for many different reasons all over the USA.  They are covering our freeways with their tents.  Mental conditions not being cared for in institutions who were forced to allow such freedom for lack of funds; drugs and alcohol conditions are another reason and just plain lack of skills for better jobs to cover the high cost of housing is another.  With prices going up again, probably more will be forced to join the masses that are homeless.  Our government hasn't been able to cope.
                                                                          

Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone

8 June 2020

1 July 2020

23 days

Seattle, United States

Occupy protest

 The Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone (CHAZ), was an occupation protest and self-declared autonomous zone in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. The zone, originally covering six city blocks and Cal Anderson Park, was established on June 8, 2020, by George Floyd protesters after the Seattle Police Department (SPD) left its East Precinct building. The zone was cleared of occupants by police on July 1. Its formation was preceded by a week of tense interactions between protesters and police in riot gear which began on June 1 and escalated on June 7 after a man drove his vehicle into the crowd and shot a protester near 11th Avenue and Pine Street. Tear gas, flashbangs and pepper spray were used by police in the densely populated residential neighborhood,  

The zone was a self-organized space, without official leadership. Protesters united behind three main demands:

1. Cut Seattle's $409-million police budget by 50 percent.
2. Shift funding to community programs and services in historically black communities.
3. Ensure that protesters would not be charged with crimes.

Participants created a block-long "Black Lives Matter" mural, provided free film screenings in the street, and performed live music. A "No Cop Co-op" was formed, with food, hand sanitizer and other supplies. Areas were set up for free speech and to facilitate discourse, and a community vegetable garden was constructed.

                                                       

Then there is Molenbeek: An Immigrant Community that Tries to Shake Its Jihadi Reputation.  This is a community in Belgium taken over by the Muslim immigrants so dangerous now that the police have refused to enter.  This is  the small western district of Brussels known as Molenbeek.  Even before the Paris attacks, Molenbeek had been called a decrepit slum, a police no-go zone run by Sharia law, and a breeding ground for terrorism. But residents argue many of its labels are largely outdated and are contributing to the systemic marginalization that’s plagued the district for decades.  Though it suffers from a high unemployment rate –- the youth jobless rate is nearly 50 percent -- and has been targeted by organized crime in the past, the area hardly fits the description of decrepit slum. Along with some half-finished buildings, Molenbeek is also home to stylish coffee shops, art galleries, dance studios, youth centers, a vibrant weekly market, halal butchers and dazzling architecture.

                                                              

This sounds like the conditions in East Jerusalem where the population has been mainly  Arab.  Jerusalem had been divided into East Jerusalem and West Jerusalem due to the many people trying to be overseer when Jerusalem should have been Israel's capital from the beginning on May 14, 1948, their 2nd birth, since King Saul had been the 1st king  from 1030 to 1020 BCE, 3,000 years ago. There was the UN partition resolution of November 29, 1947 which provided for the creation of an independent area out of Jerusalem under UN administration.  Jerusalem appears in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) 669 times and Zion (which usually means Jerusalem, sometimes the Land of Israel) appears 154 times.  David Ben-Gurion presented his party's assertion that "Jewish Jerusalem is an organic, inseparable part of the State of Israel" in December 1949, and Jordan annexed East Jerusalem the following year. These decisions were confirmed respectively in the Israeli Knesset in January 1950 and the Jordanian Parliament in April 1950.

Arab outbreaks which soon reached the dimensions of regular warfare between the Haganah(Jewish freedom fighters) and the Arabs but an end to the internationalization scheme as the Arabs had multiplied their attacks on the Jews, going from bands that attacked to the Arab Legion of Transjordan.   Jews had been schemed out of the original Jewish National Homeland promised by the League of Nations and then the UN of about 90% of the promised land.  You'd think that Jerusalem, the capital of Israel for over 1,000 years as cited in the Bible, would not have been considered to be Palestinian Arab land of today, but that's how much thought the UN put into it; zilch. It's that or they were still in the punishing mode of Jews, a religious  practice.  

East Jerusalem:  When occupied by Israel after the 1967 Six-Day War, East Jerusalem, with expanded borders, came under direct Israeli rule, an effective de facto annexation.  Until then, Jordan ruled it.  The 67 War was won by Israel, changing that.  Israel actually won land that Abdullah, prince of Saudi Arabia grabbed instead and held, taking it from the original plans, or so the Jews believed.  It was England who allowed this to happen.  The 30 year mandate of the British was just that, British soldiers occupying The Promised Jewish Homeland,  with guns.  They acted just like the Romans.  Why were the Arabs there?  Not many had lived there when Mark Twain visited in 1867. Some had been trying to farm, but were happy to sell to these strange Jews who called the land "holy." Most entered the land following a migration of eastern European Jews who fled there from pogroms happening in eastern Europe like Russia and Poland.  They came for jobs working for these new immigrants.  

In July 1980, the Knesset passed the Jerusalem Law as part of the country's Basic Law, which declared Jerusalem the unified capital of Israel. 

So unlike the other anarchist neighborhoods running themselves aside from the city or country they were a part of, Jerusalem went from a divided city to a unified city once again as it had been in ancient days under the same mayor as all the other complex population in Jerusalem. 

  The whole country remembers when Jerusalem was destroyed, burned, by the Romans in 70 CE when the 2nd Temple of Solomon was also burned and destroyed. Jews have mourned that terrible day ever since the event happened and remember every year with Tishah B’Av: The Day of Remembrance and Mourning.  The destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem deprived the Jewish people of a homeland for two thousand years.  Since the founding of the State of Israel in 1948, many Jews question whether mourning the destruction of the Temple is appropriate.  Others feel, however, that there is value in remembering events in Jewish history that were filled with suffering and oppression so that we will be sensitive to the plight of others.

.   

Resource;

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anarchist_communities

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignity_Village

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_significance_of_Jerusalem#:~:text=Jerusalem%20appears%20in%20the%20Tanakh,of%20Israel)%20appears%20154%20times.

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/04/world/europe/molenbeek-attack-brussels-paris.html

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Robinson-English-minister

https://www.history.com/topics/colonial-america/puritanism#:~:text=The%20Puritans%20were%20members%20of,not%20rooted%20in%20the%20Bible.

https://www.mayflower400uk.org/education/who-were-the-pilgrims/2019/november/the-mayflower-compact-the-first-governing-document-of-plymouth-colony/#:~:text=The%20Mayflower%20Compact%20-%20as%20it,governing%20document%20

How A Failing Population Became the Best In The World

 Nadene Goldfoot                                             

                    John Robinson, Reverend (1575-1624) who sent Puritans over to America on          the  ship, The Mayflower.  He died in Holland.

The USA is unlike any established European country.  It was created by the failures of the world.  What was going on in Europe in the 1600s was that the eldest son inherited the land, property, the estates of his fathers.  The other sons received none of this.  They had to make do some other way. "In law, primogeniture is the rule of inheritance whereby land descends to the oldest son. Under the feudal system of medieval Europe, primogeniture generally governed the inheritance of land held in military tenure (see knight)".  Real estate (land) passed to the eldest male descendant by operation of law.

The Puritans were unwanted in England as they didn't want to follow the established religion of the king's choice.  They had moved to Holland for a better life but found their children speaking Dutch as their 1st language. They moved because their religious views weren't allowed.   They realized that with the discovery of a new land, they had a chance to live the life they wanted and needed. Another group arrived earlier and made it to the South, Jamestown in Virginia.  They were more business centered, and wanted a start in life.  

 There was more enthusiasm within the young sons of the establishments of Europe.  A fleet of ships went over to America in 1630.  This continued.  They saw they  could make their own fortunes in this new land.                                                     

                           Emma Lazarus (1849-1887) Jewish poet

 By 1886 France sent over a gift;  the Statue of Liberty, that said,   "Give me your tired, your poor,  Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,  The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.  Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,  I lift my lamp beside the golden door!". This was written by Emma Lazarus, part of her poem entitled, The Colossus.                                    

 The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland.

Emma Lazarus was born in New York City, July 22, 1849, into a large Sephardic Jewish family. She was the fourth of seven children of Moses Lazarus, a wealthy Jewish merchant and sugar refiner, and Esther Nathan. One of her great-grandfathers on the Lazarus side was from Germany; the rest of her Lazarus and Nathan ancestors were originally from Portugal and resident in New York long before the American Revolution, being among the original twenty-three Portuguese Jews who arrived in New Amsterdam fleeing the Inquisition from their settlement of Recife, Brazil. Lazarus's great-great-grandmother on her mother's side, Grace Seixas Nathan (born in New York in 1752) was also a poet. Lazarus was related through her mother to Benjamin N. Cardozo, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Her siblings included sisters Josephine, Sarah, Mary, Agnes and Annie, and a brother, Frank.

Privately educated by tutors from an early age, she studied American and British literature as well as several languages, including German, French, and Italian. She was attracted in youth to poetry, writing her first lyrics when eleven years old.

Emma was fortunate to have come from a wealthy Jewish family, as later 

Ashkenazi Jews of Europe who were of a poor lot came over and had 

no one to help them except themselves which they did.  

Emma's Sephardic background was also one of fear and hunger ever since 1492

and the Spanish inquisition with Jews leaving Spain, forced to leave as

unwanted people.  

Jews have settled in New York state since the 17th century. In August 1654, the first known Jewish settler, Jacob Barsimson of Dutch or German origin, arrived a month before the 1st group of 23 Jews in 1654, came to New Amsterdam. The Dutch colonial port city was the seat of the government for the New Netherland territory and became New York City in 1664.  One thing about Jacob was that he was a champion of equal rights for the Jews in New Amsterdam.  He insisted upon his right to render guard duty in place of paying a fine or tax.  

The first significant group of Jewish settlers came in September 1654 as refugees from Recife, Brazil to New Amsterdam. Portugal had just conquered Brazil from the Dutch Republic and the Spanish and Portuguese Jews there promptly fled. A group of 23 Jewish immigrants in New Amsterdam was greeted by director general Peter Stuyvesant who was at first unwilling to accept them.

The Jewish population in New York City went from about 80,000 in 1880 to 1.6 million in 1920. By 1910, more than 1 million Jews made up 25 percent of New York's population and made it the world's largest Jewish city. As of 2016, about 1.1 million residents of New York City, or about 12 percent of its residents, were Jewish. New York state has about 1.75 million Jews, comprising approximately 9 percent of its total population.  Many Ashkenazi Jews came over in the late 1800s and early 1900s till about 1920 when the door closed to them. 

  This period of immigration came to an end with the passage of restrictive laws in 1921 and 1924. Jewish emigration from Eastern Europe to the United States never again reached the levels that it did before 1920.  In 1921 and 1924, the US Congress passed immigration laws that severely limited the number and “national origin” of new immigrants. These laws did not change in the 1930s, as desperate Jewish refugees attempted to immigrate from Nazi Germany.  Jews had problems entering the USA at this time  and Palestine in the 30s; with Palestine by the English who held the mandate and who were allowing Arabs in instead.  Other countries kept them out for reasons that they had no baptism certifications, needed to enter.  

My grandfather, Nahum Abraham Goldfus/foot came over from Lithuania and was found on the 1910 census in Portland, Oregon, but was killed accidently with his horse and wagon in an accident in July 1912.  He may have entered around 1905, as a son was born here in 1906.  

All sorts of Robinsons followed John.  Robinson became the 16th most popular surname, but John never made it over.  He did send his son, Isaac over, though.  Frank Hugh Robinson was born to an Abiathar Smith Robinson of Vermont or New York, since Vermont had been formed out of New York and Frank had lost track of his original ancestor who arrived from Great Britain.  His father was a teamster, a popular choice of work since men of those days were so used to handling horses and Abiathar had a farm with horses and cattle, so was a farmer first.  Frank became a teamster, too.  All immigrants who first came over were farmers.  They wanted land.  

New England had been settled first by the English.  There were plenty of French, Spanish, Dutch and even Russian colonial outposts on the American continent–but the story of those 13 colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia) is an important one. It was those colonies that came together to form the United States.

The United states grew from the first 13.  it became a melting pot, a mixture of all sorts of people from all corners of the world.  The only other country following in these footsteps now, is Israel, a  protective habitat for Jews from all corners of the world.  It's the time of the prophesized Ingathering. Just as people chose America, Jews are choosing to return to Israel.                                           

Israel has been the #1 leading nation of Start Ups, the starting up of new industry.  In fact, there is a book out about it.  "Start-up Nation: The Story of Israel's Economic Miracle is a 2009 book by Dan Senor and Saul Singer about the economy of Israel".  Israel was the country in the waiting for 2,000 years since 70 CE that was rebirthed on May 14, 1948, a very new nation making waves of success with the aid of its big brother, the USA another new nation only 245 years old on July 4, 2021. Both are made up of immigrants and some native peoples.  The immigrants were fighting for their lives to succeed as they had nowhere else to go.  So were the natives.  

it's important for the USA to remember why it has been a leader and are a country of leadership.  They need not follow Europe, as Europe needs the USA to lead us into the future.  What we need Europe for is to remember our past and not make similar mistakes that they have made, and to remember those efforts that were successful.  

I like what our 35th President John Fitzgerald Kennedy reminded us of:  "Ask not what can the country do for you, but what you can do for your country."  We need to remember our Constitution and what it stands for-and have some self control and use our heads and think about our actions.       

In 1790 we had 3,929,214 people.  

In 2020 we had 330,000,000 people.  A lot of people have immigrated to this country.  They have wanted to be Americans for many reasons.  It continues to be the grand young country and is just going through a growing pains period right now, but it will mature quickly and be better than ever for it, for it learns from its experiences.  Remember, on July 4th it will only be 245 years old !  Compared to Europe, that's a baby, but a baby genius!                          

Now that land has been spoken for, and there is no more left like there was in the 1600s, we are facing a new frontier-outer space.  That's where future dare-devils; people needing to explore and discover, will be going next.  We even have a space program set up and have been doing some explorations already.  We have NASA.  

Resource:

updated: 1/13/21 at midnight

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/united-states-immigration-and-refugee-law-1921-1980

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas#Southern_Colonies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_inheritance_systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primogeniture#:~:text=In%20law%2C%20primogeniture%20is%20the,military%20tenure%20(see%20knight).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty

https://poets.org/poem/new-colossus?gclid=Cj0KCQiArvX_BRCyARIsAKsnTxO52dqUdstKzLtYEjlW-ILBBLxecELx5MN8hhKx0uJl-GjTkLx1Oq4aAsBrEALw_wcB

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA

https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/haventohome/haven-century.html

https://2020census.gov/en/focus/years-counting.html

How Religious Freedom Came to Jews in America

Nadene Goldfoot                                                            

Pilgrims sailed to the New World (America) in 1620 from Holland.  They were Puritan refugee Englishmen who had left England in pursuit of finding freedom to worship as they chose and not how the country of England had chosen for all its people.  They had traveled to Holland and found that their children were turning into little Dutchmen, which is not what they had hoped for, so they felt they had to leave.
"These Puritans viewed their emigration from England as a re-enactment of the Exodus.  They felt that England was like Egypt, the king was Pharaoh, the Atlantic Ocean was the Red Sea, and America was the land of Israel and later when they found the Indians, that they were like the ancient Canaanites.  These Puritans actually saw themselves as the new Israelites who had entered into a new covenant with G-d in a new Promised Land.   It must have helped them to survive their first harsh winter when at least half of them died.
It was John Robinson, Reverend, who sent his congregation over from Holland but he stayed, seeing off the last of the people, and then died there.  However, his son, Isaac came over.
Descendants of JOHN (Rev.) Robinson

1   JOHN (Rev.) Robinson b: Bet. 1575 - 1576 in Sturton Nottinghamshire, or Lincolnshire, England
.. +Bridget White b: 1579 in Sturton Nottinghamshire, England
. 2   John Robinson b: Bet. 1606 - 1609 in Norwich, Norfolk, England
. 2   Bridget Robinson b: 1608 in Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands
. 2   Isaac Robinson b: Bet. 1610 - 1620 in Reusel-de Mierden, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands, Leiden, Holland
..... They settled in New England.  Pilgrims are people who journey in alien lands;  or one who travels to a shrine or holy place as a devotee, one of the English colonists founding the first permanent settlement in New England at Plymouth in 1620. Today, "Robinson" is the 16th most popular surname in the United States.  Robinsons came from England at various times  in the history of this nation and settled for various reasons.

We don't call people living in the United States "Pilgrims" anymore.  We don't call them "Settlers" either.  Neither should Jews be continually called "Settlers" in Judea and Samaria or any other place in Israel. Their ancestors were from Judah and they had returned to their habitat.
                                                                           

Once they arrived from Russia, Romania, Lithuania, etc, and joined their brethren who had never left the land, they built villages that became towns and cities, just like the growth that occurred in the USA. Instead of finding Indians that eventually attacked the new Americans, these Jews found Arabs who were mostly Bedouins attacking them as they tried to grow crops and build homes.  Read "The Innocents Abroad"  by  Mark Twain who personally took a trip to "The Holy Land" starting on February 1, 1867.  The first group of Russian Jews to arrive in what is called the First Aliyah was after that in about 1880.  Twain describes what he found when he arrived there beautifully.  Read "The Settlers" by Meyer Levin to see what their life was like in arriving and struggling to make a home in Palestine, a land under the Ottoman Empire.  Then read From Time Immemorial by Joan Peters.

The Pilgrim who arrived on the Mayflower seeking religious freedom didn't know much about Jews since all Jews had been expelled from England in 1290 and were not allowed back in until 1655, well after the Pilgrims had sailed for America in 1620 and well after a fleet of ships sailed in 1630 for new chances of life.  All the Pilgrims knew was what they had read in their Old Testament.  They admired what they read and studied Hebrew.  They copied the holiday of Succot and turned it into Thanksgiving.
                                                                       

It was first celebrated in 1621, a year after the Mayflower landed and was first conceived as a day parallel to the Jewish Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur.  It was to be a day of fasting, introspection and prayer.

 To them, Jews were evidently people long dead and existed only in their bible.  They didn't realize they probably had met some Sephardic Jews who lived in Holland and were businessmen.  Perhaps they didn't connect the Old Testament Jews and prophets with the New Testament Jews that has caused so many countries to dislike Jews.
                                        Shabbat Shalom means to have a peaceful Sabbath                      

Now, the Spanish disliked Jews for a long time for religious reasons being they were not Christians, and in 1492, the year Columbus sailed to find India and instead discovered America, an edict was issued in which ALL JEWS had to either convert to Catholicism or leave the country.  This was copied by other countries just like a domino affect.  First one, and then the other would issue such statements.

Jews who could not leave hid their religion and were referred to later as Marranos (today's Anusim).  Columbus's interpreter was Luis de Torres, a converted  "Marrano" Jew who was the 1st to set foot on American soil.  .  Marranos settled in Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

When Brazil was under Dutch rule from 1630 to 1654, the 1st Jewish communities were founded by native Marranos and immigrants from Holland.  Also, in 1654 in New Amsterdam, which became New York, more communities were founded.  23 Jewish refugees from Recife, Brazil arrived in New York in 1654. On September 22,  1654, Peter Stuyvesant, the governor of New York, or New Amsterdam as it was called then, tried to banish these Jews from his city. That attempt failed.
                                                                       

It was the first act of anti-Semitism in the new world and was written about by Samuel Oppenheim in "The Early History of the Jews in New York, 1654-1664" published in 1909.

 It was the directors of the West India Company in Amsterdam who rescinded Stuyvesant's order on April 26, 1655.  They told him that "we would like to have agreed to your wishes and request, that the new territories should not be further invaded by the people of the Jewish race, for we foresee from such immigration that the same difficulties which you fear, but after having further weighed and considered this matter, we observe that it would be unreasonable and unfair, especially because of the considerable loss sustained by the Jews in the taking of Brazil and also because of the large amount of capital which they have invested in shares of this company.  After many consultations, we have decided and resolved upon a certain petition made by the said Portuguese Jews, that they shall have permission to sail to and trade in New Netherland and shall not become a burden to the Company or the community, but be supported by their own nation.  You will govern yourself accordingly.

 So it turned out that the governor had tried to prevent the very people who had owned part of the company that put himself and others in business in New York.  Jews hadn't been allowed many professions in Europe and had become money lenders, so this time it paid off for them.  It was the foot in the door to the New World.  Other than that, these religious people looking for freedom for themselves hadn't thought about giving it to others.  Other Jews who were traders appeared along the Hudson River in New York shortly after 1660.  Merchants of Sephardi origin were found there throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.

Jews'   numbers grew slowly in the USA and by 1812 there were only 400.  The Jews, now living in a land of religious freedom, were denied many civic rights and permission to engage in crafts.  It took time to gain these rights.  and the naturalization law only came about till 1715.
                                                                     

 In 1658 15 families came to Newport, Rhode Island and built the Touro Synagogue, named for their first rabbi, Isaac Touro.  They built the synagogue on December 2, 1763.
                                                                         

  At first Jews were not even allowed to erect a synagogue, the first being erected in 1693.  This was the Sephardi congregation of Shearith Israel in New York. The congregation was founded in 1654.   Then the Ashkenazi synagogue of B'nai Jeshurun was founded in 1825.

Resource: The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
Kike!--/Anti-Semitism in America  by Michael Selzer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/colonial/jb_colonial_jewish_2.html
http://shearithisrael.org/history
http://www.jewishpathways.com/jewish-history/jews-and-founding-america