Name of City, New Amsterdam, Only Half the Story Of Immigrating Jews

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                  

The director-general of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, turning away 23 Jews needing to dock in New Amsterdam after fleeing from Brazil

Stuyvesant, himself a member of the Dutch Reformed Church, opposed religious pluralism and came into conflict with Lutherans, Jews, Roman Catholics, and Quakers as they attempted to build places of worship in the city and practice their faiths.

New Amsterdam was a Dutch settlement on Manhattan Island that became New York City. In 1624, 30 families established the Dutch colony of New Netherland on Governor's Island in New York Harbor. The following year, the Dutch established New Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan. In 1664, the British took over New Amsterdam and renamed it New York after the Duke of York. The Dutch gave up their claim to New Amsterdam and the rest of the colony after the Second Anglo-Dutch War of 1665–67. 

                         Recife or Mauritsstad – capital of Nieuw Holland

Jews started settling in Brazil when the Inquisition reached Portugal, in the 16th century. They arrived in Brazil during the period of Dutch rule, setting up in Recife the first synagogue in the Americas, the Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue, as early as 1636. Most of those Jews were Sephardic Jews who had fled the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal to the religious freedom of the Netherlands.  Because of the Inquisition, a small number of Sephardic Jews also immigrated to Brazil during its early settlements and were known as "New Christians" - Conversos (pt.) or Marranos (sp.) — Jews obliged to convert to Roman Catholicism by the Portuguese crown.                                         

                          Flag of Dutch West India Company

The West India Company managed to conquer parts of Brazil from Portugal in 1630. That same year, the colony of New Holland was founded, with a capital in Mauritsstad (present-day Recife). In the meantime, the war demanded so many of its forces that the company had to operate under a permanent threat of bankruptcy. Many Sephardic Jews from Holland and England worked with the maritime trade of the Dutch West India Company, especially with the sugar production in the northeast of Brazil.

The first Jews who arrived in South America were Sephardic Jews who, after being expelled from Brazil by the Portuguese, settled in the northeast Dutch colony. Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue was the first synagogue in the Americas, established in Recife in 1636 and a community of about 1,450 Sephardic Jews lived there. 

When Portugal re-conquered Brazil in 1654, all Jews were expelled. Most fled to Holland. Some settled in the Indies. 

It was in early September, 23 Jewish refugees arrived from the Brazilian city of Recife, which had been conquered by the Portuguese in January 1654. The director-general of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, sought to turn them away but was ultimately overruled by the directors of the Dutch West India Company in Amsterdam. When the Portuguese retook Recife in 1654, 23 Jews from the community escaped to the Dutch North American colony of New Amsterdam, that in 1664 would become New York City.  The first Dutch Jews known to have arrived in New Amsterdam arrived in 1654. First to arrive were Solomon Pietersen and Jacob Barsimson, who sailed during the summer of 1654 directly from Holland, with passports that gave them permission to trade in the colony.

 They had arrived in a small boat, so close to shore, only to be turned away by Stuyvesant.  They had to wait till others in New Amsterdam checked and found they were refugees of the city that gave them most of their business, and were given the word to ALLOW them into the city of New Amsterdam!  

So the Jews, as simple refugees from a war zone,  were not allowed in but as stockholders or people from the main business of New Amsterdam of Brazil, they were allowed to enter.  Business and money before feelings of doing the right thing!  According to affairs today, nothing has changed.

The twenty-three Jews decided to settle in New Amsterdam. The governor, Peter Stuyvesant, was violently opposed to having Jews corrupting his town. He sought permission from the Netherlands to expel them. The Dutch West India Company, pressured by influential Jews in Holland, refused.

Stuyvesant then tried to add a tax on Jews because he wouldn’t allow them to stand guard duty. The Jews petitioned and received the right to stand guard duty and to engage in wholesale and retail trade.

 Asser Levy, an Ashkenazi Jew who was one of the 23 refugees, eventually prospered and in 1661 became the first Jew to own a house in New Amsterdam, which also made him the first Jew known to have owned a house anywhere in North America.  

Levy was probably born in Amsterdam, where he lived for a time but was not given burgher (citizenship) rights.  Levy's wife was named Miriam. From Amsterdam, he moved to the New World; he was one of the 23 Jewish refugees who fled from Recife after the end of Dutch rule in the area although is not listed in the extant congregational minute books of the Brazilian Jewish community.   It is known that he eventually went to New Netherland, possibly arriving in New Amsterdam aboard the St. Catherine or St. Charles in early September 1654.  

Resource:

https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-first-new-york-jews/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asser_Levy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company

July 4th Celebrating USA's Birthday with Remembering The Jews' Introduction to New York Before Statehood and the Blacks in Oregon

 Nadene Goldfoot                                            

The 13 original states were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. New York actually became a state on July 9, 1776.  

Tomorrow we celebrate the 247th  anniversary of the creation of the United States of America.  It's one of the youngest of the countries on this planet.  Only 13 colonies were united in 1776 when it became a country.                                 

The 13 original states were the first 13 British colonies. British colonists traveled across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe and were daringly brave to step into small-leaky boats manned only by sails.  Who would dare do such a thing today?  The first was John Robinson, pastor from Amsterdam's son, Isaac.  John stayed on land with the rest of his flock.  In time, there were only a few members left as several had between 1629 and 1633 sporadically relocated to the Plymouth Colony. This included Robinson's son Isaac who arrived in 1631 and joined the Pilgrims at the Plymouth Colony.

I have a ggrandfather, Abiathar Smith Robinson, who was born in Vermont, but often thought it was New York.  Vermont was created on March 4, 1791,  only 15 years later,  out of a piece of New York, evidently.  The following are 15 towns near the New York border but now in Vermont:

1. Swanton, VT (about 11 miles from the border)
2. Saint Albans, VT (about 12 miles from the border)
3. Milton, VT (about 13 miles from the border)
4. Colchester, VT (about 9 miles from the border)
5. Burlington, VT (about 4 miles from the border)
6. Winooski, VT (about 6 miles from the border)
7. South Burlington, VT (about 6 miles from the border)
8. Shelburne, VT (about 4 miles from the border)
9. Williston, VT (about 11 miles from the border)
10. Jericho, VT (about 15 miles from the border)
11. Hinesburg, VT (about 10 miles from the border)
12. Middlebury, VT (about 12 miles from the border)
13. Rutland, VT (about 14 miles from the border)
14. Manchester, VT (about 9 miles from the border)
15. Bennington, VT (about 3 miles from the border)

New York's name was originally "New Amsterdam."  They showed how their people felt about Jews right away;  at least Peter did.  The Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam of September 1654 was the first organized Jewish migration to North America. 

Spain's new Christianity decided not to allow Jews in their country, so in 1492, they made a law expelling all Jews unless they converted to Christianity.  180,000 Jews were kicked out of Spain.  50,000 converted to Christianity -forced to-many becoming Marranos (hiding their Judaism).  

When it had become a Christian state, Jews, probably from Spain along with Jews living there over 100 years already, had been living there, in Lisbon, Beja, and Santa-rem. Since the founding of the official Kingdom of Portugal in 1139, the country has been predominantly Christian. The first king of Portugal, Afonso Henriques, declared a unified church and state under Christianity. 

A whole community of Jews had been converted by force in 1497, 5 years after Spain's decision,  and they too became Marranos (hidden Jews).  When the Spanish Inquisition was introduced in the 16th century in Portugual, the refugees who fled to escape it formed the Portuguese synagogues in Amsterdam.  England had expelled Jews earlier, in 1290 as a result of Christianity through the Byzantine Empire's wishes, and Jews were not allowed back into England until 1655, the year after the boat full of Jews turned up near New Amsterdam.   

 It comprised 23 Sephardi Jews, refugees "big and little" of families fleeing persecution by the Portuguese Inquisition after the conquest of Dutch Brazil. It is widely commemorated as the starting point of New York Jewish and Jewish-American history.  The Jews had sailed from Recife on the ship Valck, one of at least sixteen that left mostly bound for the Netherlands at the end of the Dutch–Portuguese War. Valck was blown off course to Jamaica and/or Cuba.  According to account in Saul Levi Morteira and David Franco Mendes, they were then taken by Spanish pirates for a time. In Cuba, the Jews eventually boarded the St. Catrina, called by later historians the "Jewish Mayflower", which took them to New Amsterdam.

                  Peter Stuyvesant--America's first and worst anti-Semite, b; 1610-d:August 1672)the  Dutch Director General of New Netherland from 1647 until it ceded to the English in 1664.  Then it split into New York and New Jersey.  Stuyvesant, himself a member of the Dutch Reformed Church, opposed religious pluralism and came into conflict with Lutherans, Jews, Roman Catholics, and Quakers as they attempted to build places of worship in the city and practice their faiths. Stuyvesant was in particular antisemitic, loathing both the Jewish race and religion.

The new Jewish community faced antisemitic opposition to their settlement from Director-General Peter Stuyvesant, as well as a monetary dispute with the captain of the St. Catrina, which required adjudication from the Dutch West India Company. They were aided by some Ashkenazi Jewish traders who had arrived just a month earlier, on the ship Peereboom, from Amsterdam via London. This group included Jacob Barsimson, and perhaps Solomon Pietersen and Asser Levy, who has also in earlier sources been claimed as one of the twenty-three. The new community founded Congregation Shearith Israel, which still endures as the oldest Jewish congregation in the United States.

Peter Stuyvesant wasn't going to allow them to land because they were Jews.  As he wrote to the Amsterdam Chamber of the Dutch West India Company in 1654, he hoped that "the deceitful race, — such hateful enemies and blasphemers of the name of Christ, — be not allowed to further infect and trouble this new colony." He referred to Jews as a "repugnant race" and "usurers", and was concerned that   "Jewish settlers should not be granted the same liberties enjoyed by Jews in Holland, lest members of other persecuted minority groups, such as Roman Catholics, be attracted to the colony."

As it turned out, these Jews were representatives of the Dutch East India Company who paid Stuyvesant his salary.  They were all for allowing the Jews entrance to the land and told Peter so.                           

I see that Jan Pieterszoon Coen ([ˈjɑn ˈpitərzoːn ˈkun], 8 January 1587 – 21 September 1629) was an officer of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in the early 17th century,      

Jan Pieterszoon Coen who was born in Hoorn on 8 January 1587, and was raised by his family in accordance with strict Calvinist principles,.The five principles of Calvinism as formulated by the Synod of Dort (1618-1619) are summarized in "tulip," a popular acronym for total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistibility of grace and final perseverance of the saints. Calvin was a religious man who had left  the Roman Catholic Church and was very strict. They believed in the authority and sufficiency of Scripture for one to know God and one's duties to God and one's neighbour; the equal authority of both Old and New Testaments, the true interpretation of which is assured by the internal testimony of the Holy Spirit; the doctrines of God as triune and as creator and sustainer of all things, of Christ the Mediator, whose atonement for sin satisfies the divine justice, and of justification by faith issuing in an ethic that aims to transform every aspect of life.

 Jan held two terms as governor-general of the Dutch East Indies. In 1601, he travelled to Rome, to study trade in the offices of the Fleming Joost de Visscher, where he learned the art of bookkeeping. Joining the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1606, he made a trading voyage to the East Indies in 1607 with the fleet of Pieter Willemsz Verhoeff.

He was the founder of Batavia, capital of the Dutch East Indies. Renowned for providing the impulse that set the VOC on the path to dominance in the Dutch East Indies, he was long considered a national hero in the Netherlands. Since the 19th century, his legacy has become controversial due to the violence he employed, especially during the last stage of the Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands, in order to secure a trade monopoly on nutmeg, mace and clove.  A famed quote of his from 1618, Despair not, spare your enemies not, for God is with us, illustrates his single-minded ruthlessness, and his unstinting belief in the divinely-sanctioned nature of his project.

I bet his name was originally Cohen and he came from a Jewish family who had to become Marranos, Jews that had to go underground in hiding the fact they were Jews.  They hid it so well that soon the children really were brought up as Christians and this Coen was one of them.  All history, knowledge of his ancestors, could have been lost by the time he was born.                      

                  Size of Israel compared to USA's lower 48

On the West coast, for it took a while for people to travel across this North American Continent that hadn't been known about in Europe:  California on September 9, 1850; Oregon on February 14, 1859; and Washington on November 11, 1889.  Alaska on January 3, 1959 and Hawaii on August 21, 1959.  It was our 34th president, Dwight David Eisenhower who was the 1st president to reside over all 50 states with his term from 1953 to 1961.  

7 year old Dick Bogle b: 1930  with his mother, Katheryn Hall Bogle, a reporter for the Oregonian in Portland, Oregon. America's president then was Herbert Hoover (1929-1933).  Dick wore a lot of hats in Portland; sports editor, head of Portland's fire department, police officer, detective, had a jazz radio show, etc.  His father had been a postman from a line of very impressive Bogles. Dick's ggrandfather had been born in Jamaica.    

Dick Bogle speaks at the City of Unity Rainbow Rally, 1989. 

In honor of MLK, Jr., and in recognition of the death of a black college student in Portland. Courtesy Oregon Hist. Soc. Research Lib., bd000443

Blacks were not allowed in Oregon originally, but could move to Washington. Dick Bogle's family were affected by that ruling.  His ancestor, America, could not follow the wagon train to Oregon and instead was able to live in Washington. 

The first Black exclusion law in Oregon, adopted in 1844 by the Provisional Government, mandated that Blacks attempting to settle in Oregon would be publicly whipped—thirty-nine lashes, repeated every six months—until they departed. There is no documented record of any official whipping—the law was written with a grace period, and it was repealed before it had expired—but the concept was clear. In 1849, the Oregon Territorial Government adopted a second Black exclusion law, which was repealed in 1853.

The Oregon constitution, adopted in 1857, banned slavery but also excluded Blacks from legal residence. It made it illegal for Blacks to be in Oregon or to own real estate, make contracts, vote, or use the legal system. Like earlier exclusion laws, the constitutional ban, which took effect when Oregon became a state in 1859, was not retroactive, which meant that it did not apply to Blacks who were legally in Oregon before the ban was adopted.

  

Resource:

https://americanhistory.si.edu/citizenship/learn/a-growing-nation/64/learn#:~:text=The%2013%20original%20states%20were,the%20Atlantic%20Ocean%20from%20Europe.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robinson_(pastor)#:~:text=In%20time%2C%20there%20were%20only,Pilgrims%20at%20the%20Plymouth%20Colony.

https://statedistance.com/border-new-york-and-vermont

https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/vermont-admission-anniversary.html#:~:text=From%20the%20Guide%20to%202010,territory%20of%20the%20United%20States.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant#:~:text=As%20he%20wrote%20to%20the,usurers%22%2C%20and%20was%20concerned%20that

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_arrival_in_New_Amsterdam

Why America Was So Special To Jewish Immigrants

 Nadene Goldfoot                                        

In September 1654, 23 Jews arrived in New Amsterdam, a colony belonging to a Dutch business,  aboard the St Cathrien-the Jewish Mayflower.  The Jews had come from Recife in Northeast Brazil, where they lived under Dutch rule. The Portuguese captured Recife from the Dutch and expelled the Jews.  They were as bad as the Spanish who expelled Jews in 1492.  It comprised 23 Sephardi Jews, refugees "big and little" of families fleeing persecution by the Portuguese Inquisition after the conquest of Dutch Brazil. It is widely commemorated as the starting point of New York Jewish and Jewish-American history.  This Wikipedia resource said, "The Jews had sailed from Recife on the ship Valck, one of at least sixteen that left mostly bound for the Netherlands at the end of the Dutch–Portuguese War. Valck was blown off course to Jamaica and/or Cuba. St. Cathrien was boarded later, making it a 2-ship journey to safety and land.

The Diary of Asser Levy provides an opportunity to understand the big picture of European history in the context of Brazil, the western Caribbean, the Dutch colonies in America, and the Roman Catholic Church. The book is less than 100 pages and packed with a chronological memory over a period of twelve years. 

  People don't realize: All this happened:

 “Just a few days before Rosh Hashonah, in September 1654, twenty-three storm-tossed, destitute Jews were deposited upon the wharf in the harbor of New Amsterdam.”

When the Jews arrived, the captain of the ship sued them for the money to pay for their passage. The local court sold their belonging and imprisoned two of the party.  What had happened to Christianity, that religion of love that was so well promoted?  There was none of that here for Jews who were lucky to find a boat for their group at of time of being expelled. They had even had an episode of dealing with Spanish pirates in their tiny boat.  

Peter Stuyvesant, the governor of the colony, was not happy to receive the Jews. He described the Jews as "deceitful" and very "repugnant". Stuyvesant asked permission from the Dutch East India Company, who the colony belonged, to remove the Jews from the settlement. The board, which included several Jewish investors, refused and instructed the governor to allow the new Jewish settlers to remain in New Amsterdam.

The 23 Jews who arrived are not the first Jews  to arrive in North America, but it is the first record we have of a group of men women and children arriving to make it their permanent home.  They had been expelled from Brazil and had just heard of this new place, this Golden Medina, that might accept them. But, if it wasn't for the money flowing into New Amsterdam/New York from the Dutch East India Company that had some Jewish backing, they would not had been able to land.  New York and people like Peter Stuyvesant were very anti-Semitic.  

Petrus Stuyvesant is best known as New Netherland's longest, most influential, and last Dutch governor, having served until the English overthrew the colony's Dutch administration and renamed it New York in 1664. Stuyvesant helped make New Amsterdam more orderly and economically successful than it had ever been.  Petrus Stuyvesant (c.1612-1672) was born in Friesland, one of the northernmost provinces in the Netherlands, to a middle-class family. 

Surprisingly, Stuyvesant joined the West India Company (WIC) in 1632 or 1633. He began his WIC career on the Island of Fernando de Noronha, just off Brazil, but he left for Curaçao, a Caribbean Island where the Dutch had established a colonial settlement in 1639. The WIC soon promoted him to the role of Director there. It was during his time on Curaçao that he gained one of his most defining physical features, a wooden leg, when a Spanish cannonball crushed his leg as he led an attack on the island St. Martin.

Stuyvesant received a new assignment, Director General of New Amsterdam. He and his wife, Judith Bayard, arrived in August 1647. It sounds like the ocean was really a highway with heavy traffic between Brazil and New Amsterdam for a while.                            

[Portuguese Brazil and New Christians]  New Christians were Jews who had undergone forcible conversion, yet tried to maintain their Jewishness but did it underground behind closed doors in secret.  As far as Portugal thought, they were then Catholics, but they kept watching them.  

When the Portuguese admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in what is now Brazil in 1500, he was accompanied by at least one person of Jewish birth, Gaspar da *Gama, who had been kidnapped and forcibly baptized by the Portuguese in India three years before. In 1502 a consortium of *New Christians headed by Fernando de *Noronha obtained from King Manuel I of Portugal a concession to colonize and exploit the newly discovered land. The man business of the group was to export Brazil wood (from which the name of the new land was derived) to Portugal for the purpose of dyeing textiles.

There is good reason to believe that New Christians transplanted sugar cane from Madeira to Brazil in the early 16th century. New Christian foremen and workers are said to have been brought over from Madeira and São Tomé when the first sugar plantations and mills were established in Brazil around 1542. Believe me, they wanted to get out of Portugal and the prying eyes of the Spanish Inquisition that had also endangered their Jews.  

THE WEST INDIA COMPANY REPLY TO PETER STUYVESANT, APRIL 26, 1655

Honorable, Prudent, Pious, Dear, Faithful [Stuyvesant] . . . We would have liked to effectuate and fulfill your wishes and request that the new territories should no more be allowed to be infected by people of the Jewish nation, for we foresee there from the same difficulties which you fear. But after having further weighed and considered the matter, we observe that this would be somewhat unreasonable and unfair, especially because of the considerable loss sustained by this nation [the Jewish community], with others, in the [Portuguese re-]taking of Brazil, as also because of the large amount of capital which they still have invested in the shares of this company. 

Therefore after many deliberations we have finally decided and resolved to apostille [to note in the margin] upon a certain petition presented by said Portuguese Jews [January 1655] that these people may travel and trade to and in New Netherland and live and remain there, provided the poor among them shall not become a burden to the company or to the community [in the future poor Jews would not be supported by the Manhattan churches], but be supported by their own nation. You will now govern yourself accordingly.

Jews found they were not welcome in Europe where they had been living in Italy and Germany after 70 CE.  They were a people that needed to be emancipated, being they were under restrictions that civilians of other countries were not under.  They were 2nd class citizens, if you can even use the term, citizen for them in both the West and the East, being they were 2nd class or Dhimmis in Arab countries as well.  In fact, they received better treatment in the Arab countries.  They became known as the Wandering Jew.  

Emancipation only came with Napoleon's victories, and at that, changes occurred for the Jews very slowly.  Yet Jews had great skills; a people who believed in education being their writings such as the Torah, were studied by them by most all their males, whether they be rabbis or Talmud scholars; being a scholar was the height of their social system, and they happened to have the intelligence needed for it.

Some Jews became lenders of money and a few of the clients of some turned out to be Royalty of a country.  Jews could deal with the math involved, in figuring percents, etc.  Most countries at this time had citizens who neither could read, write or do any math.  

Before the emancipation, most Jews were isolated in residential areas from the rest of the society; emancipation was a major goal of European Jews of that time, who worked within their communities to achieve integration in the majority societies and broader education. Many became active politically and culturally within wider European civil society as Jews gained full citizenship. 

They emigrated to countries offering better social and economic opportunities, such as United Kingdom and the Americas. Some European Jews turned to socialism in Russia and others to Zionism, immigrating to  Palestine which was under the Ottoman Empire at that time .                           

The unfair, prejudicial treatment of Jews was when Jews were subject to a wide range of restrictions throughout most of European history. Since the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215, Christian Europeans required Jews and Muslims to wear special clothing, such as the Judenhut and the yellow badge for Jews, to distinguish them from Christians. The practice of their religions was often restricted, and they had to swear special oaths. Jews were not allowed to vote, where vote existed, and some countries formally prohibited their entry, such as Norway, Sweden and Spain after the expulsion in the late 15th century.

Jewish involvement in gentile society began during the Age of Enlightenment. Haskalah, the Jewish movement supporting the adoption of enlightenment values, advocated an expansion of Jewish rights within European society. Haskalah followers advocated "coming out of the ghetto", not just physically but also mentally and spiritually.

Emancipation offered Jewish people civil rights and opportunities for upward mobility, and assisted in dousing the flames of widespread Jew-hatred (though never completely, and only temporarily). This enabled Jews to live multifaceted lives, breaking cycles of poverty, enjoying the spoils of Enlightened society, while also maintaining strong Jewish faith and community.^[41][42] While this element of emancipation gave rise to antisemitic canards relating to dual loyalties, and the successful upward mobility of educated and entrepreneurial Jews saw pushback in antisemitic canards relating to control, domination, and greed, the integration of Jews into wider society led to a diverse tapestry of contribution to art, science, philosophy, and both secular and religious culture.

New Amsterdam, and its next step of becoming the USA, has been the only country in this world who has not deemed Jews to be 2nd class citizens where they longed for emancipation and the chance to be on equal footing with their neighbors. One must realize that it gave people more security than Palestine had to offer during the same period.     

Resource:

https://www.mcny.org/petrus-stuyvesant#:~:text=Petrus%20Stuyvesant%20is%20best%20known,than%20it%20had%20ever%20been.

https://www.historycentral.com/TheColonies/lettertostuvesant.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_emancipation

http://www.am-sur.com/am-sur/brasilien/EncJud_juden-in-Brasilien01-NL-Brasilien-ENGL.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_arrival_in_New_Amsterdam

https://encyclopedia.nahc-mapping.org/shipjourney/1654-sainte-catherine

https://www.philipsemanorhall.com/blog/jews-in-colonial-new-york

Book:  The Settlers by Meyer Levin (a historic novel)--excellent