IMPORTANT UPDATE: The Galitzianers, Jews of Galicia and How they Became Spanish and Portugese

I Nadene Goldfoot                                                    

                    1914 Jews in a village in Galicia

Updated:  Important:  12/22/25-1:30pm

Aha!  We have a problem.  There are two different Galicias.  One is right below, the Ashkenazi Jews of Eastern Europe, the country of Galicia. It's a historical region in Eastern Europe spanning parts of modern-day Poland and Ukraine, historically significant under Polish-Lithuanian and Austrian rule. Both regions share the name, but the Spanish Galicia is a current political entity with rugged Atlantic coastlines, while the Eastern European Galicia is a historical area divided by modern borders, linked by shared history but different cultural contexts. 

Galicia (Spain)

• Location: Northwest corner of the Iberian Peninsula, bordering the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
• Capital: Santiago de Compostela, famous for its cathedral and as the endpoint of the Camino de Santiago pilgrimage.
• Culture: Strong Celtic influences, unique language (Gallego), rich folklore, and incredible seafood (pulpo, percebes).
• Landscape: Green, rainy, with dramatic cliffs (Costa da Morte), beautiful beaches, and forests.
• Key Features: Rías Baixas/Altas (rias), Tower of Hercules (A Coruña), unique Galician windows, Albariño wine. 

Galicia (Eastern Europe)

• Location: Historical region now split between southeastern Poland and western Ukraine.
• History: Part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, then the Austrian Empire (Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria).
• Key Cities: Kraków (Poland) and Lviv (Ukraine).
• Cultural Identity: Shaped by Polish, Ukrainian, Austrian, and Jewish (Yiddish) influences, with a rich history of diverse communities. how all.
• The other is just a neighborhood in Portugal where the recent murdered MIT Professor was from.  Who knew? Galicia is an autonomous community of Spain that was once known as the Kingdom of Galicia.  Either one may have had a group of Jews living there.  Galicia refers to two main regions: a vibrant, green autonomous community in northwest Spain, known for its Celtic roots, seafood, the Camino de Santiago pilgrimage ending in Santiago de Compostela, and distinct language (Gallego). 
• Possibly many Ashkenazi families have heard of the Galitzianers, Maybe you happen to be one of them.  They have been Jews spoken of by other Jews as being subjects in stories told;  most likely negative ones, as the bumpkin. They have gone from being Ashkenazi Jews to Sephardic ones( European to Spain/Portugal. 
• YNet has found this information new to me: 

• Spain's Galicia: Hot springs and Jewish heritage

  In the province of northwestern Spain famous for its thermal waters, majestic scenery, wines and Catholic pilgrimage routes, there are also fascinating traces of a thriving Jewish community before the expulsion of 1492.
• Yes, the region of Galicia (in modern Spain) and the area that became Portugal were home to vibrant, ancient Jewish communities long before 1492, playing crucial roles in economy and culture, with many Jews fleeing Spain for Portugal after the 1492 expulsion, only to face their own expulsion/forced conversion in Portugal in 1496, scattering them across the globe. Both regions had deep Jewish roots, but the expulsion from Spain in 1492 triggered a major shift, with Portugal becoming a temporary haven before its own tragic decree in 1496, forcing Jews to convert or flee, ending centuries of flourishing life there. 

    1914 Counties of the Kingdom of Galicia-Lodomeria:notice Poland at top (north)  The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, also known as Austrian Galicia or colloquially Austrian Poland, was a constituent possession of the Habsburg monarchy in the historical region of Galicia in Eastern Europe. The crown land was established in 1772.

Nowhere are the ties between Spain and Portugal stronger than between Galicia and Northern Portugal. The two regions share a border, history, culture, language, and an economy. ​(Source: Real Instituto elcano Royal Institute.)Galicia is an autonomous community of Spain that was once known as the Kingdom of Galicia. It was at one time part of Portugal, causing the people of Galicia to have mixed Spanish and Portuguese ancestry. The region Galicia and northern Portugal incredibly also shares a language called Galician-Portuguese.

The Habsburg Monarchy was a powerful Central European dynasty ruling vast territories (including Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Spain, and parts of Italy/Netherlands) from the 13th century until 1918, known for consolidating power through strategic marriages, becoming Holy Roman Emperors, and evolving into the Austrian Empire (1804) and Austria-Hungary (1867) before dissolving after World War I. 

                             Vienna parliament building 

Vienna served as its hub, and the family's legacy includes significant European political influence, cultural contributions, and a distinctive genetic trait, the "Habsburg jaw," from centuries of inbreeding, notes a YouTube video. 

 Galician Jews (or Galitzianers) were a significant Ashkenazi Jewish subgroup from the historical region of Galicia (now in Poland and Ukraine), known for their vibrant Yiddish culture, deep religious observance (especially Hasidism), distinctive cuisine (like sweet gefilte fish), and contributions to American Jewish life before the Holocaust devastated the community. They thrived under Austrian rule but faced severe persecution, leading to mass emigration and destruction during WWII, leaving behind rich, though often forgotten, cultural heritage and historic cemeteries. 

These Galitzianers   (A Jew From Galicia) 

• Origin: Developed in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (Austria-Hungary) from the late 18th century, encompassing parts of modern Ukraine (Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk) and Poland (Lesser Poland).
  

  Happy Hanukkah! Image: Jewish Austrian and German soldiers during WWI in Galicia, Eastern Front. Picture by Military Rabbi Siegfried Klein [1916, colorized]

• Culture: Spoke Yiddish, developed unique Hebrew pronunciation, and blended Hasidic spirituality with strong Torah study, differing culturally from their Litvak (Lithuanian) rivals. So let us see when they came on the scene.  Galicia is:           

a region of Central Europe north of the Carpathian Mountains.  It's 1st Jewish settlement dates from the 11th century for its history until 1722 when Galicia had 225,000 Jews or (9.6% of the population) and was annexed by Austria, and then in 1782 when Joseph II introduced legislation aimed at the forced assimilation of the Jews (which means the abolition  (to get rid of)  of communal autonomy and the validity of rabbinical courts, liability to military service, compulsory education in government schools, tax on kasher meat, etc). 

 Joseph II (1741–1790) was the powerful Holy Roman Emperor and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands, known as an "enlightened despot" who tried to modernize his vast empire through radical reforms, abolishing serfdom, granting religious tolerance, promoting education, and centralizing administration, but many of his sweeping changes, often implemented from above ("Everything for the people, nothing by the people"), met with significant resistance and limited success, making him a complex figure of the Enlightenment.   Later, the Austrian government tried to integrate the Jews by turning them to agriculture and ending their isolation;  the policy failed owing to the Jewish masses' loyalty to TRADITION!  This period was marked by a flourishing of rabbinic scholarship and by a severe struggle between the Hasidim and Mitnaggedim (with wild stories) ending with the victory of the former and the consolidation of Galicia as a Hasidic citadel.  

A further conflict developed in the mid-19th century between Hasidism and Haskalah.  From 1849, the Jews of Galicia began to receive equality of political rights and these were embodied in the Austrian constitution of 1867.  Galicia was an important center of neo-Hebrew literature during the 19th and 20th centuries;  many scholars worked there and many Hebrew periodicals were published in Galicia. However, a considerable section of the maskilim displayed pronounced tendencies to assimilation, 1st to German, later to Polish culture.  The Jewish national movement in the late 19th century appealed to the Jews of Galicia, which was the birthplace of Hibbat Zion.  A Jewish workers' movement originated in Galicia  early in the 20th century.

About that time, the Poles and Ukrainians began to push the Jews out of the economic sphere and their general plight always depressed, deteriorated.  This led to extensive emigration, especially to the USA. 

Austria-Hungary in 1913 with Bohemia (blue) Galicia (purple), Austria (red)  to Hungary(green) 
 

During  World War I, many Jews fled from Galicia to Hungary, Austria, and Bohemia.  Galicia was again part of Poland from 1918.  

Resource:

Edited 12/21/25: 12:00pm

Edited 12/22/25: 1:30pm 

https://porturicans.weebly.com/galicia.html#:~:text=Galicia%20is%20an%20autonomous%20community,a%20language%20called%20Galician%2DPortuguese.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeDSctImTME&t=4s

Rabbi Binyamin Rivlin of Shklov, Cousin to Gaon of Vilna's Line Producing 10th President of Israel

 Nadene Goldfoot                               

                     Famous Gaon of Vilna:  Rabbi Eliyahu (1720-1797)

Rivlin (Hebrew: ריבלין) is a primarily Jewish family with origins in Austria and Eastern Europe, which became established in early 19th century Palestine (now Israel). There are also branches of the family in several other countries.

The Rivlin family originated in Vienna, Austria and has over 50,000 members. The name Rivlin was derived from the descriptive name of a prominent Torah scholar called Moshe "Rivkes" or "Rivkesh" (b. circa 1600), i.e., Moshe “of Rivka” (Rebecca). This ancestor was author of the commentary Be'er HaGolah on the Shulchan Aruch (Code of Jewish Law). The name Rivkesh led to Riveles, and that led to Rivlin. 

The first Rivlin to go to what is now Israel (then an Ottoman province) was Hillel Rivlin, who immigrated in 1809 to Jerusalem. In the following years, many more Rivlins arrived in the country. The Rivlins are now one of the oldest and largest Ashkenazi families in Israel.

                                       Gaon of Vilna

Hillel Rivlin of Shklov (Hebrew: הלל ריבלין; 16 September 1757–- 2 June 1838 and the Hebrew date 2 Tishrei 5518–9 Sivan 5598) was a close disciple of the Vilna Gaon. Along with some other pupils of the Vilna Gaon, he is credited with having revitalized the Ashkenazi community in what is now Israel (then the Ottoman province of Damascus Eyalet), by immigrating to Jerusalem in 1809.  

Hillel Rivlin's father was Rabbi Binyamin Rivlin of Shklov, the cousin and student of the Vilna Gaon.

Rivlin married Zipora, the daughter of Moshe Yozal in Hever. Their son, Rabbi Moshe Rivlin, was the rabbi of the Ashkenazi community in Jerusalem from 1840 to 1846. Rivlin's son-in-law was the philanthropist and businessman,  Shmarihu Luria of Mohilev, the father-in-law of Rabbi David Friedman of Karlin and Yehiel Michal Pines. 

Rivlin's descendants, starting with his great-grandson Rabbi Yosef Rivlin, were among the first settlers to live outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. He is considered one of the patriarchs of the Rivlin family.

  In 1782, when the Gaon of Vilna realized he would not be able to immigrate to the Land of Israel, he appointed Hillel Rivlin to head the "Chazon Zion" movement which helped organize Jews from Belarus to immigrate to Israel. 

Twenty-Seven years later, which is a whole generation, by 1809, Rivlin, as the head of a group of the students of the Gra, immigrated to the Land of Israel. 

Any Rivlins in Israel since 1809 are most likely carrying the genes of the Gaon of Vilna. That would have occurred before the 1st Aliyah.   The influx of immigrants into the Land of Israel during the years 1882-1903 is known as “The First Aliyah.” This was the first large wave of immigrants that were motivated by nationalism. During these years some 25,000 Jews emigrated from Russia and Rumania, and 2,500 arrived from Yemen.

He was also the author of the esoteric text known as Kol HaTor, that describes the 999 footsteps of the Messiah's arrival. Until approximately the 1980s the book was preserved only in manuscript form, when it began to be published in stages.

The Rivlin family has established itself in various large cities throughout the world. The diaspora occurred in the mid-19th century and early 20th century. Members of the Rivlin family can now be found in most major cities of the United States, Paris, Leeds, London, Rio de Janeiro, parts of Mexico, Australia, Norway, Ireland and South Africa.  

The Rivlin family has held major reunions in Jerusalem in 1980 and 2009. These reunions drew thousands of family members to Jerusalem.  A film,The Tribe, in 1983, was made about the 1980 reunion by Lilly Rivlin.  2,500 members attended in 1980, the year I had made aliyah. We were in Haifa then, and didn't run into them.  

It's one of the few families that my family has not connected with though my grandparents were from Lithuania, nor were they near to Vilna.  Mine were from Telsiai.  Evidently we weren't in Vienna, Austria, either. Other people were connected to the Gaon of Vilna, though.  

One very famous Israeli is former president of Israel, Reuven Rivlin.  Reuven "Ruvi" Rivlin (Hebrew: רְאוּבֵן "רוּבִי" רִיבְלִין [ʁeʔuˈven ʁivˈlin] (listen); born 9 September 1939) is an Israeli politician and lawyer who served as the tenth president of Israel between 2014 and 2021. He is a member of the Likud party. Rivlin was Minister of Communications from 2001 to 2003, and subsequently served as Speaker of the Knesset from 2003 to 2006 and 2009 to 2013. On 10 June 2014, he was elected President of Israel. His term ended on 7 July 2021.

 His parents were Rachel "Ray" Rivlin and Yosef Yoel Rivlin. Yosef created the first Hebrew edition of the Quran and was a candidate for president of Israel in 1957 before withdrawing in favor of the incumbent Yitzhak Ben-Zvi.

Rivlin attended Gymnasia Rehavia high school, and served in the Intelligence Corps of the Israel Defense Forces. During the Six-Day War, he fought with the Jerusalem Brigade and accompanied the Paratroopers Brigade as an intelligence officer. After military service, he studied law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Rivlin argues for a Greater Israel that would embrace all people and give the Palestinians of the West Bank and Gaza full Israeli citizenship. He is also a strong supporter of minority rights, particularly for Arab Israelis. He supports the one-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, or rather, did then.  How he would vote today needs asking.     

Resource:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel_Rivlin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivlin#:~:text=Rivlin%20(Hebrew%3A%20%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F)%20is,family%20in%20several%20other%20countries.

https://www.lillyrivlin.com/the_tribe_1983.html

https://www.gov.il/en/departments/general/aliyah_1#:~:text=The%20influx%20of%20immigrants%20into,and%202%2C500%20arrived%20from%20Yemen.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuven_Rivlin 

Eliyahu's Branches by Chaim Freedman

Outstanding Physics Researchers/Nobel Winners Who Were Jewish

Nadene Goldfoot
                                                

Physics was my hardest subject in my science classes, but I see there have been many outstanding Jewish scientists in this field.  They were all men except for one woman.  Up to the mid-19th century, the Jewish contribution was slight.  After that, it burst forth:  The tremendous advances have been made by Jews, prominence showing up in both the experimental and theoretical fields with several having received NOBEL PRIZES.  Considering that Jews make up only 0.02% of the world population, this is amazing for this tiny group.  Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 900 individuals, of whom at least 20% were Jews although the Jewish population comprises less than 0.2% of the world's population.  Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves.                                                                              

 1. Heinrich Rudolph Herz (1857-1894) German physicist; professor at Kiel, Karlsruhe, and Bonn.  He pioneered in research on electromagnetic waves, discovered the elements of modern radiotechnics.  He also originated the investigation of photoelectric phenomena.  He discovered electric waves of large amplitude (known as "hertzian waves.")  His nephew is below, Gustave Ludwig Hertz.  
                                                           

Einstein on left with David Ben Gurion,
Einstein was offered Presidency of Israel in 1952 after the death of Chaim Weizmann but turned it down.  

2. Albert Einstein (1879-1955)  German physicist, born in Ulm, Germany but educated in Switzerland, is the most well known  with his relativity theory which revolutionized the entire scientific approach to the Universe. His IQ was 180.  He was a professor of physics at Belin U and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics.  Nazism rose in 1933 when he settled in the USA, citizen in 1940.  His theory revolutionized concepts of space and time in physics and philosophy and the foundations of exact sciences.  He contributed to the foundation of quantum theory, receiving a Nobel Prize for that in 1921.  His theory paved the way for advances in atomic physics.  Einstein was a conscious Jew and active supporter of Zionism.  He was a trustee at Hebrew U where he donated the manuscripts of his theory of relativity.  He died at age 75.  
                                                        

3. Niels Bohr   (1886-1962)  Danish physicist,  who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research.   He predicted the existence of a new zirconium-like element, which was named hafnium, after the Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered. Later, the element bohrium was named after him.  In September 1943, word reached Bohr and his brother Harald that the Nazis considered their family to be Jewish, since their mother was Jewish, and that they were therefore in danger of being arrested. The Danish resistance helped Bohr and his wife escape by sea to Sweden on 29 September. The next day, Bohr persuaded King Gustaf V of Sweden to make public Sweden's willingness to provide asylum to Jewish refugees. On 2 October 1943, Swedish radio broadcast that Sweden was ready to offer asylum, and the mass rescue of the Danish Jews by their countrymen followed swiftly thereafter. Some historians claim that Bohr's actions led directly to the mass rescue, while others say that, though Bohr did all that he could for his countrymen, his actions were not a decisive influence on the wider events. Eventually, over 7,000 Danish Jews escaped to Sweden.  Bohr claimed to be an aetheist.  
                                            

4. Albert Abraham Michelson (1852-1931) USA physicist, Professor at U of Chicao from 1892, successfully tested the relative velocity of the earth and the ether and also conducted studies in measuring the velocity of light.  His experiments broke down the theory of a static ether and laid much of the experimental base for the special theory of relativity.  He received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1907.                                                         

5. Hermann Minkowsky  (1864-1909) Lithuanian or Latvian mathematician, Taught a Bonn,etc, noted for his investigations of the mathematical basis of relativity, giving the time dimension equal importance with the space dimensions;  Baptized.  He developed the geometry of numbers and who used geometrical methods to solve difficult problems in number theory, mathematical physics, and the theory of relativity.  

                                                           

        6. Tullio Levi-Civita: (1873-1941) Italian Mathematician,  was an Italian mathematician, most famous for his work on absolute differential calculus and its applications to the theory of relativity, but who also made significant contributions in other areas. He was a pupil of Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, the inventor of tensor calculus. He paved the way for Einstein.  Born into an Italian Jewish family in Padua, Levi-Civita was the son of Giacomo Levi-Civita, a lawyer and former senator. He graduated in 1892 from the University of Padua Faculty of Mathematics. In 1894 he earned a teaching diploma after which he was appointed to the Faculty of Science teacher's college in Pavia.
   
Michele Angelo Besso (1873-1955) was a Swiss/Italian engineer. Besso was born in Riesbach from a family of Italian Jewish descent.  He went to school with Einstein.  Besso is credited with introducing Einstein to the works of Ernst Mach, the sceptical critic of physics who influenced Einstein's approach to the discipline. Einstein called Besso “the best sounding board in Europe” for scientific ideas. In Einstein's original paper on Special Relativity, he ended the paper stating, “In conclusion, let me note that my friend and colleague M. Besso steadfastly stood by me in my work on the problem here discussed, and that I am indebted to him for many a valuable suggestion.”

Besso died in Geneva, aged 81. In a letter of condolence to the Besso family, Albert Einstein wrote “Now he has departed from this strange world a little ahead of me. That means nothing. For us believing physicists the distinction between past, present, and future only has the meaning of an illusion, though a persistent one.” Einstein died one month and 3 days after his friend, on 18 April 1955.

                                                         

    7. James Franck  (1882-1964) German physicist, an authority on nuclear physics and photochemistry before 1933.  He was awarded the 1925 Nobel Prize in physics.  He immigrated to the USA in 1935 and taught at John Hopkins U, Baltimore in 1935-38, an the U of Chicago from 1938 to 1953.  He investigated the structure of matter, especially the kinetics of electrons.  
                                                         

8. Gustave Ludwig Hertz:  (1887-1975) German experimental physicist, nephew of director of Research Lab in Russia, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz; head of Physics Institute in Leipzig from 1954-61:  With James France, . he investigated the kinetics of electrons and shared with him  the 1925 Nobel Physics Prize.  In  1932 he discovered a new method of isolating isotopes in gases.   He later demonstrated the quantitative relations between the series of spectral lines and the energy losses of electrons in collision with atoms corresponding to the stationary energy states of the atoms. His results were in perfect agreement with Bohr’s theory of atomic structure, which included the application of Planck’s quantum theory.   He helped to develop the quantum theory. 
                                                  

9. Vito Volterra  (1860-1940)  Italian physicist, mathematician and senator, professor at Turin and Roe.  His functional calculus has been termed the most important advance in modern mathematical science.  
                                                                               

10. Max Born  (1882-1970) German physicist, kicked out of Gottingen post by Nazis in 1933, immigrated to England, but returned to Germany after 1945. He was an authority on quantum theory, atomic structure, the dynamics of matter, and relativity.  He received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1954.  He did not identify himself with Judaism.  Max Born, born on the 11th December 1882 in Breslau (at this time in Germany, now in Poland) was the son of anatomist and embryologist Gustav Born and Margarete Kauffmann. He attended König Wilhelm Gymnasium, but before that he had been taught in home, because "he was considered too frail to attend the public school".  Max Born was at Göttingen until April 1933. He didn't leave this place for his own sake, but he was forced to do so. Forced by Nazi - Jews were dismissed from universities, so Born with his family moved to England, where he stayed until his retirement in 1953. Then he moved to a small town near Göttingen, where he died on 5 January 1970.                                                      

11. Abraham Fedorovich Joffe/Yoffe/Ioffe:  (1880-1960)  Russian physicist, pupil and assistant to Rontgen, taught at St. Petersburg U and was a founder f its X-ray and Radiological Institute.  He directed the Physico-Technical Institute in Leningrad from 1932-51, president of the Society of Sovie Physicists.  In 1942 he was awarded a Stalin Prize.  His researches ee mainly in the field of Electrotechnics and included work on the physical properties of crystals and and the characteristic of dielectrics and half-conductors. Ioffe was born into a middle-class Jewish family in the small town of Romny, Russian Empire (now in Sumy Oblast, Ukraine).  
                                                                

12. Sir Franz(Francis Eugene)  Simon  (1893-1956)  German physicist, taught at Berlin, Breslau, immigrated in 1933 to England to teach at Oxford.   His work in the field of low temperature physics was of fundamental importance in atomic research.  Sir Francis Simon  was a German and later British physical chemist and physicist who devised the gaseous diffusion method, and confirmed its feasibility, of separating the isotope Uranium-235 and thus made a major contribution to the creation of the atomic bomb.  The rise of anti-Semitic fascism in Germany in the 1930s caused him and his wife to consider emigrating. Aware of his concerns Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell met him in Walther Nernst's laboratory during Easter 1933, and invited him to join the Clarendon Laboratory at the University of Oxford. He was also able to offer him a two-year grant research from Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) of £800.  Simon resigned on 1 July 1933, but before he could leave an official demanded that he and his wife surrender their passports. Simon then flung his Iron Cross and other medals onto the table. Their passports were later returned, for reasons unknown. Using the services of a corrupt customs official Simon was able to take his research equipment with him. His wife and children followed him two months later.  Upon arrival in the UK, he started using the Anglicised name "Francis".

 AMONG SCIENTISTS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPMENT IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS IN RECENT YEARS                           

 13.  J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967)  USA physicist, professor of physics at the U of California and California Institute of Technology from 1929 to 47, directed atomic energy research and the manufacture of the atom bomb during WWII.  In 1947-66, was director of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton.  Oppenheimer served as chairman of the general advisory committee of the US atomic energy commission until 1954 when he was suspended following allegations of leftwing associations.  
                                                     

  14. Edward Teller  (1908    ) Budapest, Hungarian physicist, immigrated to England, then to USA  in 1934, profesor at the U of Washington, Chicago and California.  He served on the advisory board of the American Atomic Energy Commission ad worked on the development of the hydrogen bomb.  
                                                             

15.  Lise Meitner  (1878-1968)  Vienna, Austrian physicist, she taught in Berlin until about 1933, then immigrated to Stockholm, Sweden.  With Otto Hahn, she discovered in 1917 the element protactinium, and later proved the existence of other radioactive elements.  She investigated thorium and actinium, while her researches on the splitting of the uranium nucleus are of fundamental importance in the exploitation of atomic energy.  She immigrated to England in 1960 and settled in Cambridge.  
                                                               

IN ISRAEL, RESEARCH IN PHYSICS :  HEBREW UNIV., WEIZMANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, HAIFA TECHNION.  

Resource:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates#:~:text=As%20of%202019%2C%20the%20most,was%20economics%20laureate%20Michael%20Kremer.
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
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