Nadene Goldfoot
- Taking of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, 15th July 1099 , by painting by Émile Signol (1847), Palace of Versailles
- Crusader States and Islamic Dynasties (1099–1517)
The beginning of an age of unmitigated suffering for medieval Jewry
Crusader Rule (1099–1187): The Crusaders established the Kingdom of Jerusalem after conquering Palestine in 1099. However, there were 7 Crusades so, their rule was not accepted and they had to keep fighting and calling for help from others.
This period started with the First Crusade (1096–1099), which saw Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099, resulting in the massacre of many Jews and Muslims.
Crusaders tried to win Palestine from the Moslems. On the way to Palestine they attacked purposely Jews in northern France and the Rhineland (Germany). They massacred Jews in the towns of Mainz, Worms, Speyer, Cologne, etc where many Jews lived, all in the name of their Jesus. Then they repeated the attacks on Jews in Prague and later in Salonica where the reports of the Crusade gave rise to a messianic ferment by the time they got to Jerusalem where they massacred Jews and Karaites. The First Crusade was led by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Godrey of Bouillon, Hugh of Vermandois, Bohemond of Otranto, and Robert of Flanders, and the People’s Crusade followed Peter the Hermit. .jpg%20Crusaders.jpg)
The Second Crusade then took place from 1147-1149). They repeated attacks in France and Germany on remaining Jews led by a monk called Rudolf. Bernard of Clairvaux restricted in scale of the attack with some humanitarian effort. At the outset of this Crusade, the Pope urged that the debts of Crusaders to the Jews should be remitted, and this became a regular demand on such occasions. The Second Crusade was headed by King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany.jpg%20%203rd%20Crusade.jpg)
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- Ayyubid Dynasty (1187–1250): The Ayyubids, led by Saladin, recaptured Jerusalem and much of Palestine in 1187 following the Battle of Hattin.
The Third Crusade (1189-1192) had wide support in England where it led to preliminary attacks by the assembled crusaders on the Jews in many different places, huge attacks in York, England in 1190. Leaders of the Third Crusade included the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa, Phillip II Augustus of France, and especially Richard I (Richard the Lionheart) of England. 
Baldwin of Jerusalem
The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem, by first defeating the powerful Egyptian Ayyubid Sultanate. The sack of Constantinople occurred in April 1204 and marked the culmination of the Fourth Crusade. Crusaders sacked and destroyed most of Constantinople.
The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221 in Egypt and Syria) The Fifth Crusade was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to re-acquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by al-Adil, brother of Saladin. The Crusaders failed.
The Sixth Crusade (1228–1229), also known as the Crusade of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, was a military expedition to recapture Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting.
The Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) was the first of the two Crusades led by Louis IX of France.
- Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517): After withstanding Mongol invasions, the Egyptian Mamluks reunified Palestine under their control. The 7th also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, The Seventh Crusade is formed to attack Muslim-held cities in North Africa and Egypt. Led by Louis IX, it is not successful. 25 Aug 1248.
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The Sepherds' Crusade of 1320-1320 resulting in widespread attacks on the Jews in southern France and northern Spain. The Shepherd's Crusade of 1320 ended in late July or early September 1320 when its followers were arrested and executed, leading to the dispersal of the movement.
- The crusade began in June 1320 in Normandy after a teenage shepherd claimed to have received a divine visitation.
- The movement grew into a large group of common-folk who banded together, with the backing of Pope John XXII, and marched through France.
- By late July 1320, many followers were arrested and executed, and by September, the crusade had dispersed.
Every Crusade brought on death through the country in Europe they came
- from of Jews they sought out and attacked on the way to Palestine and
- then both Arab and Jew were slaughtered as they said, they all looked the
same to the Crusaders.
My family has the story of a Crusaders on horseback entering a rabbi's
home and slaughtering his wife and daughter with the sword.
Various French noblemen responded to Pope Innocent III’s call for the Fourth Crusade. The soldiers of the Fifth Crusade followed Andrew II of Hungary and the French count John of Brienne, titular king of Jerusalem. The Holy Roman emperor Frederick II led the Sixth Crusade, and King Louis IX of France (St. Louis) led the last two Crusades.
The period from the 11th to 16th centuries was marked by a power struggle between European Crusaders and various Islamic powers.
- In 1517, the Ottoman Empire, under the Mamluk-Ottoman War, conquered Ottoman Syria, including Palestine.In 1517, following the Ottoman conquest of Palestine, Jews in Hebron and Safed were subjected to attacks by Turkish troops and Mamluk loyalists, resulting in killings, looting, and forced displacement.
- While some historians suggest these events were a consequence of localized conflicts amidst the Ottoman takeover, the Jewish communities, particularly in Hebron, were targeted for plunder due to their stable financial position.
The dispersion of the Jewish community occurred following the Destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. Their Crusade killing managed to displace the Jewish merchants from their former favored position and thus simulate the economic decline of the Jews. The demand for credit on the part of the participants stimulated, however some Jewish financial operations in some countries in Europe.
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with many Jews settling in different regions across Europe and the Middle East. During this time, several Jewish communities coalesced across the Levantin approximately fifty known locations, (stood together) including Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon and Caesarea. Many of these communities fell into the path of theCrusader forces on their mission to capture the Holy Land. So it wasn't just single Jews but whole communitiesthat were attacked and torn apart.
Christian sources justify attacking Jewish communities as a means of seizing wealth and supplies. One Christian priest, commenting on the behavior of the Crusaders in the Balkans, wrote:
"This is believed to be the hand of the Lord
working against the pilgrims, who sinned in his
sight with their great impurity and intercourse
with prostitutes and slaughtered the wandering
Jews, who admittedly were contrary to Christ,
more from avarice for money than for the justice
of God." 
OLD YISHUV
Jewish community in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem under Ottoman rule
The Safed attacks were an incident that took place in Safed soon after the Turkish Ottomans had ousted the Mamluks and taken Levant during the Ottoman–Mamluk War in 1517. At the time the town had roughly 300 Jewish households. The severe blow took place as Mamluks clashed bloodily with the new Ottoman authorities. The view that the riot's impact on the Jews of Safed was severe is contested.
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