How Crusades With Massacres In Germany Affected Jews

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                    

The man on the right is the Jewish man, and the 3 other people notice his yellow pointed hat.

In Europe, forced markings for Jews and Muslims were introduced by Pope Innocent III at the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215.  The council ruled on such vexing problems as the use of church property, tithes, judicial procedures, and patriarchal precedence. It ordered Jews and Saracens to wear distinctive dress and obliged Catholics to make a yearly confession and to receive Communion during the Lenten season. The pope explained that it was a means to prevent Christians from having sex with Jews and Muslims, thereby protecting society from “such prohibited intercourse.”  Yellow pointed hats in Germany were used to identify and target Jews.   

Under the spread of Islam (seventh‑-eighth centuries), when the majority of the Jews of the world came under its cultural influence and political con­trol, Jews easily adopted the new styles of dress and were in no way distinguishable from their Muslim neighbors as many Jews remained in the Middle East during the Middle Ages.  

Rabbinic sources always need to be used with some caution, since they tend to express the most conservative views. On the basis of some of these it has been stated, for instance, that Jews in Germany eschewed bright colors, preferring dark or even black. However, manuscript illustrations from Germany (13th through the 15th centuries) do not support this. The standard clothing for men was a robe reaching to just below the knees, and at times (probably to protect from the cold) this was covered by a cloak no different from those worn by Christians, which was fashioned with a broach. The colors of the robes and cloaks were red, blue, green, or yellow, sometimes tan.  A special garment worn only for holidays was the sargenes, or kittel, which was a broad robe or cloak with the right side sewn up to prevent carrying. It became customary to wear this garment on the Sabbath (although the community ordinances of Speyer, Worms, and Mayence had earlier prohibited the wearing of this garment in the synagogue on Sabbaths). From other sources it appears that this was also the garment used for burying the dead, and possibly because of this it became customary to wear it also on  (even now many traditional Jews wear a thin white robe, which is also called a kittel on Yom Kippur and at the Passover seder).  

Shoes were usually of leather (in Germany one of the rabbis was asked about the permissibility of making shoes from hides originally intended for  scrolls). In an interesting responsum, Ibn Adret was asked if it were permitted to wear patines in the street on the Sabbath, a word that seems to refer to a wooden shoe or shoe with cork soles to prevent slipping on the ice (in modern Spanish it means “skates,” but the medieval term used is akin to a French or Lombard word), to which he replied that it is the custom of “all the wise of the land” to wear shoes (made from leather hides intended to Torah scrolls) and is certainly permitted.

Two new Jewish communities began to make their appearance in  the principal commercial centers of Germany  by the 9th century.  They were Augsburg and Metz.  By the 10th century there was Worms,  Mainz, Magdeburg, Ratisbon, and others.  Here is a Jew of the 16th century dressed accordingly to the rules in Worms, Germany.  

Reading the Torah orally 

The densest settlements were in the Rhineland of Mainz, Speyer, Worms, Cologne and others.  This is where, in the 11th century,  an intense intellectual life developed.  Rabbis would meet together in each other's homes to discuss sections of interest in the Bible and form opinions and suggestions.  Cultural methods of handling certain rules developed here.  It was all framed by this Franco-Jewish influence of Ashkenazi Jewry.  A problem they had were their unfavorable outside conditions, though the persecution recorded in 1012 was probably not unique to only their communities.  Persecution of Jews was happening in other places as well.   

The economic power of the Jews, who were especially active as merchants, contributed significantly to this protected standing. Another factor was the religious freedom they had been afforded by kings and emperors since the Salian dynasty {The Salian dynasty or Salic dynasty (German: Salier) was a dynasty in the High Middle Ages. The dynasty provided four kings of Germany (1024–1125), all of whom went on to be crowned Holy Roman emperors (1027–1125)}., which included the right for Jews to settle their own internal affairs.               

                                   The Synagogue in Worms, photo Rudolf Uhrig

But the legal position of the Jews and their abilities to flourish in professional life deteriorated drastically from the 14th century (pogrom of 1349), and they were placed under the supervision of the town council. The community in Worms had roughly 250 members around 1500, when many cities and territories like Electoral Palatinate had already expelled their Jews. But the community in Worms persisted nevertheless.                                              

       Worms around 1521, Jewish Quarter; 3-D rendering by FaberCourtial

Soon after 1500, the main area of Jewish settlement in Judengasse – whose structures can be traced to this present day – was gradually sealed off, while the supervision and taxation imposed on the Jews by the municipal authorities were increased continuously from the 16th century onward. The community owned a particularly 'holy' site in the cemetery, which had been in constant use from 1050 at the latest; the fabric of the Romanesque synagogue, constructed in the 12th century at the same time as the cathedral, remained almost unchanged until 1938.

                             

It was in (1096-1009 First Crusade) that the Crusaders massacred the Jews  all throughout the Rhineland and the adjacent areas.  the moral atmosphere  they were surrounded by had changed, and at all times of unrest or excitement in Germany the Jews were attacked.  This affected all of Europe's attitude towards Jews.  Jews were driven out of the trades of their businesses and and forced them into money-lending;  a talent they had left when trading on the Silk Road to China to use to support their families. Prague, Salonica also attacked with messianic ferment.  Jerusalem was captured by them in 1099,  2nd attack in (1147-1149) of France and Rhineland when Rudolf the monk was agitated, and the Pope urged that debts of crusaders to the Jews should be remitted.  The 1298 massacres  were inspired by a knight, Rindfleisch from the crusade. 

Again in 1336 massacres, a fanatic crusader dressed in a leather-jerkined  who was Armleder.   Then  only 12 years later in 1348 and 1349, during the Black Death, 350 localities where Jews lived  with 200 localities of Jews being completely wiped out !  The instigation to kill Jews  was that they were accused of deliberately having more babies (propagating).  People acted against Jews with much barbarism, possibly like the recent October 7th attacks from Hamas.  

In the 2nd half of the 14th Century, Jewish survivors were kept impoverished by the head authorities from the imperial group because they had cancelled all debts to Jews.  Despite that, the Jews maintained their intellectual groups going with Talmudic study.  There were even Jews entering into German life, becoming more Hellenized.  

At the end of the Middle Ages, most large Germany cities had banished Jews.  The 16th century began with only the population of Jews found in Frankfort-on-Main and Worms.  Local Barons did maintain a few Jews who transacted business for them.  

Resource:

https://www.worms.de/en/web/luther/Worms_1521/Worms_1521/Worms_Juden.php#:~:text=Records%20show%20that%20Jews%20had,of%201096%20inflicted%20terrible%20damage.

https://www.timesofisrael.com/nazi-yellow-star-badges-part-of-long-history-of-forcing-jews-to-identify-themselves/

https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-clothing-in-the-middle-ages/#:~:text=The%20standard%20clothing%20for%20men,%2C%20or%20yellow%2C%20sometimes%20tan.

How Endogamous Are We Jews Who Are An Endogamous People ?

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                             

                             Ashkenazic Jewish grandmother, Zlata Jermulowske from Lazdijai, Suwalki, Lithuania born January 11, 1886, a part of my life and her parents were Joshua Charles "Hatzkel" Isaiahel Jermulowskie and possibly Esther Decatsky, but not 100% sure. We know his first wife died and he remarried a Dora Leah and had more children from which Zlata was the last to be born to Esther before her death.   In fact, Esther may have died giving birth to Zlata.   Before her time, men were able to marry multiple women at a time, given the example of Jacob who had 4 wives. Was she related to her husband, Nathan Goldfoot?  If my father had a DNA test done (born in 1908) we would be able to tell.  My father's sister was related, however, to her husband by testing of one of her daughters.  The connection was closer than I had thought.  The test is available at GedMatch.(Genesis) com.  Give it a name from the program you have provided and it can tell if its parents were related.    

Muslims, with Islam established after Mohammad's death in 620, have allowed men to have 4 wives at a time.   

Endogamy was very common among Ashkenazi Jews; they very rarely married non-Jews, and if they did it usually meant that the offspring were not raised Jewish. That's why it is more common to find traces of Jewish DNA among non-Jewish Slavs than it is to find Slavic DNA within Ashkenazi Jewish populations.

Being they stayed together as a group, and often lived in very close proximity, such as in ghettos, they were marrying their spouses who were actually related to them with unions happening in their families in previous generations so they were not aware of their family trees. 

Abraham had married Sarah who was his niece, and they knew of this.  One thing the Jews never did, and the Egyptian royalty did, was to marry their sisters.  Cousins were acceptable, however.  

Polygamy was practiced with Solomon setting the example, having a 1,000 wives and concubines.  His reasoning was more for making peace with other people by marrying into their royal families, which seemed to work, however.  

Jacob had 4 wives while his father, Isaac had only one, Rebecca.  Proverbs 31 seems to picture a monogamous household.  The society reflected in the Talmud is essentially monogamous, with only a handful of rabbis being recorded as having more than one wife.  This ideal of Jewish life with one wife continued.  

The takkanah of Rabbi Gershom Ben Judah (965-1028)forbade polygamy in about 1000 CE.  This was like a law now that gave formal sanction among Ashkenazi Jews to what was already generally accepted.  

How was such a law policed?  We have no policing in Judaism.  I would think that peer pressure would control such a law to being prescribed.  My thinking is that by 1500, people were doing pretty well in not taking multiple wives with the exceptions of divorce and death like today.  No more harems like Kings David and Solomon.  So we can say that for the past 1,000 years, there has been no polygamy within the Jewish Community.  

The Rabbi, known as Rabbenu (Our teacher) Gershom Meor ha-Golah (Light of the Diaspora) was born in Metz of Lorraine thatwas a former region in northeast France bordering Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. and later lived in Mainz, Germany  where he directed an academy. 

    At the time in Rhineland/Germany, the Crusades were starting in 1096-1999 with attacks against Jews in Northern France and especially in the Rhineland where massacres occurred in Mainz, Worms, Speyer, Cologne, etc...and in Jerusalem in 1099 as well.  The 2nd Crusade of 1147-1149 attacked Jews in the same places because of a Monk, Rudolf in France and Rhineland.  We Jews were never good enough to suit the Christians.  No wonder these Rabbis went overboard trying to wipe out sin in Jews.  

 He was considered the earliest notable Western European Jewish scholar, a famous Rabbinic authority.  He was one of the 1st commentators on the Talmud. Since there are 2 distinct Talmuds, one from Palestine and the other called the Babylonian Talmud, he may have worked on the Palestinian one,  and corrected many copyists' errors.  Gershon  also transcribed  the biblical Masorah to ensure accurate  reading.   According to tradition, he wrote an entire commentary on the Talmud, but only fragments  have survived.  Rabbi Gershom's legal decisions and regulations (takkanot) were accepted as binding by European Jewry;  they included bans on polygamy, divorcing a  woman without her consent, reading letters directed to others, cutting pages out of books, and mocking converts who had returned to Judaism (which would have been mainly the the Marranos, Spanish who were forced to accept Catholicism to evade death.                                   

                    Crusaders during their hayday...

As if G-d is listening to all this horror coming from his mind along with the good decisions, what happened to his family seems just.  His son (and possibly his wife) was forcibly baptized in 1012, and Gershom wrote a number of penitential prayers  expressing his grief.  

Joshua Cohen also agrees with me with his article about the twisted logic of Medieval German piousness.  "Sefer Hasidim, or Book of the Pious", was its greatness, authored by Rabbi Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg (1140-1217) and/or his father Samuel (the latter working under the influence of his father, Kalonymus ben Isaac the Elder). Most scholars agree that Rabbi Judah’s student, Rabbi Eleazar Rokeach, compiled the extant text. Kalonymus is a family line my Goldfoot family is connected with.  Seems as if some rabbis were overworking their minds on what compiled a sin in Germany during this period. 

It was in 1096 that the German Crusaders massacred Jews in European towns.  Shortly after in 1099, the Jewish community in Jerusalem was massacred by the Crusaders.  

Among the Spanish and Oriental Jews (Sephardic and Mizrachi Jews) on the other hand, polygamy continued to be legal, though by no means general. 

 In Italy, down to the 17th century, a person whose wife was barren was occasionally permitted by papal license (Catholicism) to take a 2nd wife.  With Europeanization of many oriental communities in recent generation, polygamy has become increasingly rare.  

Traditionally, the groom  is to smash a wine glass...this looks like a can used in this Israeli wedding. Shattered glass symbolizes the fragility of our relationship and reminds us that we must treat our relationship with special care. This custom was also incorporated into the ceremony to remind everyone that even at the height of personal joy, we must, nevertheless, remember the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in the year 70. Note the Israeli large prayer shawl used by all the men of Israel.  

In Israel, monogamy is now enforced by law, though existing polygamous marriages are recognized.  Being 20% of the population are not Jews, but Muslims who allow 4 wives to this day, I'm not sure how Israel is handling this situation.  Their population as increased quickly, I note. Since at least 1959, polygamous marriages have been prohibited in Israel, which applies to members of each confessional community, including the Jewish and Muslim.  And that's how the law is written.  DNA testing will tell the tale.  

In the Palestinian Territories, unless its been changed recently, "Polygyny, whereby a husband has more than one wife, is explicitly permitted under Islam. There are also the classical injunctions that a man must treat all co-wives equitably and provide them with separate dwellings, and a man must declare his social status in the marriage contract.  This is why their numbers have increased.

Polyandry, whereby a wife has more than one husband, is not permitted. Residents of East Jerusalem are subject to Israeli marriage law, which since at least 1959 has barred the formation of polygamous unions in Israel.

In the USA Polygamy as a crime originated in the common law, and it is now outlawed in every state. In the United States, polygamy was declared unlawful through the passing of Edmunds Anti-Polygamy Act of 1882.Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints practiced polygamy between 1840 and 1890. At present, the Church strongly asserts that God's standard for marriage is only between one man and one woman.  Devoted Church members opted not to practice polygamy. During the year 1857, about half of the people living in the Utah Territory are in a polygamous family. By 1870, this number of people living in polygamous households dropped to about 25 to 30 percent. It has continually declined through the passage of time.  Mostly, groups living in Mexico practiced it.  However, the LDS (Mormons) have continued, and even have TV sit-coms about all living together.                                          

Well, Polygamy helped to create endogamy that we find in our DNA today. it's not surprising to find that some of our relatives are related to each other.  My father's sister's DNA shows a genetic connection to her husband from Germany, and she and my father's line were from Lithuania.  The connection, quite obvious in the DNA, is not prevented by countries of the people.  It could go back as far as to ancient Israel, or obviously-to Germany where Ashkenazic Jewry started.  I think that's our situation.  

I've traced my father's line of Goldfus as far back as to the 1700s in Telsiai, Lithuania finding Iones 'Jonah' Goldfus c:1730.  There was a Swedish invasion in 1710 into Telz, as it's called today, which had to have been the Vikings!  2/3 of its population perished from epidemics with that happening.   A few Jews were known to be living in this city in the 1400s.  The Crusaders mentioned Jews being there  in 1320.  Chances are that my father's people were there from Germany by the 1500s at least.  

Diseases inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern often occur in endogamous populations. Among Ashkenazi Jews, a higher incidence of specific genetic disorders and hereditary diseases has been verified, including: Alport syndrome. Colorectal cancer due to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer is another.

Tay–Sachs disease is the most commonly known, which can present as a fatal illness of children that causes mental deterioration prior to death, was historically extremely common among Ashkenazi Jews, with lower levels of the disease in some Pennsylvania Dutch, Italian, Irish Catholic, and French Canadian descent, especially those living in the Cajun community of Louisiana and the southeastern Quebec. Since the 1970s, however, proactive genetic testing has been quite effective in eliminating Tay–Sachs from the Ashkenazi Jewish population.  

Parkinson's has hit my family in a cousin by marriage who turns out to be my 4th cousin.   The disease (G2019S/LRRK2 mutation; The LRRK2 mutation on the main haplotype, shared by 1. Ashkenazi Jews, 2.North Africans, and 3.Europeans, initially arose in the Near East at least 4000 years ago. Because of a founder effect, the ancestors of present-day Ashkenazi Jews may have kept the low-frequency G2019S mutation through the different diasporas, whereas Near Eastern daughter populations lost the mutation. The mutation might then have been "reintroduced by recurrent gene flow from Ashkenazi populations to other Jewish, European, and North African populations. The present-day frequency of the mutation in control populations (0.05% in Europeans, 0.5% in North-African Arabs and 1% in Ashkenazi Jews) may support this scenario".)

What's happening to the Diaspora?  Two out of every five Diaspora Jews is married to a non-Jew, though rates of assimilation vary widely with two European countries representing the extremes: Poland has the highest rate of intermarriage and Belgium the lowest. These are some of the findings of a special report on intermarriage published.  About two-thirds of U.S. Jewish adults are either married (59%) or living with a partner (7%). Among those who are married, many have spouses who are not Jewish. Fully 42% of all currently married Jewish respondents indicate they have a non-Jewish spouse. Among those who have gotten married since 2010, 61% are intermarried.  That's higher than in Europe.  The closeness of our Jewish population is widening to the point of losing the Endogamous character today in the Dispora, though it is continuing in Israel. At least there, Ashkenazi and Sephardi marriages are happening along with mizrachim, giving the genes fresh partners.   

Resource;

https://uncoveringjewishheritage.com/tag/endogamy/#:~:text=Endogamy%20was%20very%20common%20among,DNA%20within%20Ashkenazi%20Jewish%20populations.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Palestinian_territories#:~:text=Since%20at%20least%201959%2C%20polygamous,including%20the%20Jewish%20and%20Muslim.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_genetics_of_Jews#:~:text=Diseases%20inherited%20in%20an%20autosomal,to%20hereditary%20nonpolyposis%20colorectal%20cancer

https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/sefer-hasidim-rabbi-judah-of-regensburg-early-13th-c

https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/polygamy#:~:text=Polygamy%20as%20a%20crime%20originated,Anti%2DPolygamy%20Act%20of%201882.

https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/marriage-families-and-children/

The Land of Jerusalem That Every Country Has Coveted

 Nadene Goldfoot                                            

                                Hadrian, Emperor of Rome 

Jerusalem is the heart and soul of the Jewish people. It's the capital of Israel in the center of the Judean mountains,  and has been the capital for over 3,000 years.   Jerusalem was created from a few buildings that was the capital city of Canaan.  David captured it in 1010 BCE and became the capital of a united Israel as told in II Sam.5:6-8: and in  I Chron. 11:4-6.  He found the tribe of Jebusites living there and dealt leniently with them.   They were incorporated into the city with his people.  This was 3,033 years ago.  The Jewish people keep his memory alive, and also that of their capital.  They had seen the city with its famous Temple destroyed by fire in 70 CE, and have been praying ever since for its return, finally having their prayers answered on in 1948.  

     Jenin during Israel's entrance to find 2 terrorists

The city of Jenin is only 90 miles from Jerusalem, a hotbed of Muslim Arab terror.  That's as far as Rockway Beach is from Portland, Oregon.  Their goal is to take Jerusalem as well.  Jenin, which was and still is a Palestinian town called Ginaea in Roman days, is the center of Arab nationalist fanaticism and has been so since the 1930s.  It was part of Jordan from 1948-1967.  It's population then in 1967 was 8,346  apart from the Arab refugees totaling 5,019 more.  39,005 was the population in 2007. 

 Israeli troops entered Jenin in the early morning hours of Monday to arrest two wanted suspects, as the situation was getting far worse, and  the IDF and Border Police said in a statement, leading to intense gun battles that included the first use of a helicopter gunship in the West Bank in decades.

“During the activity, a massive exchange of fire took place between the forces and armed gunmen in the area. Large numbers of explosive devices were hurled at the forces. The forces responded with live fire,” the statement said, adding that several suspects were hit.

Later on Tuesday, four Israelis were killed and four injured when two Palestinian terrorists opened fire on civilians at a gas station and an adjacent restaurant outside the central West Bank settlement of Eli. All reports from the outside are all blaming Israel as usual.  They have no idea what's been going on.  

Emperor Hadrian, Roman,   (117-138) tried to rid Jerusalem of its Jews, though at first he made a good impression on them by supporting Egyptian Jewry in disputes with Greeks.  Then he turned against circumcision which led to Judaism on the whole.  He visited Palestine in 130 and continued with hellenization of the people by turning Jerusalem into a Roman colony, called Aelia Capitolina.  Bar Kokhba rebelled and took back Jerusalem in 132-holding it till 135 when he was killed in battle.   

 Hadrian even received the title of Imperator.  Judea was then a consular province called Syria-Palaestina, and became a pagan city.  An equestrian statue of Hadrian was erected on the site of the Holy of Holies.  

Christianity, looked upon as an offshoot of the Jewish people, became the official religion over the Roman Empire by the 4th century.  Between 330 and 638 CE, Jerusalem was still important in the Byzantine Empire, for reasons about Jesus, not the Temple.  

Along came Omar bin al-Khattah who conquered Jerusalem in 638 CE.  who started the Arab era.  He had the Temple Mount cleaned up and built a wooden mosque called Mosque of Omar (Dome of the Rock) on the spot where Abraham had sacrificed Isaac, which he said was Ishmael, instead.  The Al-Aqsa Mosque was built in 705, the one important site to Arabs.  The Arabs had also built palaces now discovered.            

1099 and the Christians returned.  The Jews joined their Muslim neighbors in protecting the city.  They tried to defend the wall where most lived in the NE part of town, ;now known as the Muslim Quarter.  The Christians were powerful, massacred everyone-and someone wrote of them that the blood of the "infidels" was ankle deep; in this case  with infidels being the Jews and Muslims. 

                                     Saladin statue in Egypt 

By 1187, Saladin's army came and annihilated the Crusaders and their army on a hill above the Galilee, called Hittin.  Saladin was the prevailing hero.  He even called the Jews to return and live with them.  However, with him also entered the founder of the Husseini family, who settled in Jerusalem and whose descendants would be the enemies of Zionism, led first by Haj Amin  al-Husseini and later by Yasser Arafat, but at the time, no one knew what ancestors will think or do. It's all according to how they are raised and educated.    

Three years later in 1190, hundreds of Jews from England and France had settled in Jerusalem.  Here we have a FIRST:  European Jews were on the same side as the Muslim Arabs and they both were against Catholic Europe.  

Life evolves and by 1260, the Tartars invaded.  Jerusalem meant nothing to them, and they razed it.  "Tatar, also spelled Tartar, any member of several Turkic-speaking peoples that collectively numbered more than 5 million in the late 20th century and lived mainly in west-central Russia along the central course of the Volga River and its tributary, the Kama, and thence east to the Ural Mountains."

Rabbi Nachmanides, called the Ramban, arrived with the Mamelukes. 

The Egyptian Mamelukes brought Jerusalem peace in 7 years in1267  who came to the rescue and conquered the land.  They held the land for over 200 years.  Nachmanides came with them.  Moses ben Nachman, or Moses Ben Maimon, Maimonides, thus:   commonly known as Nachmanides, and also referred to by the acronym Ramban and by the contemporary nickname Bonastruc ça Porta, was a leading medieval Jewish scholar, Sephardic rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator.  He's one of our most famous and important rabbis.  

Ramban born 1135 in Cordova, Spain leaving with his family to escape the Almohade persecutions where Muslims conquered S.Spain and caused forced conversions, finally reached Palestine in 1165-30 years later.  They ended up in Egypt. By 1170 he was the physician to the viceroy of Egypt.  He died in 1204 in his 70s, buried in Tiberias.  He represented the Jews in the debate held by King James of Aragon, Spain in the Barcelona Disputation in 1263.  A converted Jew, now Catholic,  was to prove the truth of Catholicism and the falsity of Judaism, but failed with being up against the Ramban because even before it was over, the king gave up and aborted.  The Ramban got out of town quickly and went on to Judea.  He arrived in Jerusalem to see it as a destroyed city, all in ruins.

The Ramban created a synagogue out of the ashes.  Time moved on and by 1517, the Ottoman Turks came and stayed for 400 more years.  Sultan Suleiman was in charge, and did much building.  Jews were safe but poor.  

1837 brought in a terrible earthquake in the Galilee, and Safed, the city I lived in for 4 years, was severely damaged.  Jews then moved over to Jerusalem.   and for the 1st time, were the majority population in Jerusalem since Hadrian. 

     Shrine of the Book in Jerusalem, Jerusalem now a site to behold  The Shrine of the Book was built as a repository for the first seven scrolls discovered at Qumran in 1947. The unique white dome embodies the lids of the jars in which the first scrolls were found. 

Israel was created on May 14, 1948, brought in with raging battles going on.  It left the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem empty of Jews and severely damaged.  Then it sat for 19 years under the managing of Jordan, untouched.  Lozowick was there in July 1967.  He said it was looking at Warsaw after the Germans left.  Civilians entered to see The Wall (Wailing Wall) or (Western Wall) for the 1st time since 1948. 

Jews had been praying 3 times a day for this day to arrive.  That's a lot of prayers totaling 1,900 years or 640,000 days.  Jews all over the world where they had dispersed in 70 CE, that is, those who managed to remain alive, were depending on a Jerusalem to be returned.  They had to figure out how to live for 2,000 years without their own homeland, which they had enjoyed for over 1,080 years. They were mocked as "The Wandering Jew."  

Their creation of Israel was accepted by the League of Nations, then the United Nations, but not by the Middle Eastern Countries themselves.  They didn't want the land ruined by a Jewish presence.  They wanted it to be ALL Muslim land.  

We are taught in our Tanakh (Bible) that the land is to be populated by both  the children of Isaac and the children of Ishmael;  Abraham's children, and hopefully, that is what the Abraham Accords will produce;  peace between the two, with Israel secure in their own land.  

Resource;

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia

Right To Exist by Yaacov Lozowick, historian at Israel's Holocaust Museum.  

   

History After 632 For Concerning Jerusalem

 Nadene Goldfoot          

Mohammad died in 632 CE in  Medina, Arabia.   It wasn't he but his followers who invaded lands after that, in order to spread his word.  Judah didn't know it, but they were about to be under their siege by 636 CE.  

636-637: Muslim Caliph Umar conquers Jerusalem; Jews once again allowed to live in Jerusalem

First Muslim Period (638-1099 CE)

• 638 CE - Caliph Omar Enters Jerusalem
• 638: The Armenian Apostolic Church begins to appoint its own bishop in Jerusalem, then under Islamic control
• 661-750 CE - Jerusalem Ruled Under Umayyad Dynasty
• 679-690: Al-Aqsa – prayer – mosque constructed in Jerusalem along southern wall of city
• 687-691: Dome of the Rock Mosque built in Jerusalem on the Temple Mount near al-Aqsa mosque
• 691 CE - Dome of the Rock Built on Site of Destroyed Jewish Temples
• 750-974 CE - Jerusalem Ruled Under Abassid Dynasty

At the time, Judah was The siege of Jerusalem (636–637) was part of the Muslim conquest of the Levant and the result of the military efforts of the Rashidun Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire in the year 636–637/38. It began when the Rashidun army, under the command of Abu Ubayda, besieged Jerusalem beginning in November 636. After six months, the Patriarch Sophronius agreed to surrender, on condition that he submit only to the Caliph. According to Islamic tradition, in 637 or 638, Caliph Umar (r. 634–644) traveled to Jerusalem in person to receive the submission of the city. The Patriarch thus surrendered to him.  The Muslim conquest of the city solidified Arab control over Palestine, which would not again be threatened until the First Crusade in 1099, 463 years later..

In 711, a Muslim fleet landed on the Iberian Peninsula (the site of modern-day Spain and Portugal). The invaders met forces sent by Rodrigo, the Visigoth Christian king. Outnumbered, the Muslims still defeated King Rodrigo. The Arab and Berber cavalry went on to capture most of Iberia for Islam by 715.  

The expansion of Islam took place under the Orthodox Caliphs from 632 when Mohammad died till 661 CE.  From 661 until 750 CE, it continued but under the Umayyads.  From 750 to 800 CE, it took place under the Abbasids.  

The Abbasids include a relative of Muhammad, Hashim, ancestor of the Hashamite clan of the Qurayah.  The Abbasids promised a more theocratic Muslim state as opposed to the worldiness of the Umayyads, and they fulfilled it.  

Charlemagne, also called Charles I, byname Charles the Great, (born April 2, 747?—died January 28, 814, Aachen, Austrasia [now in Germany]), king of the Franks (768–814), king of the Lombards (774–814), and first emperor (800–814) of the Romans and of what was later called the Holy Roman Empire.

797: The first embassy is sent from King Charlemagne to the Muslim Caliph, Harun al-Rashid, who is reported to have offered the custody of the Holy places in Jerusalem to Charlemagne, including The Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

                               As it looks now in 2010

1009: Muslim Caliph orders complete destruction of Church of Holy Sepulchre.The Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre refers to the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, churches, synagogues, torah scrolls and other religious artifacts and buildings in and around Jerusalem, which was ordered on 28 September 1009 by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, known by his critics as the "mad Caliph" or "Nero of Islam". His son, the Fatimid Caliph Ali az-Zahir, permitted reconstruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 1027–28. The Church was fully rebuilt by 1048.

1042-48: The Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos sponsors the rebuilding of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem with cooperation with the Muslim Caliph.

Crusader Period (1099-1187 CE)

• 1099 CE - First Crusaders Capture Jerusalem
  
  
  

Ayyubid Period (1187-1259 CE)

• 1187 CE - Saladin Captures Jerusalem from Crusaders:  was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Hailing from a Kurdish family, he was the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria. An important figure of the Third Crusade, he spearheaded the Muslim military effort against the Crusader states in the Levant. At the height of his power, the Ayyubid realm spanned Egypt, Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, the Hejaz, Yemen, and Nubia.
  
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• 1229-1244 CE - Crusaders Briefly Recapture Jerusalem Two Times
  
  
  

Mamluk Period (1250-1516)

• 1250 - Muslim Caliph Dismantles Walls of Jerusalem; Population Rapidly Declines

Ottoman Period (1516-1917)

• 1517 - Ottoman Empire Captures Jerusalem
• 1538-1541 - Suleiman the Magnificent Rebuilds the Walls of Jerusalem
  
  
  

British Mandate (1917-1948)

• 1917 - British Capture Jerusalem in World War I
• General Allenby marches into Jerusalem in 1917.  British commander General Allenby approached the Jaffa Gate outside Jerusalem and dismounted. It was noon on the 11 December 1917.  He gathered his senior officers together and marched in out of respect for the Holy City, the first Christian take-over of the city in 730 years.

Jews had been ruling in Israel since King Saul in about 1030 BCE to Zedekiah of 586 BCE-a total of 444 years. 

 They were there from the Exodus with Moses and Joshua 1445 BCE to 70 CE, a total of 1515 years of ruling over the land.  a few had even remained there.  Jews have been on the land since Moses for the past 3468 years !              

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Arabs had arrived in 636 CE.  They met up with  Jews then.  From 636 to 1948 is 1312 years.  The Ottoman Empire held it the longest from 1517 to 1917;  200 years.   

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)

https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-20-1-b-muslim-conquests-in-europe#:~:text=In%20711%2C%20a%20Muslim%20fleet,Iberia%20for%20Islam%20by%20715.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlemagne