Nadene Goldfoot
Lebanese Prime Minister Nawaf Salam's government February 26, 2025
First, it was the PLO. Let's not forget Arafat and his position in this study., Yasser Arafat and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) directed armed attacks against Israel primarily from Jordan (1968–1971) and subsequently from Lebanon (1971–1982) before relocating their headquarters to Tunisia. Jordan (1968–1971): Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Fatah and the PLO used Jordanian territory; and finally Lebanon (1971–1982): Displaced from Jordan, Arafat established a major operational base and quasi-state structure in southern and western Lebanon. From Lebanese soil, the PLO conducted rocket fire, cross-border infiltrations, and international operations .
First, Lebanon was an open-minded modern thinking country making room for three religions to cooperate together in their government.
Bachir Gemayel was a prominent Lebanese Maronite militia commander, leader of the Lebanese Forces, and President-elect of Lebanon in 1982 who famously developed a strategic and military alliance with Israel during the Lebanese Civil War and
Major Saad Haddad, the founder and commander of the South Lebanon Army (though he was Greek-Catholic rather than Maronite. When he died, Israel took care of his daughter . and eventually graduated with a master's degree in aeronautics from the Technion in Haifa.
Core Power-Sharing Structure
- President: Always a Maronite Christian.
- Prime Minister: Always a Sunni Muslim.
- Speaker of Parliament: Always a Shia Muslim.
- Parliament & Cabinet: Seats and ministerial posts are split equally (50-50) between Christians and Muslims, and further subdivided proportionally based on the specific sizes of the recognized sects.
Legal and Social Organization
- 18 Recognized Sects: The state legally recognizes 18 distinct Christian, Muslim, and Druze groups.
- Personal Status Laws: There is no unified civil family law for marriage, divorce, or inheritance. Instead, these matters are managed independently by religious courts run by each respective sect.
- Patronage and Services: Political parties often align with specific sects, utilizing state resources and religious networks to deliver social services and secure loyalty.
Strengths and Flaws of the System
- Stability vs. Deadlock: While the system guarantees representation for minorities and aims to prevent dominance by any single group, it frequently causes severe political paralysis.
- Demographic Tensions: The power-sharing quotas originally relied on a 1932 census. Over decades, shifting birth rates and migration altered the demographic balance (with Muslims becoming a numerical majority), which has periodically fueled internal friction, political crises, and historical conflict.
- The Lebanese government became exceptionally weak due to a rigid sectarian power-sharing system, entrenched corruption, devastating economic collapse, and the outsized military and political dominance of non-state actors like Hezbollah. Hezbollah has taken over Lebanon. Hezbollah did not take over Lebanon through a single military conquest, but rather through a gradual, decades-long process of political integration, military supremacy, and social institutionalization backed heavily by Iran. By exploiting Lebanon's weak, sectarian political structure and embedding itself as a "state within a state," Hezbollah built an apparatus more powerful than the Lebanese government itself.
- Iranian Foundations: Following Israel’s 1982 invasion of Lebanon, Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) funded, trained, and organized fractured Shiite militias into a unified force. Israel invaded Lebanon on June 6, 1982, codenamed Operation Peace for Galilee, primarily to remove the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) military and political presence from southern Lebanon. The immediate trigger was the attempted assassination of Shlomo Argov, Israel’s ambassador to the United Kingdom, by the Abu Nidal Organization, though cross-border rocket fire and tensions had been escalating for years. Israel's goals may have been to :
- Destroy the PLO Infrastructure: Eliminate the organization's base of operations to weaken the broader Palestinian national movement.
- Reshape Lebanese Politics: Help install a friendly, Christian-dominated government in Beirut that would sign a peace treaty with Israel.
- Reduce Syrian Influence: Counter and diminish Syrian military presence and control within Lebanon.
- After its military defeat by Israel in 1982, Syria under Hafez al-Assad shifted from direct conventional confrontation to proxy warfare and political maneuvering. Syria re-established its dominance in Lebanon by rebuilding its military presence, partnering with Iran to back local militias, and acting as the ultimate political "kingmaker" until international pressure forced a withdrawal in 2005.
- Israel maintains an indefinite military presence in security zones across southern Lebanon and Syria, defying a fragile U.S.-brokered framework. Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz stated that troops will not withdraw, conditioning any future exit on Hezbollah's full disarmament, while Lebanon condemns the ongoing operations and home demolitions as violations of international law,
- The Lebanese government faces pressure from a U.S.-backed framework to curb Hezbollah, but Hezbollah has rejected discussing its weapons before a complete Israeli withdrawal.
- Hezbollah, meaning "Party of God" in Arabic, is a major Shiite Muslim political party and militant group based in Lebanon. Founded in 1982 during the Lebanese Civil War with support from Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, it operates as a powerful "state within a state", possessing a massive military wing alongside extensive social and political networks. They took over the PLO's position in trying to get rid of Israel. They are terrorists. Hezbollah has targeted and fought against Israel for approximately 44 years, having first emerged as a militant group in Lebanon in 1982. Its core goal regarding Israel is the complete destruction and elimination of the Israeli state, a foundational objective driven by its anti-Zionist ideology and alliance with Iran,
- Stalled Negotiations: U.S. officials state that a permanent Israeli presence contradicts the original transition terms, though fresh diplomatic talks are expected to continue in Rome to address the stalled pilot zones and security arrangements. Iran has had the world shaking in their boots.....
- Iran ranks 17th in the world for both land area and population, covering roughly 1.65 million square kilometers (636,000 square miles) with an estimated population of over 92 million people. It is nearly the size of Alaska, more than twice the size of Texas, and has a population comparable to Turkey and Germany.
- Since when do countries treat terrorism as another country's right to start attacking another country's people because of philosophy or religion and not in retaliation to attacks on their own people? That's what Hezbollah has been doing to Israel. And Lebanon and Syria are afraid of Iran and so comply with them.
- Iran’s official goal to eliminate the Israeli state is driven by the foundational ideology of its 1979 Islamic Revolution, which views Israel as an illegitimate, western-backed colonial outpost on Muslim land. Tehran uses anti-Zionist rhetoric and support for regional proxy groups to claim leadership in the Muslim world, And I see everyone buckling under to it.
- Demographic Tensions: T power-sharing quotas originally relied on a 1932 census. Over decades, shifting birth rates and migration altered the demographic balance (with Muslims becoming a numerical majority), which has periodically fueled internal friction, political crises, and historical conflict
