Tuesday, March 29, 2022

Leon Trotsky, A Non-Jewish Jew Turned Social Democrat of Ukraine

 Nadene Goldfoot                                            

        Photograph of Trotsky (1879-1940) from the cover of the                      magazine Prozhektor in January 1924

Lev Davidovich Bronstein, better known as Leon Trotsky, was a Ukrainian-Russian Marxist revolutionary, political theorist and politician. Ideologically a communist, he developed a variant of Marxism which has become known as Trotskyism.  Born to a wealthy Ukrainian-Jewish family in Yanovka (now Bereslavka), Trotsky embraced Marxism after moving to Nikolayev in1896.

  Leon Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein to David Leontyevich Bronstein (1847–1922) and Anna Lvovna (née Zhivotovskaya, 1850–1910) on 7 November 1879, the fifth child of a Ukrainian Jewish family of wealthy farmers in Yanovka or Yanivka, in the Kherson governorate of the Russian Empire (now Bereslavka, in Ukraine), a small village 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the nearest post office. His father, David Leontyevich, had lived in Poltava, and later moved to Bereslavka, as it had a large Jewish community. 

                        8-year-old Lev Bronstein, 1888

The language spoken at home was a mixture of Russian and Ukrainian (known as Surzhyk). In the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917-1920), Yiddish was declared a state language, along with Ukrainian and Russian. At that time, the Jewish National Union was created and the community was granted an autonomous status. Yiddish was used on Ukrainian currency in this same period, between 1917 and 1920. Trotskiy's family should have known some Yiddish as well, spoken at least by his grandparents. In fact, if should have been the native language of his parents and himself.   Then, when he attended school, he would have learned to speak Surzhyik.                              

                        Kamenev and Lenin in Gorki, 1922

Trotsky's younger sister, Olga, who also grew up to be a Bolshevik and a Soviet politician, married the prominent Bolshevik,  Lev Kamenev.  Kamenev was born as Leo Rosenfeld in Moscow, the son of a Jewish railway worker who was a convert to Russian Christian Orthodoxy and an ethnic Russian Orthodox Christian mother. Both of his parents were active in radical politics

When Trotsky asked whether he considered himself a Russian or a Jew, responded, "No, you are mistaken.  I am a Social-Democrat.  That's all." 

Many Jews had already left Russia in 1880-81 for Palestine, being of the 1st Aliyah to rebuild and live in the land of their ancestors.  Russian Jews had been through so much anti-Semitism, so many pogroms, that something happened to Trotsky, as if he had been spawned as a  non-Jewish Jew,  as he had put up a wall against his Jewish roots as a defense mechanism;  feeling no kinship, no responsibility to any ally to Judaism, to any nation, only to "mankind".

 When parents stopped practicing the cultural things, such as lighting candles on Friday nights, the special Sabbath meal, the mezuzzah on the doorposts, the people inside stopped practicing who they were and their responsibility they carried.  It only took a generation to happen with life and death pressing matters entering the mind.  Children who grow up with these reminders know who they are and usually are more grounded.  Trotsky was not one of them and was alienated. Otherwise, to say that we are Jewish is like saying, we are Italians, or Ukrainians.     

                          Trotsky in exile in Siberia, 1900

Leon Trotsky became the Russian Communist leader.  He was exiled to Siberia for revolutionary activity in 1898 at age 19, but in 1902, escaped to England.  He became a Marxist and a founder of the Russian Social Democratic party.  Returning to Russia during the 1903 Revolution, he was soon exiled and again escaped, this time to Vienna where he edited left-wing journals.  After the Revolution of 1917, he returned to Russia from America and joined the Bolsheviks, playing an active part in the organization of the Communist Revolution.  He became commissar for foreign affairs and chief negotiator of the Brest-Litovsk treaty with Germany.  Trotsky then became war commisar and organized the Red Army.

His differences with Stalin, Zinoviev, and other leaders grew more pronounced, and after Lenin's death in 1924, he was given subordinate positions and eventually expelled from the Communist Party in 1927, being exiled to Turkestan, expelled from the USSR, and settling in Constantinople.  In 1937, he went to Mexico where he was murdered. Jaime Ramón Mercader del Río (7 February 1913 – 18 October 1978), more commonly known as Ramón Mercader, was a Spanish communist and NKVD agent who assassinated Russian Bolshevik revolutionary Leon Trotsky in Mexico City in August 1940 with an ice axe. 

Trotsky's attitude to Jews and Judaism was negative and even antagonistic to his death. Too bad that such a bright Jewish fellow  had decided to pretend he was something else.  Perhaps he wouldn't have met such a bloody death. There are many paths we all can take after being born.  The trick in life is to choose the correct one.  If Trotsky had taken a different path, maybe we wouldn't have had to deal with Communism.   

Because of Communism, anti-Semitism developed.  A vast number of Russians and Ukrainians did not support communism, and popular identification of of Jews with communism exacerbated alreadiy deep antisemitism among those 2 peoples.  During the 1918-1920 civil war that followed the Bolshevik revolution, the anti-Communist Ukrainian fighters (the "whites" who fought the Red Army) murdered 50,000 Ukrainian Jews.  their anti-Jewish passions were raised by General simon Pethura, who constantly referred to the Bolshevik armies under the leadership of"the Jew " Trotsky."                              


On FTDNA, I find I am 4th cousin to 2 male Bronsteins and 3 female Bronsteins.  This shows that we are related, with a line going back to King David.  DNA is showing the history of Ashkenazi Jews as well as Sephardim and Mizrachim Jews.  We Jews are endogamic people. I'm saying this because I have the radio on a popular talk show, denying the history of Ashkenazi or any Jewish history, actually making fun of our whole existence.    This can't be denied today since DNA goes along with the Torah's history and our history in the Old Testament (Tanakh). 



Resource:

Why The Jews?  by Dennis Prager & Joseph Telushkin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mercader#:~:text=Jaime%20Ram%C3%B3n%20Mercader%20del%20R%C3%ADo%20(7%20February%201913%20%E2%80%93%2018%20October,1940%20with%20an%20ice%20axe.

Monday, March 28, 2022

The Fiddler On The Roof Town of Odessa Shtetls and Their Lives With Russian Anti-Semites Causing Pogroms

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                 

Members of the Jewish Labour Bund with bodies of their comrades killed in Odessa during the Russian revolution of 1905.  This Bund was "General Federation of Jewish Workers in Lithuania, Poland, and Russia.  They were from the Jewish Socialist Party, founded at a conference in Vilna in 1897, out of the Jewish workers' movement which had existed in Russia from the end of the 1880's.  It served at first as both a trade union and a political party, struggling for better working conditions and for popular education, especially in social problems.  They were outlawed in Czarist Russia and members were severely punished if discovered by the police.  

The 1905 Pogrom of Odessa was the worst anti-Jewish pogrom in Odessa's history. Between 18 and 22 October 1905, ethnic Russians, Ukrainians, and Greeks killed over 400 Jews and damaged or destroyed over 1600 Jewish properties.

The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire.  The 1905 revolution was primarily spurred by the international humiliation as a result of the Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, which ended in the same year. Late in the night on February 8, 1904, Japan launched a surprise attack against the Russian-held Port Arthur, along the coast of Manchuria, beginning the Russo-Japanese War. Russia faced many defeats as it battled Japan while also fighting a revolution on the home front.

       Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov, known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer, was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917, end of WWI.  On 1 March 1881, following the assassination of his grandfather, Tsar Alexander II, Nicholas became heir apparent upon his father's accession as Alexander III.                                              

                     Tsar Nicholas II family portrait On 1 March 1881, following the assassination of his grandfather, Tsar Alexander II, Nicholas became heir apparent upon his father's accession as Alexander III.

 The mass unrest was directed against the Tsar alongside the nobility and ruling class.  The Russian Imperial Romanov family (Nicholas II of Russia, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, and their five children: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei) were shot and bayoneted to death by Bolshevik revolutionaries under Yakov Yurovsky on the orders of the Ural Regional Soviet in Yekaterinburg on the night of 16–17 July 1918.  Tsar Nicholas II enacted some constitutional reform (namely the October Manifesto). This took the form of establishing the State Duma, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906.                                             

     Women and children in the shtetl of Czortkow, Ukraine. (photo: Alter Kacyzne)

Previous pogroms occurred in 1821, 1859, 1871 and 1881.   These earlier incidents were thought to be a result of "frictions unleashed by modernization according to Jarrod Tanny, historian," rather than by a resurgence of medieval antisemitism, but the 1905 pogrom was definitely caused by anti-Semitism.  I'd say they all had been, and modernization really should have been a determent, and a prevention, not a cause.  Whatever were the Russians thinking that modernization actually meant?  Getting rid of the Jews?  

Jews were under unbelievable penalties for being of another faith in Russia.  About 600 oppressive enactments regarding the Jews were published during the reign of Nicholas I who regard them as an injurious element.  In 1827, military service was brutally imposed on Jews and young teen-age boys were taken into the army, called Cantonists; maybe meaning fodder for the canons?  One of several reasons was to dispel them from their Jewish families.  The frontiers of land called "The Pale of Settlement," land where Jews were allowed to live, was restricted in 1835 and remained effective until 1915.  A censorship was imposed on Jewish books in 1836, and in 1844, the Kahal (Jewish congregation having autonomous rights and responsible for taxation) was abolished; 

Czar Alexander II tried to Russify the Jews by education and gradually relaxed the restrictions, while the judicial law of 1864 contained no further anti-Jewish discrimination than already existed.  At this time, 65,000 Russian Jews were engaged in agriculture.  Jews became prominent in economics, culture, and left-wing politics;  social anti-Semitism now began to replace or reinforce the former religious prejudices. To me, anti-Semitism is that, regardless of original reasoning.  It's abhorrent and inexcusable.                            

                                Family portrait:  

As luck would have it, the well-meaning Alexander II was assassinated  in 1881 and this made the Jews chief victims. On 13 March [1 March, Old Style], 1881, Alexander II, the Emperor of Russia, was assassinated in Saint Petersburg, Russia while returning to the Winter Palace from Mikhailovsky Manège in a closed carriage.                    

 Main assassin organizer Andrei Zhelyabov, former Odessa law student kicked out for membership in student unrests, was hung with his wife and other Kiev student rebels. it was said he had been arrested a few days before the attack but was the accused assassin anyway.  He was not Jewish.    

The assassination was planned by the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya, chiefly by Andrei Zhelyabov. He had reigned from 1855 to 1881 and had alleviated some of the anti-Jewish decrees of his father, Nicholas I, and this encouraged emancipatory elements in Russian Jewry.    

      The Mir Shtetl  

Appalling pogroms of the early 1880's were the result, influencing the official view regarding the Jews as a foreign element to be kept apart from the village population which was expressed in the MAY LAWS. As for being foreigners, Jews had been living in Russian land since the 900s if not before.   

Czar Alexander III implemented the May Laws in 1882, which isolated Russian Jews even further. Under these laws, they were not allowed to live anywhere outside of shtetls and nearby towns. They also had to follow some Christian customs, such as closing businesses on Sundays and Christian holidays. This new law resulted in poverty and hunger amongst the Jewish community. Originally, regulations of May 1882 were intended only as temporary measures until a future revision of the laws concerning the Jews but remained in effect for more than thirty years.

Shtetls were isolated from other vibrant towns and cities in Russia, as they were located on the western border of Russia. Russian Jews were ordered to live in these run-down areas by Catherine the Great in 1791 due to business competition and the increase of anti-Semitism. They became the home for Russian Jews and others for over a century. 
                                    

Although shtetl means little town, history shows that hundreds and thousands of people could live in one shtetl together in very crowded conditions. Shtetls usually were made up of wooden houses, synagogues, study houses, a marketplace, and a Jewish cemetery. Because Russia was trying to drive out the Jews, some Christian churches could’ve also been found in shtetls. Shtetls were ran under a kahal, which means “community council." History also shows that Jews were not the only groups of people living in shtetls. Many non-Jews lived in shtetls, too. Because of this, no shtetl was a spitting image to another. Each shtetl was distinct in terms of dialect, politics, etc.
                                   

As the Russians feared that Jews were interfering with the country’s progress, the Jews were even more scared of the Russian government while they lived in shtetls. The Russian government would invade the shtetls and destroy homes and businesses at any time they pleased. These organized riots were known as pogroms, and they were so violent that they often led to injuries and deaths within the Russian Jewish community. Jews were never at ease while living in shtetls because a pogrom by the Russian government could happen at any minute.  


Resource:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution#:~:text=The%20Russian%20Revolution%20of%201905,the%20nobility%20and%20ruling%20class.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#:~:text=The%201905%20Pogrom%20of%20Odessa,destroyed%20over%201600%20Jewish%20properties.

https://www.stnj.org/explore/magazine/article/19-12-09-Fiddler-Russia-Scene-Notes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_the_Romanov_family#:~:text=The%20Russian%20Imperial%20Romanov%20family,Yekaterinburg%20on%20the%20night%20of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrod_Tanny

Sunday, March 27, 2022

Turning Back to 2019 With A Look At What Was Going On When Zelensky Became President of Ukraine

 Nadene Goldfoot                          

                                                                                  

When did Zelensky become President of Ukraine?  Zelenskyy clearly won the first round of elections on 31 March 2019. In the second round, on 21 April 2019, he received 73 per cent of the vote to Poroshenko's 25 per cent, and was elected President of Ukraine. Polish president Andrzej Duda was one of the first European leaders to congratulate Zelenskyy. He vowed to stop Russia's war against Ukraine. 

   Ukraine, Germany France, Russia on podium December 9, 2019 in Paris  at a summit on Ukraine. 

The Russo-Ukrainian War is an ongoing war between Russia (together with pro-Russian separatist forces) and Ukraine. It began in February 2014 following the Ukrainian Revolution of Dignity, and initially focused on the status of Crimea and parts of the Donbas, internationally recognised as part of Ukraine. The first eight years of the conflict included the Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) and the war in Donbas (2014–present) between Ukraine and Russian-backed separatists, as well as naval incidentscyberwarfare, and political tensions. Following a Russian military build-up on the Russia–Ukraine border from late 2021, the conflict expanded significantly when Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. Zelensky had been president for less than 3 years when this happened with no previous politcal or governmental experience.  Ukraine has been at war with Russia for the past 8 years counting the loss of Crimea and fighting over Donbas.                                              

      Netanyahu and wife with Putin: on good terms

Tel Aviv [now Tel Aviv–Yafo], Israel), Israeli politician and diplomat who twice served as his country’s prime minister (1996–99 and 2009–21) and was the longest-serving prime minister  since Israel’s independence.  His father was born in WarsawCongress PolandRussian Empire

Israel was also having elections at this time with Benjamin Netanyahu ahead. Benjamin Netanyahu's term as prime minister ended following the elections held on 23 March 2021 to elect the members of the 24th Knesset​. He is currently the Leader of the Opposition.                 

Bennett proposed Israeli mediation 1 hour before midnight in February 2022.  PM says ready to help in any way, in light of Israel’s unique ties with Russia and Ukraine; avoids condemning Moscow at cabinet meet; set to send more humanitarian aid to Ukraine

             

   George Floyd's death aroused demonstrations

In the USA, police seemed to be in the news about killings of suspects.  They had a lot of tornadoes going on, and on the 18th of April, Attorney General William Barr and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein held a press conference on the Mueller Report and, soon after, released it to Congress and the American public. 

      Meeting Putin in 2018 in Helsinki, Switzerland

If you forgot, The Mueller report, officially titled Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, is the official report documenting the findings and conclusions of former Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian efforts to interfere in the 2016 United States presidential electionallegations of conspiracy or coordination between Donald Trump's presidential campaign and Russia, and allegations of obstruction of justice.

March 25 – U.S. President Donald Trump signs Proclamation on Recognizing the Golan Heights as Part of the State of Israel

Russia remembers the  2019 Moscow Victory Day Parade, a military parade that took place in Red Square in Moscow on 9 May 2019 to commemorate the 74th anniversary of the capitulation of Nazi Germany in 1945. It was the largest of all the parades held on this day in Russia and in many former republics of the Soviet Union.  The President of the Russian FederationVladimir Putin, delivered his sixteenth commemorative address to the nation after the parade inspection presided over by Minister of Defence General of the Army Sergey Shoygu.

PM Theresa May from 22016-2019, Conservative, replaced by Boris Johnson on 24 July 2019

The UK  had their problems.  Events from the year 2019 in the United Kingdom were the lack of agreement on how to proceed with withdrawing from the EU led to substantial political turmoil during this year culminating in the 2019 General election in which the pro-Brexit Conservative party gained a significant majority of seats.  By the 2 April – In a statement following a Cabinet meeting, Prime Minister Theresa May announces her intention to extend Article 50 again and work with Opposition Leader Jeremy Corbyn on a plan, but keep the withdrawal agreement as part of her deal.  


  • 15–22 April – Demonstrations by the climate change activist group Extinction Rebellion cause disruption in central London, blocking roads and resulting in over 1,000 arrests, with 53 people charged for various offences. A "pause" in the protest is announced on 21 April,2019 although the group continues to base itself in Marble Arch.

Of course, Putin has met the Queen of England.  
                                
In Paris, France, on the 15th of April 2019, a major fire engulfs Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, resulting in the roof and main spire collapsing.

In Germany, life was pretty tame.  The most happening was that: 
  • 7 to 17 February – The annual 69th Berlin International Film Festival takes place. French actress Juliette Binoche served as the Jury President. The Golden Bear was awarded to Israeli-French film Synonyms, directed by Nadav Lapid,
                                Nadav Lapid
                                  Haim Lapid
    son of Haim  and Era Lapid. Haim Lapid, writer, scriptwriter and social psychologist, was born in Ramat Gan, Israel, in 1948. He studied psychology at Tel Aviv University and has taught social and behavioral psychology. At present, Lapid lectures on negotiation theory and is an organizational consultant for hi-tech companies.
               Yair Lapid , next Prime Minister
    Tommy Lapid  reporting from the trial of Adolf Eichmann in 1961. 
    The Yair Lapid of Israeli politics, soon to serve as PM,  is the son of Yosef "Tommy" LapidSerbian-born Israeli radio and television presenter, playwright, journalist, politician and government minister known for his sharp tongue and acerbic wit.  
  • 21 February: A German court fines two ex-employers of German gun maker Heckler & Koch for illegal gun sales to Mexico.

May

Resource:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_the_United_Kingdom