Nadene Goldfoot
This is so amazing that I had to include it in my articles. Egyptian papyri had been found some time ago in a series (a textile fiber, Papyrus, which is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant). On them was the description of the trial of Alexandrian Greek leaders called Acts of Pagan Martyrs by Roman Emperors.
One method used by the trial lawyers they had adopted was of discrediting them as having a pro-Jewish attitude. This was a slur against Jews. Can you imagine? They were saying they were thinking like Jews, and that this was a bad thing! Some of the fragments found detail accusations brought before Claudius against Agrippa I by Alexandrians. They refer to him as the Jewish king, Agrippa I. So let's looks at the history of these emperors and find their "Jewish attitude."
So we learn that Emperor Claudius's friend was under his authority and was King Agrippa I. Alexandrians did not like Agrippa I.
Tiberius Claudius Germanicus Nero was known as Claudius, a Roman emperor from 41 to 54 CE. He rose to power due to his friendship with Herod Agrippa I, whom he had approved as king. This added Judea to his Kingdom and united it under him the whole area ruled by Herod. Claudius at once issued edicts reaffirming Jewish religious autonomy in Alexandria, Egypt.
In 44, on the advent of Herod Agrippa I's death, Claudius placed Judea under a procurator, but in 49, he gave Agrippa's son, Agrippa II, regions of Northern Palestine to rule. In 49 and 50 he expelled a number of Jews from Rome, apparently as a result of a Jewish-Christian conflict.
Agrippa I
Agrippa I, the Jewish King or Marcus Julius/Herod Agrippa I, was born in 10 BCE and died in 44 CE. He was the last king of the house of Herod, son of King Aristobulus IV of Judah (35 BCE-7 BCE, son of Herod and Mariamne- accused of conspiring to murder his father and was killed by strangulation by his own father), grandson of Herod. He was educated at Emperor Tiberius's court and was a friend of his son, Drusus. He displayed great acumen in conciliating the Romans and Jews.
The line was started by Herod I (73 BCE-4 BCE) son of Antipater the Idumean (Edom) Mt Seir, Semites from Esau, hunters; by his Nabatean wife, Cypros. Idumeans were forcefully converted to Judaism by John Hyrcanus, part of the Jewish people from then on. They had been the traditional enemies of the Israelites. Before, they had fought against King Saul and were defeated by King David who partly annexed their land. They had regained their independence during King Jehoram's reign from 853-843 BCE. Wars between the 2 states were frequent. Then in the 8th century BCE, the Edomites became vassals of Assyria.
Agrippa I was beloved by his Jewish subjects because of his respect for the Jewish religion. He even carried his first fruits to the Temple. In Judaea, Agrippa zealously pursued orthodox Jewish policies, earning the friendship of the Jews and vigorously repressing the Jewish Christians.
Isidoros, the head of the gymnasium of Alexandria, launched a vigorous attack against the Jewish king *Agrippa i, and summoned him before the court of Claudius. The dialogue between the emperor and Isidoros is heated. At one point Claudius refers to Isidoros as "the son of a girl-musician" (i.e., a woman of loose morals) whereupon the latter immediately rebuts: "I am neither a slave nor a girl-musician's son, but gymnasiarch of the glorious city of Alexandria. But you are the cast-off son of the Jewess Salome!" Isidoros and his colleague Lampon were immediately sentenced to death.
The trial probably took place in 41 c.e. (although many scholars favor 53), for in that year a series of debates on Jewish civic rights came before Claudius.
Agrippa II (b 27 CE-d 93 C
Agrippa II As for Judea, as a young prince, he took an interest in the welfare of the Jews and helped secure them an edict of moderation. In 50, Agrippa II received the principality of Chalcis, capital town in the Syrian state of Iturea. and was made responsible for supervising the Temple in Jerusalem. Emperor Claudius gave him the title of king. In later years, his rule was extended over Galilee, Southern Transjordan, and after 41 CE, by Emperor Claudius's word, over Judea and Samaria.
In 54, Agrippa II had to give up Chalcis, The country was later absorbed into Syria, receiving in exchange scattered territories in Transjordan and other places. His domain was extended under Nero by the addition of tracts in Galilee, etc. Although not king of Judea, he enjoyed royal prestige there, but his quarrels with the priests and his inscribing of coins with heathen emblems and portraits of the emperors earned him the hostility of the people.
He aroused the suspicions of the governor of Syria by convening several other subject kings in Tiberias and by his efforts to strengthen the fortifications of Jerusalem.
When the Jews revolted against Rome in 66, he went to Jerusalem to restore calm but had to flee for his life. He went with emperor Titus to help him during the siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. As a reward, his dominions outside of Palestine were extended even further. Then he died in Caesarea while attending the games. Later, his kingdom was again converted into an annex of the province of Syria.
The Idumeans/or Edomites, part of the Jewish people, marched in to reinforce the extreme elements, killing all they suspected of peace tendencies. After this turncoat behavior, they never figured into Jewish history again. The name is used in the Talmud meaning oppressive government, especially Rome. In the Middle Ages the name is applied to Christian Europe.
"These missions (or trials) would inevitably end in the execution of the delegates, thus arousing further the Alexandrians' hatred both of the emperor and his presumed allies, the Jews, although a number of specimens make no mention of their part in the proceedings. The background for the various trials covers a period of 150 years.
Update on map: 7o/12/2020 Resource:
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-Agrippa-I
https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/alexandrian-martyrs-acts
https://www.geloefogo.com/2018/06/parallel-lives-ancient-rome-i-claudius-and-a-song-of-ice-and-fire.html
https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk012qP8YZEKFlDespGSw5rDWh6ousQ%3A1594484882163&source=hp&ei=kugJX4CAB8rj-gS3o6CgCA&q=papyri&oq=papyri&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIICAAQsQMQgwEyCAgAELEDEIMBMgQIABAKMgIIADIECAAQCjICCAAyAggAMgIIADIECAAQCjICCAA6BAgjECc6BQgAELEDUI0QWJwcYIcjaABwAHgAgAFTiAH6ApIBATaYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6&sclient=psy-ab&ved=0ahUKEwiAkf6Hz8XqAhXKsZ4KHbcRCIQQ4dUDCAk&uact=5
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=chalcis-geo02
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-Agrippa-II
One method used by the trial lawyers they had adopted was of discrediting them as having a pro-Jewish attitude. This was a slur against Jews. Can you imagine? They were saying they were thinking like Jews, and that this was a bad thing! Some of the fragments found detail accusations brought before Claudius against Agrippa I by Alexandrians. They refer to him as the Jewish king, Agrippa I. So let's looks at the history of these emperors and find their "Jewish attitude."
 |
| Claudius Poster |
So we learn that Emperor Claudius's friend was under his authority and was King Agrippa I. Alexandrians did not like Agrippa I.
Tiberius Claudius Germanicus Nero was known as Claudius, a Roman emperor from 41 to 54 CE. He rose to power due to his friendship with Herod Agrippa I, whom he had approved as king. This added Judea to his Kingdom and united it under him the whole area ruled by Herod. Claudius at once issued edicts reaffirming Jewish religious autonomy in Alexandria, Egypt.
In 44, on the advent of Herod Agrippa I's death, Claudius placed Judea under a procurator, but in 49, he gave Agrippa's son, Agrippa II, regions of Northern Palestine to rule. In 49 and 50 he expelled a number of Jews from Rome, apparently as a result of a Jewish-Christian conflict.
Agrippa I
Agrippa I, the Jewish King or Marcus Julius/Herod Agrippa I, was born in 10 BCE and died in 44 CE. He was the last king of the house of Herod, son of King Aristobulus IV of Judah (35 BCE-7 BCE, son of Herod and Mariamne- accused of conspiring to murder his father and was killed by strangulation by his own father), grandson of Herod. He was educated at Emperor Tiberius's court and was a friend of his son, Drusus. He displayed great acumen in conciliating the Romans and Jews.
The line was started by Herod I (73 BCE-4 BCE) son of Antipater the Idumean (Edom) Mt Seir, Semites from Esau, hunters; by his Nabatean wife, Cypros. Idumeans were forcefully converted to Judaism by John Hyrcanus, part of the Jewish people from then on. They had been the traditional enemies of the Israelites. Before, they had fought against King Saul and were defeated by King David who partly annexed their land. They had regained their independence during King Jehoram's reign from 853-843 BCE. Wars between the 2 states were frequent. Then in the 8th century BCE, the Edomites became vassals of Assyria.
Agrippa I was beloved by his Jewish subjects because of his respect for the Jewish religion. He even carried his first fruits to the Temple. In Judaea, Agrippa zealously pursued orthodox Jewish policies, earning the friendship of the Jews and vigorously repressing the Jewish Christians.
 |
| Alexandria's Greek-Roman ruins |
The trial probably took place in 41 c.e. (although many scholars favor 53), for in that year a series of debates on Jewish civic rights came before Claudius.
Agrippa II (b 27 CE-d 93 C
King of Chalcis in southern Lebanon from 50 CE and tetrarch of Batanaea and Trachonitis in south Syria from 53 CE, who unsuccessfully mediated with the rebels in the First Jewish Revolt (66–70 CE). He was a great-grandson of Herod I the Great.
Agrippa II As for Judea, as a young prince, he took an interest in the welfare of the Jews and helped secure them an edict of moderation. In 50, Agrippa II received the principality of Chalcis, capital town in the Syrian state of Iturea. and was made responsible for supervising the Temple in Jerusalem. Emperor Claudius gave him the title of king. In later years, his rule was extended over Galilee, Southern Transjordan, and after 41 CE, by Emperor Claudius's word, over Judea and Samaria.
He aroused the suspicions of the governor of Syria by convening several other subject kings in Tiberias and by his efforts to strengthen the fortifications of Jerusalem.
When the Jews revolted against Rome in 66, he went to Jerusalem to restore calm but had to flee for his life. He went with emperor Titus to help him during the siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. As a reward, his dominions outside of Palestine were extended even further. Then he died in Caesarea while attending the games. Later, his kingdom was again converted into an annex of the province of Syria.
The Idumeans/or Edomites, part of the Jewish people, marched in to reinforce the extreme elements, killing all they suspected of peace tendencies. After this turncoat behavior, they never figured into Jewish history again. The name is used in the Talmud meaning oppressive government, especially Rome. In the Middle Ages the name is applied to Christian Europe.
"These missions (or trials) would inevitably end in the execution of the delegates, thus arousing further the Alexandrians' hatred both of the emperor and his presumed allies, the Jews, although a number of specimens make no mention of their part in the proceedings. The background for the various trials covers a period of 150 years.
Update on map: 7o/12/2020 Resource:
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-Agrippa-I
https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/alexandrian-martyrs-acts
https://www.geloefogo.com/2018/06/parallel-lives-ancient-rome-i-claudius-and-a-song-of-ice-and-fire.html
https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk012qP8YZEKFlDespGSw5rDWh6ousQ%3A1594484882163&source=hp&ei=kugJX4CAB8rj-gS3o6CgCA&q=papyri&oq=papyri&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIICAAQsQMQgwEyCAgAELEDEIMBMgQIABAKMgIIADIECAAQCjICCAAyAggAMgIIADIECAAQCjICCAA6BAgjECc6BQgAELEDUI0QWJwcYIcjaABwAHgAgAFTiAH6ApIBATaYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6&sclient=psy-ab&ved=0ahUKEwiAkf6Hz8XqAhXKsZ4KHbcRCIQQ4dUDCAk&uact=5
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=chalcis-geo02
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-Agrippa-II
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