Nadene Goldfoot
Eighteenth century
- 1703
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- The Aleinu prayer is prohibited in most of Germany. There are 21 lines.
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- In the traditional words of the Aleinu, we state that God will "sweep away false gods from the earth" and "repair the world." On that day, the prayer says, "God will be One and God's Name will be One." The Aleinu, in its essence, is a prayer about our hope for the world to be united and at peace, for evil to be driven ..Aleinu or Aleinu leshabei'ach, meaning "it is upon us" or "it is our obligation or duty [to praise God]", is a Jewish prayer found in the siddur, the classical Jewish prayerbook. It is recited in most communities at the end of each of the three daily Jewish services and in the middle of the Rosh Hashanah mussaf.
- 1706
- An outbreak of the plague and a terrible famine in Algiers reduced many Jewish families to indigence. Then, influenced by false accusations, the bey imposed an exorbitant fine on the community and ordered the destruction of the synagogues, which were saved only by the payment of a further sum. This ruined the majority of the Jews.
| 1 | It is our duty to praise the Master of all, | Aleinu l'šabeaḥ la'Adon hakol | עָלֵינוּ לְשַׁבֵּחַ לַאֲדוֹן הַכֹּל, |
| 2 | to ascribe greatness to the Author of creation, | latet gedulah l'yoṣer b'reišit, | לָתֵת גְּדֻלָּה לְיוֹצֵר בְּרֵאשִׁית, |
- 1711
- Johann Andreas Eisenmenger writes his Entdecktes Judenthum ("Judaism Unmasked"), a work denouncing Judaism and which had a formative influence on modern antisemitic polemics.In Amsterdam he met three Christians who had been converted to Judaism, and this filled him with indignation. As a further cause of his hatred of Judaism, he claims the otherwise unknown attacks against Christianity which he heard from the mouth of David Lida, then (1681) rabbi of Amsterdam. For nineteen years he studied rabbinical literature assisted by Jews, first in Heidelberg and afterward in Frankfort-on-the-Main, pretending that he desired to be converted to Judaism.Having collected from rabbinical literature all that was calculated to bring it into disrepute and to give justification for anti-Jewish prejudices, he published his "Entdecktes Judenthum" (Judaism Unmasked), which has remained the arsenal for detractors of Talmudic literature down to the present day. We have 2; Palestinian- by people before 400 BCE and Babylonian-by people before 500 BCE. This one is longer. A collection of the records of academic discussion and judicial administration of Jewish Law by generations of scholars and jurists in many academies and in more than one country. What a record of thinking before those dates!
- 1712
- Blood libel in Sandomierz, Poland and expulsion of the town's Jews. An allegation that Jews murder Christians in order to get blood for the Passover or other rituals.
- 1715
- Elector Max Emanuel orders the deportation of all Jews living in Bavaria-SE of Germany- Major cities include Munich (its capital and largest city, which is also the third largest city in Germany), Nuremberg, and Augsburg.
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- 1717
- All Jews living in Gibraltar-bordered on north by Spain, are expelled.
- 1718
- The last Jews of Carniola, Styria and Carinthia are expelled. They are historically significant regions in the Alps, primarily located in what is now Slovenia and Austria. They were part of the Inner Austrian territories, ruled by the Habsburgs. These regions were duchies, and their historical significance lies in their role as a buffer zone between the Habsburg lands and the Kingdom of Hungary, Venice, and other surrounding states.
- 1721
- Arab creditors set fire to an Ashkenazi synagogue, fed up with debts. Ashkenazi Jews are banned from Jerusalem along with anyone who looks like an Ashkenazi Jew. Some Ashkenazim dressed up like Sephardic Jews in order to fool the authorities.
- 1721
- Maria Barbara Carillo was burned at the stake for heresy during the Spanish Inquisition. She was executed at the age of 95 or 96 and is the oldest person known to have been executed at the instigation of the Inquisition. Carillo was sentenced to death for heresy for returning to her faith in Judaism.
- 1724
- Jews of Radom, Poland are exiled.
- 1727
- Edict of Catherine I of Russia: "The Jews... who are found in Ukraine and in other Russian provinces are to be expelled at once beyond the frontiers of Russia."
- 1734
- The Haidamaks, paramilitary bands in Polish Ukraine, attack Jews.
- 1736
- María Francisca Ana de Castro, called La bella toledana, a Spanish immigrant to Peru, was arrested in 1726, accused of "judaizing" (being a practicing Jew) (anusim). She was burned at the stake after an auto de fe in 1736. This event was a major spectacle in Lima, Peru but it raised questions about possible irregular procedures and corruption within the Inquisition.
- 1737
- Blood libel in Jarosław, Poland leads to Jews being tortured and others being put to death.
- 1742 Elizabeth of Russia issues a decree of expulsion of all the Jews out of Ukraine. Her resolution to the Senate's appeal regarding harm to the trade: "I don't desire any profits from the enemies of Christ". One of the deportees is Antonio Ribera Sanchez, her own personal physician and the head of army's medical dept. In 1742, Elizabeth of Russia (Elizaveta Petrovna), not Queen Elizabeth (of England), was the reigning empress of Russia. She came to power in 1741 and ruled until her death in 1762. While Elizabeth did rule a vast territory, including parts of what is now Ukraine, it's important to note that the concept of "Ukraine" as a distinct, unified entity is a more modern idea. The territory she ruled was part of the broader Russian Empire, and its governance was structured differently than a modern nation-state.
- 1743
- The Russians gain control of Riga, Latvia and all local Jews are expelled.
- 1744
- Frederick II The Great (a "heroic genius", according to Hitler) limits Breslau, Poland to ten "protected" Jewish families, on the grounds that otherwise they will "transform it into complete Jerusalem". He encourages this practice in other Prussian cities. In 1750 he issues Revidiertes General Privilegium und Reglement vor die Judenschaft: "protected" Jews had an alternative to "either abstain from marriage or leave Berlin" (Simon Dubnow).
- 1744
- Archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa orders: "... no Jew is to be tolerated in our inherited duchy of Bohemia" by the end of Feb. 1745. In December 1748 she reverses her position, on condition that Jews pay for readmission every ten years. This extortion was known among the Jews as malke-geld (queen's money).] In 1752 she introduces the law limiting each Jewish family to one son.
- 1746
- The city of Radom, Poland bans Jews from entering.
- 1753
- The Jewish community of Kaunas, Lithuania is expelled
- 1755
- Jeronimo Jose Ramos, a merchant from Bragança, Portugal, is burned at the stake for being secretly Jewish. (anusim). Painting (16th century) showing the alleged desecration of hosts by Jews in Passau in 1477 (detail), Oberhausmuseum (Passau); The picture is attempting to show a Jew stabbing the bread (body of Christ), thereby killing their god.Catholic rite in church by priest:
In the Catholic Eucharist, the bread is unleavened, wheaten bread, often called a host. The wine is natural grape wine, typically red, to which a small quantity of water is added. The bread and wine are consecrated and transformed into the body and blood of Christ, according to Catholic belief.
- 1761
- Several Jews from Alsace, France are executed after being accused of host desecration, It involves the mistreatment or malicious use of a consecrated host—the bread used in the Eucharistic service of the Divine Liturgy or Mass, an old accusation tried again.
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- 1761
- The Jews of Kaunas, Lithuania are expelled after anti-Jewish riots.
- 1762
- Rhode Island refuses to grant Jews citizenship stating "no person who is not of the Christian religion can be admitted free to this colony." In 1762, Rhode Island was a British colony, not yet part of the United States. The United States of America was formed later, after declaring independence from Great Britain in 1776 and formally established with the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Rhode Island became the 13th state to ratify the Constitution on May 29, 1790.
- 1766
- All but 6 Jews are expelled from Toruń, Poland.
- 1768
- Haidamaks massacre the Jews of Uman, Ukraine. Russian brigand bands of the eighteenth century. The disorganized condition of Poland during the eighteenth century made it possible for the discontented peasants and Cossacks of the Greek Orthodox faith to make organized attacks on their Catholic masters—the Polish nobles—and the Jews. The general disorder, and the agitation of the Greek Orthodox priests led to the formation of brigand bands known as "Haidamacks," composed of runaway serfs, Saporogians, and Cossacks from Russian Ukraine. In 1734 and again in 1750, under Cossack leaders, they robbed and destroyed many towns, villages, and estates in Kiev, Volhynia, and Podolia, killing a great number of Jews and Polish nobles. In 1768 occurred the Uman massacre, when Gonta and his followers killed thousands of Jews, sparing neither old nor young.
- 1775
- Pope Pius VI issues a severe Editto sopra gli ebrei (Edict concerning the Jews). Previously lifted restrictions are reimposed, Judaism is suppressed.
- 1775
- A blood libel spread in Hebron, Palestine, in which Jews were falsely accused of murdering the son of a local sheikh. Mob attacks took place. At first the Sheikh demanded to kill all the Jews but after pleas settled on a large fine that nearly destroyed the community.
- 1776
- The Jewish community of Basra, Iraq is massacred.
- 1782
- Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II abolishes most of persecution practices in Toleranzpatent on condition that Yiddish and Hebrew are eliminated from public records and judicial autonomy is annulled. Judaism is branded "quintessence of foolishness and nonsense". Moses Mendelssohn writes: "Such a tolerance... is even more dangerous play in tolerance than open persecution".
- 1783
- The Sultan expels the Moroccan Jews for failing to pay an exorbitant ransom.
- 1785
- Ali Burzi Pasha murders hundreds of Libyan Jews.
- 1786
- Jews are expelled from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, most of them flee to Yemen.
- 1790
- Yazid becomes the Sultan of Morocco and immediately orders troops to massacre and plunder the Jewish quarter of Tétouan, Morocco.
- 1790
- The Touro Synagogue's warden, Moses Seixas, wrote to George Washington, expressing his support for Washington's administration and good wishes for him. Washington sent a letter in response, which read in part:
- 1790, 20 May
- Eleazer Solomon is quartered for the alleged murder of a Christian girl in Grodno, Belarus.
- 1790–1792
- Destruction of most of the Jewish communities of Morocco.
- 1791
- Catherine II of Russia confines Jews to the Pale of Settlement and imposes them with double taxes.
- 1797
- Napoleon calls for the end of Jewish segregation, ghettoization and the denial of equal rights. 1806 French print depicting Napoleon granting freedom of worship to the Jews
The first laws to emancipate Jews in France were enacted during the French Revolution, establishing them as citizens equal to other Frenchmen. In countries that Napoleon Bonaparte's ensuing Consulate and French Empire conquered during the Napoleonic Wars, he emancipated the Jews and introduced other ideas of liberty. He overrode old laws restricting Jews to reside in ghettos, removed the forced identification of Jews by their wearing the Star of David. In Malta, he ended the enslavement of Jews and permitted the construction of a synagogue there. He also lifted laws that limited Jews' rights to property, worship, and certain occupations. In anticipation of a victory in the Holy Land that failed to come about, he wrote a proclamation published in April 1799 for a Jewish homeland there.
Resource: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-treatment-of-jews-in-arab-islamic-countries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Jews
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