Nadene Goldfoot
The influence of Viking-Age migrants to the British Isles is obvious in archaeological and place-names evidence, but their demographic impact has been unclear. Autosomal genetic analyses support Norse Viking contributions to parts of Britain, but show no signal corresponding to the Danelaw, the region under Scandinavian administrative control from the ninth to eleventh centuries. People would scream, "The Danes are here!"
Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 has been considered as a possible marker for Viking migrations because of its high frequency in peninsular Scandinavia (Norway and Sweden). Here we select ten Y-SNPs to discriminate informatively among hg R1a1 sub-haplogroups in Europe, analyze these in 619 hg R1a1 Y chromosomes including 163 from the British Isles, and also type 23 short-tandem repeats (Y-STRs) to assess internal diversity.
The influence of Viking-age Scandinavian migrations on the British Isles is abundantly demonstrated by archaeological finds [1] and linguistic evidence embedded in place names [2]. ‘Danelaw’ is an early eleventh century term for the part of northern and eastern England that came under the control of various Scandinavian rulers following a peace treaty agreed by the West Saxon king Alfred (d. 899 CE), and the Viking leader Guthrum (d. 890 CE) (Fig. 1a). It shows a high density of contemporary Scandinavian metalwork items [3], and high proportions of Scandinavian major and minor place names [2]. This pervasive Scandinavian cultural influence has been argued to indicate the impact of substantial numbers of Viking settlers [4], not just local cultural shift under an incoming elite. Despite its name, the Danelaw presents good evidence of a variety of Scandinavian influences, not restricted to the modern category of Danes. This is reflected in place names (such as Normanton and Normanby) that contain Old West Norse (corresponding to modern Norwegian) forms [5], as well as in finds of artefacts typical of the Irish Sea region, including, for example, stone sculpture in Derbyshire [6].
Today, Q-L804 is found mainly in Norway and Sweden and in regions of North West Europe of Viking Age Expansion (British Isles, Atlantic Isles, Northern Germany, Normandy and Poland). The Q-L804 is also found among descendants of Scandinavian immigrants to North America.
Some Jews are also found with a Q haplogroup. Our father's line in Q-BZ67, and his line was from Lithuania and incorporated people, matches also from Poland and Ukraine. Goldfoot had been Goldfus, originating from Germany. The ironic factor is that our mother's mother was from Lumsheden, Sweden, and those males could have also been of the Q line, but that is a rare possibility of being another Q branch.
Q is said to have originated during the ice age in Central Asia, then spreading to Siberia, over Bering strait and towards the Middle East.
After the ice age, Scandinavia was populated both from South and from Northwest via Ural, so the Nordic population is a mix of this meeting. The Geats and Gutnish in Sweden have the highest amount of Q1a in Europe (5%), in a Scandinavian version from the time of the Indo European invasion, which was later spread with the Vikings. The other Scandinavian version is Germanic, mainly in Norway, France and Britain and probably Mesolithic too (L527+L804). L330 is the main Mongolian subclade and M3 the native American one, which separated 13.000 years ago. Expedita has no mention of Huns and Scandinavian Q, because they do not coincide:
Mongols, Huns and Turkic people did not migrate to Scandinavia then or later, but to East Central Europe (L712). And Finnish people have small amounts of both R and Q, and they came from the Urals, adding N to the Nordic mix, which amounts to 15% in Sweden and North Norway and 40-60% in Finland and the Baltics.
Lumsheden, Dalarna County, Sweden, a tiny village of my maternal grandmother's birthplace, was said to have been populated first by a run-away priest with 2 women, sounding like the story-line of : The Last Kingdom by Netflix.
The longships arrived on 8 June. The monks at Lindisfarne didn't know it then - the year was 793 - but it was the beginning of 300 years of bloody Viking raids on Britain and Ireland.
"Never before has such terror appeared in Britain as we have now suffered from a pagan race," Alcuin of York wrote at the time. "The heathens poured out the blood of saints around the altar, and trampled on the bodies of saints in the temple of God, like dung in the streets." Yes, they were bloodthirsty is the answer, and "The Last Empire" shows it all. You have to be strong and prepared to watch. Be thankful we weren't born during this period.
"The Last Empire" is a Netflix production about the 11th century. The year is 866, and the Great Heathen Army's arrival in Britain is about to redefine the relationship between Vikings and Anglo-Saxons. Following establishment of Danish rule in Jórvík and East Anglia, the show largely focuses on the resistance of the Kingdom of Wessex to ongoing Viking incursions to Southern England. The story covers about 40–45 years by the end of season 4.
Another Viking themed production, called "Vikings", on Netflix, aired its final episode in late 2020 after giving us six glorious seasons of unmatched action, drama, and wild romance delivered by a flawless cast. Michael Hirst's ("The Tudors") part-mythological, part-historical drama tells the story of the legendary Ragnar Lothbrok (Travis Fimmel), who rises to fame and power with successful raids throughout Scandinavia, England, and France. Along with him are his wife, the shield-maiden Lagertha (Katheryn Winnick), his jealous and vindictive brother, Rollo (Clive Standen), his loyal friend and craftsman, Floki (Gustaf Skarsgård), and many others.
Swedish men are not entirely all from the Vikings.
16 Y-chromosomal binary markers and nine Y-chromosome short tandem repeats were analyzed in a total of 383 unrelated males from seven different Swedish regions, one Finnish region and a Swedish Saami population in order to address questions about the origin and genetic structure of the present day population in Sweden. Haplogroup I1a* was found to be the most common haplogroup in Sweden and accounted, together with haplogroups R1b3, R1a1 and N3, for over 80% of the male lineages. Within Sweden, a minor stratification was found in which the northern region Västerbotten differed significantly (P<0.05) from the other Swedish regions. A flow of N3 chromosomes into Västerbotten mainly from Saami and Finnish populations could be one explanation for this stratification.
However, the demographic history of Västerbotten involving a significant male absence during the 17th Century may also have had a large impact. Immigration of young men from elsewhere to Värmland at the same time, can be responsible for a similar deviation with I1a* haplotypes.
Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1b3 were found to have the highest STR variation among all haplogroups and could thus be considered to be one of the earliest major male lineages present in Sweden. Regional haplotype variation, within R1b3, also showed a difference between two regions in the south of Sweden. This can also be traced from historical time and is visible in archaeological material. Overall this Y chromosome study provides interesting information about the genetic patterns and demographic events in the Swedish population.
A later 2005 study by Nebel et al., found a similar
Resource:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41431-020-00747-z
The Last Kingdom, Netflix about King Alfred
Read More: https://www.looper.com/742606/what-the-vikings-cast-is-doing-today/?utm_campaign=clip
https://jewishfactsfromportland.blogspot.com/2010/01/what-haplogroup-we-be.html
No comments:
Post a Comment