Intelligence Level Within The Jewish People

Nadene Goldfoot 

                                                                     

                              Our smartest Jew, Albert Einstein , 

    noted to have an IQ of 180.  Average IQ is 100.  He was a physicist, educated in Switzerland but born in Ulm, Germany.  Noted for his theory of relativity in 1905  and math skills.   

While our Arab cousins have been hateful of us and  have described us as less than humans, facts are that Jews are very intelligent human beings.  We're not just a religion but a people as well, we find out in this day and age, proven by DNA, making it a different situation from being a Christian or a Muslim besides the fact that of the 3 religions, our Judaism is the smallest group today.

Ashkenazi Jews for one, that is, are Jews who wound up in Germany after Jerusalem was taken by the Romans in 70 CE,   Our Sephardic siblings earned that title by heading for Spain, probably in ships. Ashkenazis created Yiddish as their language from German and Hebrew while Sephardis created Ladino from Spanish and Hebrew.   

"Ashkenazi Jews have been found to have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, worldwide.  They score 0.75 to 1.0 standard deviations about the general European average, which corresponds to an IQ score around 112-115."

"This fact has social significance, because natural intelligence (as measured by IQ tests) is a good predictor of success in academic subjects and many professions.  Jews are just as successful in the professions that their tested IQ would predict, and are largely overrepresented in those professions and accomplishments with the highest cognitive demands.  During the 20th century, they made up about 2 to 3% of the US population, but won 27% of the US Nobel science prizes.                          

Between 1901 and 2022, the Nobel Prize has been awarded to more than 900 individuals and organizations. At least 211 of them have been Jewish.  Israel has produced a disproportionate number of Nobel Prize winners. In August 2015, Times Higher Education ranked Israel the fifth best performer this century based on the number of Nobel Prizes won as well as the significance and prestige of each one. The publication also ranked global universities based on Nobel Prize winners and the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology placed eighth, higher on the list than Harvard and every British University.

Israeli Dan Schechtman (left) accepts the 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

American Saul Perlmutter poses with the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics

Adolf Hitler forbade any Germans to accept the Nobel Prize after the 1935 Peace Prize was awarded to one of his political enemies, the German pacifist Carl von Ossietzky.                           

Jews account for more than half of world chess champions."

Jews are known to have been among the 1st in Europe to have cultivated the game of chess.  They learned it from Arabs who learned it from the Persians (Iran).  Sephardics produced best known players being Abraham Ibn Ezra who wrote a poem describing the game.  Also, Rabbi Solomon ben Mazal-Tov, Bonsenior Ibn Yahya, and Jacob Eichenbaum were great chess players. Wilhelm Steinitz introduced a new concept of military strategy into chess.  He won the world championship and retained his title for 28 years.  His pupil, Emmanuel Lasker, won the world title from him and held it for 27 years.                             

                    Bobby Fischer  (March 9, 1943 – January 17, 2008) was an American chess grandmaster and the eleventh World Chess Champion. A chess prodigy, he won his first of a record eight US Championships at the age of 14. In 1964, he won with an 11–0 score, the only perfect score in the history of the tournament. Qualifying for the 1972 World Championship, Fischer swept matches with Mark Taimanov and Bent Larsen by 6–0 scores. After another qualifying match against Tigran Petrosian, Fischer won the title match against Boris Spassky of the USSR, in Reykjavík, Iceland. Publicized as a Cold War confrontation between the US and USSR, the match attracted more worldwide interest than any chess championship before or since.

Michael Botvinnik of the USSR held the world championship in recent years as did Mikhael Tal,  Boris Spassky, Bobby Fischer and Gary Kasparov.  Other prominent Jewish players include David Bronstein, Samuel Reshevsky, Reuben Fine, and M. Neudorff of Argentina.  

I might add that Jews have been conscious of who they marry, what kind of people, their values, since biblical days, and then always into a Jewish family.  Non-Jews have not had this as a criteria, except possibly wealthier families such as royalty.  Our genes have been guarded for several thousand years.  Sexual attraction was at work, especially with Samson and his Delilah, but was expected to be less important.                                      

"Ashkenazi Jews have an unusual cognitive ability profile, as well as higher-than-average IQ.  They have high verbal and mathematical scores, while their visual-spatial abilities are typically somewhat-worse (by about half a standard deviation) than the European average. " (I wonder if this has anything to do with Jacob's wife, Leah having weak eyes, as is written about her.)  She had 6 of Jacob's 12 sons.

What makes Jews an interesting subject for researchers is that very little gene flow happened between Jews and neighboring non-Jewish populations because of Jewish law and because of anti-Semitism.  "The majority of Ashkenazi Y-Chromosomes (from father to son and on down the generations)  are associated with Mideastern groups.  Any connection from surrounding European men averaged less than 0.5% over many generations. "  Jews come from the Middle East by history and by proof of genetics. 

             During Holocaust, Nazi's gassed Jews.  

"During the Holocaust, Nazis referred to Jews as rats. Hutus involved in the Rwanda genocide called Tutsis cockroaches. Slave owners throughout history considered slaves subhuman animals".  2nd class citizens, which Jews were thought of,  have suffered from  the same descriptions.  

 Thus, a person with a higher IQ should naturally be with people of like interests and have more surviving children than average intelligence people.  In pre-modern Europe, wealthy people had quite a few more surviving children than average, so if high IQ increased income, there could have been selection for IQ in some situations. I might add that the level of mid-wives' accomplishments had a lot to do with it, too, as to how many babies made it to life.   

However, Jews were kept in a 2nd class citizen level in Europe and the Middle East, with a few families only becoming wealthy.  Most were poor, especially Ashkenazis in Eastern Europe.  Jews were restricted in their career opportunities.  Many were limited to money-lending as an occupation, the only one left that non-Jews kept out of as a vulgar and disliked occupation.  Jews had to manage complex financial transactions, and those who did well made more money and had more children. To be left in a  society with the only choice of making a living and eating was the most despicable profession of money-lending and making  it successful is a feather in our ancestor's cap to those few it fell upon.  That skill was sharpened by trying to sell things on the Silk Road to the Orient as a means to a living as trading was one of man's earliest social acts.

 I am connected through DNA testing, to Rabbi Samson Wertheimer born in 1658 who was born in Worms, Germany in 1658 or more likely, to his brother. This is quite a surprise to me.  He was a famous man who loaned money with his Uncle Oppenheimer to kings and queens.  Note, to be a rabbi is to be extremely well educated. One doesn't just have a calling for it.  He had to have the prerequisites to earn that title.    

Now I find that there was a Wertheim Dynasty.  The reason we have their genealogy tree is because rabbis thought well of having this genealogy and kept doing it.  They felt it important to keep up the tradition of having rabbis in the family in these days of arranged marriages, and used it for arranged marriages.  They wanted to their children to marry into another rabbinical family.    It stems from history from biblical days of being a part of the 71 decision makers of the Sanhedrin.  To be in the Sanhedrin, one needed proof of their genealogy.  The head was usually a descendent of Hillel.  

 Prosperous Jews, a very small percent of the Jewish population, may have averaged twice as many surviving children than poor Jews, and they made their money with their wits, rather than by inheritance or fighting skills, as in most other European elites.  Those usually were also rabbis who had loaned money to kings and had developed this type of reputation. 

I myself have found a connection to such a wealthy family through DNA and history, and my father was from as poor a family as one can find, but he proved to be very intelligent, even without being able to graduate high school.   Father on right standing.  Brother on left sitting 2 yrs older.  Boys on their porch in Portland, Oregon a few years after 1908, Dad's birthday.  If he had known he had Wertheimer genes in his veins, he would have plotzed!  Having that history isn't insurance of continuing good fortune, however in this changing world.  

The Ashkenazim had low gene flow and a preponderance of occupations with high IQ elasticity for hundreds of years.  This may have been enough to cause the IQ increase that we observe.  The narrow-sense inheritability of IQ is at least 0.3;  which means that if the parents of the next generation average 1 point above the current population average, the next generation (with equal environments) will average another 0.3 points higher.  Continue this process for 40 generations (100 years=4 generations) of 25 X 40=1,000 years and you get an increase of 12 points, just about what we see today. King David lived 3,000 years ago born in 1010 BCE. 

Samson, not so smart as to allow Delilah to cut his hair, source of  his strength, hoodwinked by an enemy Philistine woman spy.   

So by following a selected pattern of marriage, we should be getting smarter and smarter, but society has changed and select marriages are following in Samson's footsteps more than Jacob's. Einstein may be the last really smart Jewish person we've ever experienced.   

Another theory suggests that there was selective breeding for Talmudic scholarship.  The successful and wealthy sought out Talmudic scholars to father their grandchildren.  And it is possible that increased wealthy contributed to increased fertility and survivability, which in turn may have led to selection for intellect. Torah scholars were introduced to selective breeding in the  bible with their sheep.  It was Jacob, our progenitor, who was clever and took all the speckled, black, and diverse-colored ones, and then managed to preferentially breed the remaining sheep and goats to produce predominantly spotted and black offspring, which he kept. 

Abraham was born in 2nd millennium or 1948 BCE and he was the grandfather of Jacob who was born maybe in 1848 BCE. Moses was born in 1391 BCE.  Jacob goes back a long ways.  The first Egyptian pharaoh, Narmer,  was born in about 3273–2987 BCE.) By the time Jacob was born, people were quite  well advanced in their intellect skills.  

Resource:

Book:  DNA Tradition, the genetic link to the ancient Hebrews newly updated by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004 

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia

https://www.npr.org/2011/03/29/134956180/criminals-see-their-victims-as-less-than-human

https://goldfoot_genealogy.blogspot.com/2020/04/dna-connection-to-rabbi-samson.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer

https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-nobel-prize-laureates

Changing Times For Jews

 Nadene Goldfoot                                            

Basketball at Portland's Moda Center between Warriors and Trail Blazers. 

Can you imagine not having some sport to follow that takes up some of your free time?  Can you ever dream of not working in a building from 9 to 5, 6 days a week? That's mostly a life of today's men, but not the women.  Our work is never done, today or thousands of years ago.   There was a time when Jewish men had to spend most of their time fighting for their lives, or slaving, building for the enemy.   

Jews had overstayed their welcome in Egypt in 1500 BCE and wound up as slaves, building storage cities.  They had entered Egypt and couldn't leave until Moses freed them 400 years later.                                     

          Sargon, king of Assyria, finally assassinated, replaced by Sennacherib.

From 722- 721 BCE, the Assyrians attacked Israel's 10 northern tribes.  Probably all men were called into service of fighting against them. It was Shalmaneser V's siege of Samaria and its capture by Sargon who annexed the country, and deported 27,290 Israelites to Assyria and Media.  Then he replaced the Jewish population with Syrian and Babylonian prisoners. 

        Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylonia 605-562 BCE
 

 Actually, the last Jewish king of Judah was Zedekiah (597-586 BCE), and he was an appointee by Nebuchadnezzar when 21 and had to swear allegiance to Nebuchadnezzar.  After 9 such years, he joined forces with Egypt  which caused the Babylonians to invade and capture Zedekiah's Jerusalem in 597 and 586 BCE.  Zedekiah suffered greatly from this act by having to watch his sons' killed before him and then having his own eyes put out, and imprisoned till he died. (Ii Kings 25, Jer. 52).  

 General Pompey of Rome entered in 63 BCE and stayed.  They had the strongest army in the world at that time.   Jerusalem was under occupation. Thousands of Jewish men were hung on the cross for minor acts that irked the Romans.  When the Romans occupied Jerusalem during Pompey's stay,  they came with the background of watching sports, only their sport was watching people being killed before their very eyes.   They allowed it to happen in several ways, in a 2 man combat fighting to the death of one, or in an arena full of lions and watch while they were being mauled and eaten.  This shows the Romans' mental development .  They enjoyed the watching.  They lacked empathy.  Huge arenas had been built in Rome for such entertainment.  Often, it was the Jews who did the building, as slaves.   Here they were again, building things for the enemy.                                   

Romans had become involved in Judah  during the civil war between Pompey and Julius Caesar (c. 49–45 BCE), when the

Idumaean Antipater  ruled Judea from 63-43 BCE (died 43 BCE)father of Herod,  and ingratiated himself with Caesar and was rewarded by being made governor of Judaea (Latin from Judah) .  The Jews were rewarded through the promulgation of a number of decrees favourable to them, which were reaffirmed by Augustus (reigned 27 BCE–14 CE) and later emperors.              

Augustus (also known as Octavian) was the first emperor of ancient Rome. Augustus came to power after the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE. In 27 BCE Augustus “restored” the republic of Rome, though he himself retained all real power as the princeps, or “first citizen,” of Rome.

Antipater’s son Herod, king of Judaea, b:73 BCE-4 BCE an admirer of Greek culture, supported a cult worshipping the emperor and built temples to Augustus in non-Jewish cities. Because he was by origin an Idumaean, he was regarded by many Jews as a foreigner. He captured Jerusalem in 37 and married the granddaughter of the High Priest, Hyrcanus,  Mariamne.  They were Hasmoneans.  Later he killed Mariamne and his 2 sons, Alexander and Aristobulus.  He was a horrible person.  

Herod ordered the Massacre of the Innocents at the time of the birth of Jesus, although most Herod biographers do not believe that this event occurred.  That was the   incident in the nativity narrative of the Gospel of Matthew in which Herod the Great, king of Judea, orders the execution of all male children two years old and under in the vicinity of Bethlehem.  It's a repeat of the pharaoh who did the same thing in the days of when Moses was born in 1391 BCE.

Jewish men had to fight for almost a thousand years and be on the guard of invading countries.   

About a thousand years ago, a Jewish  man's life was filled with studying the Torah instead of fighting.  One man would become the teacher and have his own school, and others would vie to become his students.  They would have debates which sharpened their wits.   If either the teacher or pupils were married, the women would take over the business to allow their husband the time to do this. .

Notice the cluster with Mainz, Worms,, Speyer.  My uncle came from Koblenz a little further north on the map.  This was where the Ashkenazi action started, in the Rheinland.  

Germany's Rhine Valley hosted such schools at Mainz but were expelled in 1012 and attacked by Crusaders in 1096.  They suffered in the Black Death by being accused of causing it in 1349, causing expulsion edicts in 1438, 1462 and 1470.  Speyer's history started in 1070 with Crusaders hit there in 1096.  Worms-10th century on saw the city destroyed by Crusaders,  Trier in 1066 and by 1096 suffered martyrdom, Crusaders, Black Plague, the works, expelled in 1418.. They all suffered pretty much the same each time.  Usually they also had commercial activities going on, too.   

Hillel, born in  110 BCE in Babylonia and died 10 CE in Jerusalem,   was a Jewish religious leader, sage and scholar associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud and the founder of the House of Hillel school of tannaim. He is popularly known as the author of two sayings: "If I am not for myself, who will be for me? And being only for myself, what am I?  He lived about 100 years before Jesus came along.                        

Rashi (R. Solomon Yitzaki{ben Isaac) was born in 1040 in Troyes, France  d: 1105, studied in the Rhineland and opened his school in Troyes..  He earned his livelihood not from his school but from his vineyard.  His school had a great reputation.  Rashi's comments are found today in our prayerbooks.  There's a good thousand years between Rashi and Hillel.                           

   Moses ben Maimon b:1135 in Cordova, Spain d: 1204, commonly known as Maimonides and also referred to by the acronym Rambam, was a medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.  His family left Spain to escape the Almohade persecutions.  He got to Palestine in 1165. It's he who created our list of 613 precepts (laws) from the Torah.                                

 Jewish society faced new social and economic conditions of life in Poland–Lithuania, the rabbinic responsum played a significant role in helping Jews come to terms with unfamiliar situations while remaining within a halakhic framework. There is also evidence that, for decades before the Council of Four Lands was founded around 1580, leading Polish rabbis would occasionally meet at the great annual fair of Lublin as a kind of rabbinic high court for Polish Jewry.

The Jews of Lithuania come from a part of eastern Europe located today in northeastern Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and parts of Latvia and Russia. The area (roughly between 20° and 30° E and 50° and 60° N) has dense forests and a moderate continental climate.

Schools were established in Lithuania, which turned out to be a country producing some pretty famous rabbis  who usually established these schools of learning.  Elijah ben Solomon Zalman (1720-1797), better known as the  Vilna Gaon was very well known.                                       

Torah study in Poland in the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, along with the literary creativity that grew up around it, constituted an extraordinary phenomenon in Jewish culture, directly connected to the institution of the yeshiva. Unlike the Ashkenazic yeshiva of the Middle Ages, which was the private preserve of the rector (the rosh ha-yeshivah or resh metivta) and was conducted without any direct connection to the

community, the yeshiva in Eastern Europe in the early modern period was a decidedly communal institution, financed and managed by the community. Usually, the yeshiva was directed by the rabbi of the community.

This is how a young man gained respect among his peers, being an intelligent student.  

     Holocaust: bodies piled up from death by gassing

Anti-Semitism developed like COVID in the 1930s culminating in the Holocaust from 1939-1945 killing 6 million Jews; men, women and children.       

Israel was reborn on May 14,  1948 and all able bodies turned into soldiers once again to defend their lives and the lives of their families from another enemy, the Palestinians and neighboring Muslim countries.  The days of fighting are upon Jews living in the Middle East once again.  This IDF soldier is doing his morning prayers.  

Even women are in the IDF guarding their country.  

 Women are becoming rabbis.  This one is in France.  

Resource:

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia

http://litvakai.mch.mii.lt/religious_tradition/rabbinical_works.htm

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism/The-Roman-period-63-bce-135-ce

https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Rabbinate/The_Rabbinate_before_1800

  

Jews of Argentina Facing Level of Brutal Home Invasion Anti-Semitic Attack

Nadene Goldfoot                                                 

This is the Ashkenazi rabbi of Argentina
which means his roots were from Germany and central and eastern Europe.
His language would be Yiddish, a mixture of German and Hebrew.  Of course
he would also speak Spanish in Argentina.  

Today we see much anti-Semitism coming from Argentina against the Jews living there. I am writing this after reading about a home invasion of anti-Semites who beat up the owner, a rabbi which put him in the hospital with a very serious injury from a violent beating!   His wife was tied up during this attack which ended with robbing the couple as well.   Anti-Semitism, when it injures Jews, has gone way too far and it's time for a halt as it has been going on far too long.  Illogical hatred, picking on a people, bullying, only gets worse and worse like a plague. Every day one reads about it happening somewhere in the world, usually in Europe, and now in South America as well.

 It was the Jews who were tortured by Spain and Portugal that made it to Argentina in the 16th century called Marranos, the hidden Jews.  Today we call such people the Anusim.  They were from Jewish families living in Spain during the Spanish Inquisition who had refused to submit to forced Christian conversion, so had to leave the country or face death.  They went to Portugal only to face the same consequences about a year later.  Now, they had converted, but wanted to and continued to practice what Judaism they could, which meant their work times, holiday celebration and diet. These Jews were ultimately absorbed into the Christian population.
                                                                       

1889, 130  Jewish families arrived by ship SS Weser to Argentina from Russia

By the 19th century, the first groups of Jewish traders came from the countries of western and central Europe.  The first Jewish community in Argentina in Buenos Aires as founded in 1862.  The main group of Eastern European Jews began only in the 1880s at a time many also made aliyah to Palestine while  others opted for the USA.   This is because conditions were so bad in Eastern Europe with many pogroms going on against Jews, especially in Russia.

Below, how Jews had to defend themselves in the colonies.  You tube listed below about it.
                                                                       

Baron  Maurice de Hirsch (1831-1896)
German Jew, born in Munich, Germany, settled in Paris,railroad builder,
philanthropist Worked towards improving the economic situation of Eastern European Jewry, founded schools for them, opposed by Russian government so went elsewhere.  With L2 million capital, all from his own pocket, set up the Jewish Colonization Association  (ICA ) to establish Jewish agricultural colonies in Argentina and elsewhere.
 

In 1889, 136 families arrived from the Ukraine with the intention of setting on the land.  In 1891, Baron de Hirsch's plan for the mass settlement of Jews on the soil of Argentina was initiated.  In spite of the large amount of capital invested, the scheme was not successful.  We usually hear of this happening in Palestine, not in the diaspora.  It was Hirsch's hope to fight against anti-Semitism. 
                                                                       

Jews from Europe in Argentina 1901 

Groups of Jews immigrated to Argentina increased after World War I.  A large Spanish-speaking Sephardi immigration from Mediterranean lands was also stimulated by the similarity of language, naturally.  240,000 Jewish immigrants entered Argentina from 1881 to 1951.

"Argentina kept its doors open to Jewish immigration until 1938, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazis in Germany began to take more actions against Jews, and tensions rose across Europe in preparation for war. The government imposed new regulations on immigration; it was severely curtailed at a time of increasing persecution of Jews and the outbreak of World War II, when Jews sought a safe haven from the Nazis."  I believe most Catholic countries asked for papers showing they 
were Catholic or they couldn't enter, like baptism papers.  


In 1940, there were 25 Jewish colonies in Argentina with 28,000 settlers, but during the economic boom of the 1940s,  many moved to the towns, and by 1990, few Jews were engaged in cultivating the land.  This is one of the first experiences for Jews, as usually in Europe they were not allowed to buy land at all, and thus become farmers.

Nazis moved to Argentina after WWII. " Even those accused of the most heinous crimes, such as Ante Pavelic (whose Croatian regime murdered hundreds of thousands of Serbs, Jews and Gypsies), Dr. Josef Mengele (whose cruel experiments are the stuff of nightmares) and Adolf Eichmann(Adolf Hitler's architect of the Holocaust) were welcomed with open arms. During World War Two, Argentina clearly favored the Axis because of close cultural ties with Germany, Spain, and Italy. This is not surprising, as most Argentines were of Spanish, Italian, or German descent.  It's no wonder then why they have been so active today against Jews.  

In 1990, the Jewish population was 228,000, mostly living in Buenos Aires, with 15,000 in Rosario and 10,000 in Cordova.  Argentina has the largest Sephardi segment in Latin America with about 35,000.

The Jews of Argentina have played an important pat in the development of industry and commerce.  They are probably still very active in this.
                                                                           
As for politics, the Jews here and their connections with other Jews are in the hands of a  delegation of Jewish organizations such as DAIA (Delegacion de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas) a representative body of Argentine Jews, formed in Buenos aires by 11 organizations back in 1934 as a committee to fight anti-Semitism.  It now deals with political matters of common Jewish interest and maintains ties with affiliated Jewish communities in other countries. Every section of Jewry is affiliated.

The central Ashkenazi body is AMIA.     The Vaad ha-Kehillot, the national organization of Jewish communities, coordinates the provincial communities.  
                                                                           

The recent anti-Semitic act " which shocks me to read about this morning, is that

Jewish groups condemn attack after Rabbi Gabriel Davidovich assaulted and wife restrained in Buenos Aires home; attackers shout ‘we know you are AMIA’s rabbi.’ "   To think that the populace of Buenos Aires goes after a rabbi is horrendous.  He is not teaching anything different from the Sephardic rabbi.  It's pure anti-Semitism, picking on the newest member with the smallest congregation  of the Jewish community in their eyes.  They're going after these Jews first, and next will be the DAIA group-the Sephardis.  

"On March 17, 1992 a suicide bomber drove a pickup truck loaded with explosives into the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, completely destroying it and other buildings nearby. Overall, 29 people were killed and hundreds were injured. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the bombing and stated that it was in retaliation for the assassination of Hezbollah Secretary General, Sayed Abbas al-Musawi. When evidence emerged in 1998 suggesting that Iran orchestrated the attack, arrest warrants were issued for six Iranian diplomats, who promptly left Argentina."

"Then, two years later, in July 1994, a truck loaded with explosives drove into the seven-story AMIA building (Argentine Israelite Mutual Association), a focal point of the Jewish community in Buenos Aires. Eighty-five, mostly Jewish people, died and around 300 were injured"

There are 71 Jewish primary and secondary schools in Great Buenos Aires and 27 schools in the provinces.  Argentine Jewry maintains a number of Yiddish cultural institutions although the number of Yiddish speakers has declined in recent decades.  Various Jewish newspapers are published, the largest being La Luz, which appears every two weeks.  

There is considerable Zionist activity.  Emigration to Israel, the U.S. and other Latin American countries and assimilation have led to a drop in the Jewish population over the past 20 years.  

Resource:  https://www.timesofisrael.com/argentina-chief-rabbi-severely-beaten-in-anti-semitic-home-invasion/?fbclid=IwAR38Jpoj1b7TLAOJl5fZ9BvOoKjotavvB_9vGzm_4HFH7UQ9o-Qli5GJdd0
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Antisemitism/Chief-Rabbi-of-Argentina-violently-beaten-in-his-home-581772
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1RmhiTFyqc  You tube about colonies-by American with roots
https://wander-argentina.com/jewish-argentina/
https://www.thoughtco.com/why-did-argentina-accept-nazi-criminals-2136579