The Worst American Anti- Semite Of All

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                         

People of today will be very surprised to find out that Henry Ford did more to cause anti-Semitism than even General Patton.  "Henry Ford was a prominent American industrialist whose promotion of severe antisemitism significantly amplified hate speech and conspiracy theories in the United States and abroad."  What is sickening are the Jews who worked making Fords, or mechanics working only on Fords who were Jews during any years, because they had a good job. Dearborn is an inner-ring suburb of Detroit in Wayne County, Michigan. 

Key Facts About Dearborn

Population: Approximately 110,000 residents (ranking as the seventh-largest city in Michigan).  Automotive Roots: Known globally as the hometown of Henry Ford and the headquarters of the Ford Motor Company

                                                   

The Dearborn Independent and "The International Jew"

The Newspaper: In 1918, Ford purchased a local weekly paper, The Dearborn Independent, which grew to reach a circulation of nearly 900,000 readers by 1926. Ford Motor Company dealerships were heavily pressured to distribute and sell subscriptions to the public.  Antisemitic Content: Beginning in May 1920, the paper published a multi-year series of articles titled "The International Jew: The World's Problem".
 The articles heavily relied on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion—a notorious 20th-century Russian forgery—falsely claiming a global Jewish conspiracy controlled banking, media, politics, and cultural shifts like jazz, movies, and modern social mores. Book Publication: The articles were later compiled and distributed into four bound volumes translated into multiple languages, including German.  Talk about  a brain-washing.  
Ford was a conspiracy theorist who drew on a long tradition of false allegations against Jews. Ford claimed that Jewish internationalism posed a threat to traditional American values, which he deeply believed were at risk in the modern world. Part of his racist and antisemitic legacy includes the funding of square-dancing in American schools because he hated jazz and associated its creation with Jewish people In 1920, Ford wrote, "If fans wish to know the trouble with American baseball they have it in three words—too much Jew.
In 1918, Ford purchased his hometown newspaper, The Dearborn Independent. In early 1920, Ford procured a copy of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an infamously antisemitic fabricated text. He instructed the editors at the Independent to adapt the material in the Protocols to appeal to American audiences.^] Later in 1920, Ford's paper began publishing a series of articles in the paper, claiming a vast Jewish conspiracy was affecting America. The series ran in 91 issues. Every Ford dealership nationwide was required to carry the paper and distribute it to its customers. Ford later bound the articles into four volumes entitled The International Jew: The World's Foremost Problem, which was translated into multiple languages and distributed widely across the US and Europe, selling more than 500,000 copies The International Jew blamed nearly all the troubles it saw in American society on Jews. The Independent ran under Ford's ownership until its closure in 1927. With around 700,000 readers of his newspaper, Ford emerged as a "spokesman for right-wing extremism and religious prejudice.
In Germany, Ford's The International Jew, the World's Foremost Problem was published by Theodor Fritsch, founder of several antisemitic parties and a member of the Reichstag, influencing German antisemitic discourse. In a letter written in 1924, Heinrich Himmler described Ford as "one of our most valuable, important, and witty fighters". Ford is the only American mentioned favorably in Hitler's autobiography Mein Kampf, which appeared five years after Ford's antisemitic pamphlets were published in book form.
Impact and Influence on Adolf Hitler
Admiration by the Nazis: Ford's writings deeply influenced the early Nazi party. Adolf Hitler praised Ford in Mein Kampf (1925), kept a portrait of Ford in his office, and translated The International Jew into German during the 1920s. Hitler viewed Ford as a leader of a fascist movement in the United States.
Nazi Honors: In July 1938, on Ford's 75th birthday, Hitler awarded him the Grand Cross of the German Eagle, the highest decoration the Nazi regime could bestow on a foreign national.
Lawsuit, Apology, and Legacy
The Sapiro Lawsuit: In 1927, lawyer Aaron Sapiro filed a high-profile libel lawsuit against Ford over the antisemitic articles.  Closure and Apology: Facing intense pressure, a public backlash, and potential financial ruin, Ford shut down The Dearborn Independent in December 1927 and issued a signed retraction and apology, though he largely distanced himself from personal accountability for the publication's contents.
Cultural & Demographic Identity: Dearborn  is widely recognized as a major center of Arab American culture, featuring a large Lebanese and Iraqi population, vibrant commercial thoroughfares like Warren Avenue, the Arab American National Museum, and the Islamic Center of America.
Geography & Layout: The city is divided roughly into East Dearborn (known for its dense Arab-American community and culinary spots) and West Dearborn (featuring residential neighborhoods and commercial areas)
 Despite his intense public campaign of hate, Ford also employed Jewish individuals (such as his chief architect Albert Kahn), and maintain complex personal relationships with local figures like Detroit's Rabbi Leo Franklin.  it was money that blinded them;  that and the needs of their family.  
 Following Kristallnacht in 1938, Ford expressed verbal sympathy for Jewish refugees seeking entry into the U.S. within quotas, even as his earlier published propaganda continued to be reprinted and weaponized by white supremacist and nationalist groups. 
 He opposed his country's entry into World War II, and served for a time on the board of the America First Committee. After his son Edsel died in 1943, Ford resumed control of the company, but was too frail to make decisions and quickly came under the control of several of his subordinates. He turned over the company to his grandson Henry Ford II in 1945. Upon his death in 1947, he left most of his wealth to the Ford Foundation and control of the company to his family.
What kind of 2-facedness has he shown?  It's again, my opinion, but that's how he used  to snow his parents, I feel, back-tracking, saying he didn't mean it.  I don't know why, but this guy used Jews as the scapegoat of all problems he encountered while getting to tell the world it was he, Henry Ford, who discovered this.  
Resource;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford

Scapegoat Of The World

 Nadene Goldfoot                                               

Israel is now not only the scapegoat of the world, but also of the United States Of America.  Trump has stated that he would like to withdraw money for Israel, and  Vance has joined him in blaming prices on Israel as well.  How quick "friends" are. President Donald Trump's surprise announcement that the U.S. will cut off nearly $4 billion in annual military aid to Israel has come under intense new scrutiny following the 2026 midterm elections, which resulted in a Democratic sweep of both chambers of Congress.  

Energy Prices: Brent crude has remained volatile and elevated (crossing past $113/barrel during recent escalations), while war-risk insurance premiums for transit through the strait remain historically high.                                      

Four-Point Strategy: Vance outlined four key adjustments the party needs to make to win back voters who switched to Democrats, explicitly listing: (1) ending the war in Iran, (2) focusing on the cost of living and inflation, (3) putting America first, and (4) "changing our relationship to Israel"

Following the Republican Party's losses in the November 2026 midterm elections, Vice President JD Vance blamed the war in Iran and the U.S. relationship with Israel for alienating voters and causing the party to lose control of Congress.

During a campaign event on Thursday in Washington D.C., former President Donald Trump, the GOP presidential nominee for 2024, said he would partially blame Jewish voters if he loses the election to Democratic nominee Vice President Kamala Harris.  “[I]f I don’t win this election…[then] the Jewish people would have a lot to do with a loss,” Trump said in his speech, which took place at an event supposedly denouncing antisemitism.

 Trump has proved himself to be two-faced for sure.  Israel is no longer valuable to him.  Even many Jews that had voted for him voted for the Democrat ticket this time.  He had "put his foot into it" once too many times of his Emperor standing and people do not appreciate it.  Following sweeping Democratic victories in the U.S. midterm elections, the relationship between Israel and the Democratic Party is undergoing a historic and profound shift, driven by growing criticism of Israeli military actions and a sharp decline in public support among Democratic voters. 

He's talking about the arch he wants built, the Trump Arch at the entrance of the Veteran Cemetery.  Someone was brave enough to say it was just his ego that is to be flattered.  The Proposal: President Trump proposed building a 250-foot-tall "triumphal arch" at Memorial Circle, located between the Lincoln Memorial and the entrance to Arlington National Cemetery. Designed to commemorate the nation's 250th anniversary, the structure would feature winged Lady Liberty figures and an eternal flame, though critics and opponents have labeled it a vanity project or a monument to the president.  It had been approved and now has been blocked with change in House and Senate.  

                                                                           

        And what about the dazzling gold appliqués, gold leaf and gold trim?  President Donald Trump has extensively redecorated the Oval Office during his second term, transforming the space with heavy gilding and ornate gold-trimmed decor.  This must be where all the people's money went.  It's why you see high prices.  Gold all over the Oval Office.  

 He also wants  a change in the building plans he has had demolished and hasn't replaced as yet.  He's out to spend all the money he can before his term is up. President Donald Trump signed a proclamation and executive action declaring the Oval Office, Outer Oval Office, and Cabinet Room the "Oval Office National Monument" to legally protect his decorative and structural changes from future alterations.

 Construction on President Donald Trump's $600 million White House ballroom project has officially "topped out," reaching its final structural height of 51 feet on the site of the demolished East Wing.  Milestone Reached: On November 4, 2026 (the day after the midterm elections), Trump signed the final structural steel beam before workers hoisted it into place. Designed by Shalom Baranes, the 90,000-square-foot neoclassical complex replaces the razed East Wing. It features a 22,000-square-foot ballroom with a seating capacity of about 1,000 and 40-foot ceilings, office space for the First Lady, a replacement movie theater, and a multi-level underground national security center. Trump also announced that rare statuary marble for the floors has been selected and ordered.  President Donald Trump has made his mark on the White House in many ways -- including the massive ballroom construction project and the several gold touches he's added throughout the West Wing.  Fresh off a midterm election defeat, Trump signed a proclamation Thursday aiming to prevent future presidents from making major changes to the Oval Office and the Cabinet Room.  "We've had tremendous victory in this office," Trump said. "So we're making it a national monument, and it will not be allowed to be touched by anybody, destroyed, ripped down by stupid people, in order to build something in a slightly different shape." The proclamation designates the Oval Office, the outer Oval Office and the Cabinet Room as a national monument, which Trump said will make them "impossible to knock down and change in any meaningful way."

All this from a president with 2 years left, knowing that he has left Israel holding the bag, in the form of a scapegoat. Public Blame and Midterm Fallout: Following the Republican Party's defeat in the November 2026 midterm elections, Vice President JD Vance and administration figures faced internal and external criticism for shifting political blame onto foreign policy outcomes and the U.S.–Israel alliance, leading commentators to push back against making Israel a scapegoat for domestic or strategic setbacks.Diplomatic Distance: High-level communication between Washington and Jerusalem has cooled, with reports indicating a breakdown in direct contact between President Trump and Prime Minister Netanyahu over differing strategies regarding regional conflicts, Saudi normalization deals, and military actions involving Iran.

Following the 2026 midterm elections, Muslim Americans celebrated a historic milestone as Democrat Abdul El-Sayed won Michigan's U.S. Senate race, becoming the first Muslim elected to the U.S. Senate, voted in also by many Jews.  Yes, voters handed Democrats control of both chambers of Congress, creating a vital check on Trump’s presidency that substantially disempowers him in the last two years of his second term.

Resource:

https://jewishbubba.blogspot.com/2026/11/abdul-el-sayed-fierce-critic-of-israel.html

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/ma6FvkS2_sM

https://jewishbubba.blogspot.com/2026/11/netanyahu-viewed-as-scapegoat-for.html

NBC

Christian Science Monitor

Marcus Aurelius's Beliefs (Stoic Emperor) and How It Affects Jews

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                

Jews and their beliefs of Monotheism different from other life over 4,000 years ago, which was mostly all polytheistic.  Jews had a set of rules;  613 of them to be exact with the Ten Commandments known to most all people living today.  The rules were brought to the Jews, in those days called the Israelites,  by Moses, who got them directly from G-d and Moses wrote them down.  Then along came a Roman Emperor (161-169 CE) quite different from previous ones, most likely affected also by the new ideas of Christianity, Marcus Aurelius.

Rome had taken over the land from the Greeks and Alexander the Great who was so good to Jews, so by the year   Roman Emperor Claudius (reigned 41–54 C.E.) generally maintained traditional religious rights and favored specific Jewish leaders, but he also expelled Jews from Rome and curbed assemblies to keep public order.  Nero (reigned 54–68 CE): Took the throne after Claudius. While his wife Poppaea Sabina interceded on behalf of Jewish priests on multiple occasions, Nero famously launched a brutal, localized wave of persecution against Christians in Rome after the Great Fire of 64 CE

Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ ruled from (161-169 CE) full name was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, and Jewish tradition identifies him with the benevolent Roman ruler,  Antonius , mentioned in the Talmud. (Some scholars equate Antoninus with different Roman leaders, including the Emperor Elagabalus.)

  (Talmud=records of Academic discussions  and how judges shared  them).  The Babylonian Talmud was one of 2 written,   the most popular, and the other one was the Palestinian Talmud on the Jewish Law  The Talmuds were about these  generations of scholars who interpreted the Jewish Law.  They all were the Einstein's of their day.                                  

 

   Emperor Antonius Pius---Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius19 September 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from AD 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the Five Good Emperors from the Nerva–Antonine dynasty and also the fourth of the six adoptive emperors.  

According to tradition, the future emperor Antonius developed a deep affection for the Jewish people as an infant, following an extraordinary episode involving his mother and the great Jewish leader Rabbi Shimon ben Gamliel II. At the time, Rabbi Shimon ben Gamliel and his wife had a newborn son, Yehuda, whom they circumcised (when 8 days old)  in defiance of the Roman Empire’s harsh decrees restricting Jewish life. Summoned before Roman authorities, the couple traveled to Rome with their baby.                                                                   

Rabbi Shimon ben Gamliel was renowned for his wisdom and kindness among Jews and Gentiles alike, and along the journey many people offered assistance—including Antonius’ mother. In a daring act, she exchanged her own infant son with Yehuda.  (The baby might be taken from the parents and killed by the emperor.  It was circumcised against the law of Rome.)

When Rabbi Shimon ben Gamliel and his wife presented the baby Antonius before the Roman judges, the authorities were astonished: the child was not circumcised. The couple was released, and on their return journey the newborns were switched back. At that moment, the two mothers pledged that their sons would remain lifelong friends.

Antonius later became Emperor of Rome, succeeding his uncle in the year 161 CE. Yehuda, meanwhile—now Rabbi Yehuda, known simply as “Rabbi” because of his greatness—succeeded his father as Nasi, leader of the Jewish people in the Land of Israel, in 163 CE. As distinguished leaders of their respective worlds, Rabbi and Antonius maintained a close relationship, bound by a shared love of philosophy. The Talmud describes Antonius seeking Rabbi Yehuda’s counsel on matters of governance.

The period of Marcus Aurelius’ rule is often described as a golden age of Jewish life in the Land of Israel. Roman authorities generally allowed Jewish life to continue with little interference. During this time, Rabbi Yehuda the Nasi established a major yeshiva in Beit She’arim in the Galilee, which became a leading center of Jewish intellectual life. While Marcus Aurelius ruthlessly persecuted Christians in the Land of Israel, he did not target Jews in the same way.

Bust of Marcus Aurelius, AD 161-169, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (© Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY 2.5)

Marcus Aurelius is known to have visited the Land of Israel on more than one occasion. One of his first acts as emperor was to wage war against the Parthian Empire (in present-day Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia), using the Land of Israel as a forward base from which to rally troops. Roman soldiers returning from these campaigns brought plague with them. Marcus Aurelius took steps to protect Jews in the Land of Israel, ensuring they were not scapegoated by soldiers or others.

At the same time, the later Roman historian Marcellinus recorded that Marcus Aurelius harbored negative views of the Jews, writing that he considered them “to be worse than” a number of other despised minorities. In 175, Avidus Cassius, Rome’s governor of Syria—which included the Land of Israel—declared himself emperor. Many local Jews supported his rebellion. Marcus Aurelius crushed the revolt with extreme brutality, killing Cassius along with many of his Jewish supporters.  (What the?-so Cassius betrayed Marcus who could be brutal now, and too bad that Jews were on the wrong side as he saw it.)

When Marcus Aurelius was eleven years old, he adopted the distinctive dress of ancient Roman philosophers. After a youth spent exploring philosophy and the arts, he embraced the ancient Greek philosophy of Stoicism as a guiding principle for his life.

“Stoics think that each of us are finite, limited beings,” explains Prof. Ralph Wedgwood, director of the School of Philosophy and professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California. “There are a few things we can control and other things we can’t control, and we should keep track of those things and have different attitudes toward those domains. That’s the goal of life: to have this accurate understanding and to be guided by it.”

Stoicism regards emotions such as fear, anger, and grief as “irrational” distractions from what truly matters. Marcus Aurelius subscribed to the Stoic ideal that a state of tranquility—ataraxia in Greek—should be humanity’s highest goal.

Some aspects of Stoic philosophy find parallels in Jewish thought, including curiosity, a willingness to learn about the world around us, and self-awareness. Yet Judaism diverges from Stoicism in fundamental ways. Where Stoicism emphasizes an unalterable fate, Judaism stresses the power of human action: each person can shape their own life and influence the world through choices, acts of kindness, Jewish learning, charity, good deeds, and prayer.

Judaism teaches that each individual has a unique and burning purpose to fulfill. 

Entirely absent from Stoic philosophy—and from Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations—is the Jewish conception of the Divine, and the understanding that every person is an equally vital part of the universe, entrusted with a mission that only they can carry out.  Nearly 2,000 years later, Marcus Aurelius remains a figure of enduring fascination. (My apologies;  I doubt if all of us Jews knew that we were to carry out a special mission in life, and it is  good to know.) 

Resource:

https://aish.com/roman-emperor-marcus-aurelius-and-the-jews/?utm_source=googlegrants&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=19561819333&utm_term=&gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=24351647003&gbraid

Caliphates and Empires Ruling Judah From 750 CE to 1917

 Nadene Goldfoot                                             

• The Abbasid Caliphate ruled a vast Islamic empire from 750 to 1258 A.D., centered in Baghdad. The Abbasid era was a Golden Age for Islamic art and science, preserving and expanding classical knowledge.The fall of Baghdad in 1258 ended the Abbasid Caliphate's power, but its cultural legacy lived on.

ʿAbbasid caliphate, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 ce and reigned as the Abbasid caliphate until it was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258.

Or, some people say that the Abbasid Caliphate was the third major Islamic caliphate, ruled by the Abbasid dynasty from 750 CE to 1258 CE.  a total o 508 years, but The historical region of Judah (part of Palestine/the Holy Land) was under Abbasid-affiliated rule for a total of 192 years, split across two main time periods.  The relationship between the Abbasid Caliphate and the historical geographic region of Judah (known during the Islamic era as Jund Filastin, or the province of Palestine) spans the 8th through 13th centuries. Because the ancient Kingdom of Judah no longer existed as a political entity by this time, the intersection of these two concepts centers on Abbasid geopolitical rule over the region and their administrative relationship with the Jewish population.

2. Religious & Administrative Status of Jews

Under Abbasid Islamic law, Jews living in the territory of Judah and across the wider empire were classified as dhimmis (protected non-Muslim monotheists-2nd class citizens). 

• Autonomy and Taxation: Jews were granted religious freedom and a degree of internal judicial autonomy. In return, they were required to pay a poll tax (jizya) and a land tax (kharaj). [1]
• Institutional Shift: During this era, the global center of Jewish authority shifted away from the Land of Israel toward the Abbasid capital. The Geonim (the leaders of the rabbinic academies of Sura and Pumbedita) and the Exilarch relocated to Baghdad. From there, they institutionalized the authority of the Babylonian Talmud over Jewish communities worldwide, eclipsing the older traditions of the Jerusalem Talmud. 

3. Abbasid Focus on Jerusalem

While the region was governed as a province, the Abbasid caliphs retained a strong ideological and religious interest in Jerusalem. Several early caliphs, including the empire's founder Al-Mansur and Al-Ma'mun, financed the restoration of the Haram al-Sharif (Temple Mount) complex after regional earthquakes, solidifying Islamic presence on the site of the ancient Judean Temples.

After the fall of the central Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad—culminating in the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258 CE and later the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517—political power in the Islamic world fragmented into several major empires and regional dynasties.

                                       Major Successor Powers

• Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517): Based in Cairo, Egypt, the Mamluks defeated the Mongols, took in surviving Abbasid family members as ceremonial caliphs (1261–1517), and ruled Egypt, the Levant, and the Hejaz. The Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517) ruled over the historical region of Judah (Judea/Palestine) for nearly three centuries, treating it as an administrative district within the larger province of Bilad al-Sham (Islamic Syria) governed from Damascus. During this era, the official name "Judah" or "Judea" was not used; instead, the Mamluks divided the Holy Land into six city-based districts, including Jerusalem, Hebron, Gaza, Ramla, Nablus, and Safed. 
• Ilkhanate (1206–1353): A southwestern branch of the Mongol Empire that ruled over Persia, Iraq, and surrounding regions after destroying Baghdad.  It never held permanent control over the region of Judah (Palestine/the Levant). Instead, Judah served as a heavily contested borderland between the Ilkhanate and their primary rivals, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt,              
  
  
  
• The Ottoman Empire controlled the ancient land of Judah (the Land of Israel / Palestine) from 1517 to 1917, following Sultan Selim I’s defeat of the Mamluks. Ottoman Empire (1299–1923): Originating in Anatolia,Turkey in Asia Minor, Jews lived here already had a synagogue in the old capital of Brusa in 1326. There was a conquest of Jewish communities and Salonica was captured in 1430.  and Constantinople in 1453.  After 1492, the sultans opened the gates of the Ottoman Empire to the Jewish refugees from Spain; later from Portugal and other lands and now the Turkish Jewish community was Sephari and became important to Judean Jews. The Ottomans eventually conquered the Mamluks in 1517, claimed the caliphate, and built a vast empire spanning southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.The Ottoman Empire conquered the Land of Israel (historical Judea) from the Mamluks in 1517 and ruled it until 1917.  Conquest: Sultan Selim I defeated the Mamluks and took control of the region in 1517 (with Jerusalem falling in 1516–1517).  End of Rule: The Sultans applied the normal Moslem code against the Jews (2nd class citizens) but not strictly.  Thus persons such as Joseph Nasi and Solomon Ashkenazi were able to exercise great influence in the state.  After the 16th century, circumstances were not  so favorable.  Anti-Jewish restrictions were being were applied more rigidly, but there was no general reaction.  Even the pseudo-messianic movement of SHABBETAI TZEVI, who could have been charged with disloyalty, did not undermine the position of Turkish Jewry, though the outcome weakened it spiritually.  Down to the 19th century, the position of the community remained almost no longer seemed especially enlightened as compared with other countries.  It was the 3rd largest empire in the world.  Pop. 350,000 by 1900.  The losing of the empire meant Judeans were under different rulers that were worse.  This continued to the Balkan War and World War I.  when the Turkish Empire was destroyed.  Ottoman rule in the region ended in 1917 during World War I when British forces captured Jerusalem and Palestine.   
•                               Unimportant Empires
• Timurid Empire (1307–1507): Founded by Timur (Tamerlane) in Greater Iran and Central Asia, famous for its patronizing of arts, architecture, and science. Even during Timur's massive military expansions into the Levant around 1400–1401 CE, his forces only advanced as far south as Aleppo and Damascus in modern-day Syria. The Timurid army sacked these northern cities but never marched further south into the historic geographic region of Judah (modern-day Israel and the Palestinian territories), which remained under the control of the Mamluk Sultanate
• Safavid Empire (1501–1722): Established in Iran, it established Twelver Shi'ism as the state religion and shaped the modern identity of Iran. 
• Mughal Empire (1526–1858): A gunpowder empire in the Indian subcontinent founded by descendants of the Timurids and Mongols. Baghdadi Jewish Trade Networks.  Beginning in the late Mughal era, Jewish merchants fleeing persecution in the Middle East—many tracking their lineage directly back to the Babylonian captivity of Judah—established thriving trading ports in Mughal India. These communities, known as the Baghdadi Jews, later became central economic pillars under both late Mughal and British colonial administration, dominating trade networks in silk, indigo, and spices.  

• As the Mughal Empire expanded, Persian-speaking Jewish merchants, mystics, and travelers migrated into India. The most prominent figure connecting Jewish tradition to the Mughal throne was Sarmad Kashani, a 17th-century Armenian Jewish merchant who converted to Islam (and later adopted Sufism). Sarmad became a highly influential spiritual guide and close adviser to Dara Shikoh, the crown prince and eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan. During the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir, a court scholar named Niamat Ullah Harvi compiled the Makhzan-e-Afghani (1612 CE). This text popularized a theory that the Pashtun people of Afghanistan and Pakistan were descended from the Lost Tribes of Israel and Judah. While modern genetics and historical consensus do not support this lineage, it reflects how elite Mughal historians explicitly integrated Israelite and Judean biblical genealogies into their own regional origins.                                             
  
  Suleiman I (6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent, was the Ottoman sultan from 1520 to 1566. The longest reign, 46 years,  among the Ottoman sultans. His rule brought about a notable peak in the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power, and raised the number of the empire's subjects to at least 25 million people.

Imperial Expansion & Safe Haven (16th–17th Centuries): Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent rebuilt Jerusalem’s city walls. Sephardic Jewish refugees flourished in regional centers like Safed, which became the global hub of Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism).                               

Old Yishuv & Zionist Aliyah (19th Century): The Jewish population grew steadily throughout the 1800s. Driven by European pogroms, the First Aliyah (1882) and Second Aliyah (1904) brought thousands of Zionist pioneers who founded modern agricultural settlements and revived spoken Hebrew.  Here, the fall of Jerusalem to British.    During the First Aliyah (1882–1903), Jewish settlers primarily hired local Arab guards (often including Bedouin tribesmen and mainly Circassians) to ride horses, patrol fields, and protect their colonies (moshavot) from thieves and marauders. Their society is guided by the Adyghe Khabze (or Habze), an unwritten traditional code of honor, ethics, hospitality, duty, and respect.  Most Circassians are Sunni Muslims, though their traditions blend with pre-Christian and ancient folk beliefs.  Following the protracted Russo-Circassian War and the 1864 Circassian genocide carried out by the Russian Empire, about 95% of the population was expelled or exiled. [I had Circassian boys in my English class in Safed from 1980-1985.  They had to manage their language as well as Arabic and Hebrew and English. They were well behaved.  It was either in 8th or 9th grades].  

However, during the Second Aliyah (1904–1914), Jewish pioneers shifted toward a philosophy of total self-sufficiency (Hebrew Labor and Hebrew Guarding). This led to the creation of Jewish defense organizations, most notably                                                   

                                         Allenby riding into Jerusalem
                 

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• Fall of Ottoman Rule (1917): During World War I, British forces led by General Allenby captured Jerusalem, ending 400 years of Ottoman control. This coincided with the issuance of the British Balfour Declaration, which supported the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.The Date & Document:                                        
  
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• On November 2, 1917, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent a short, 117-word letter to Lord Lionel Walter Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, intended for transmission to the Zionist Federation.  
• The Core Promise: The letter stated that the British government viewed "with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people" and would use its best endeavors to facilitate this goal.  
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• The Caveat: The text included a clause stating that "nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine" (who made up over 90% of the population at the time), nor the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.  Jews all over seemed to worry about their status with the creation of a Jewish State. Chaim Weizmann, chemist, Zionist leader, international reputation for his discoveries to the fermentation of acetone-butyl, the manufacture of dyes and cancer-producing substances nd production of synthetic rubber rubber from organic substances of digestible proteins from vegetable matter. He saved Britain with his help on weapons, helping to win their war. The problem was that Faisal also had a horse in this race;  he had also helped Britain and felt they owed him.  
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•  Chaim Weizmann met with Emir Faisal/Hussein Ibn Feisal (1885-1933)—the son of Sharif Hussein of Mecca—at the Paris Peace Conference on January 3, 1919.  Husseini,; the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, was the opposition to peace, causing attacks on Jews.  Faisal and Weizmann had been getting along fine.  Feisal was king of Iraq from 1921, had led the Arab rising against Turkey from 1916-1918 and was designated King of Syria. Britain favored the Arabs more.