Ireland's Encounters With Anti-Semitism

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                  

Count George Noble Plunkett (3 December 1851 – 12 March 1948) was an Irish nationalist politician, museum director and biographer, who served as Minister for Fine Arts from 1921 to 1922, Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1919 to 1921 and Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann (head of parliament of Ireland)  in January 1919.

During July 1921 Count George Noble Plunkett, Dáil minister for foreign affairs, wrote a long letter to Éamon de Valera. In it Plunkett warned the Sinn Féin 

leader that republicans should be wary of too close a relationship with ‘the Jews’.  

Anglo-Irish Treaty:  Signed on December 6, 1921, this treaty established the Irish Free State as a dominion within the British Empire. The treaty gave the 26 counties of Ireland a parliament and significant fiscal autonomy.  Plunkett must have been feeling pretty frisky.  

Plunkett was influenced by religious anti-Semitism, conspiracy theories regarding Jewish power and anti-immigrant sentiment. But does his letter tell us anything about republican attitudes more widely? Anti-Semitism in Ireland remains a controversial subject. In one narrative, the 1904 Limerick ‘pogrom’ looms large, while the anti-Semitism of Sinn Féin’s founder Arthur Griffith and the IRA’s dealings with Nazi Germany are linked to modern-day republican hostility to Israel.

Starting with 1904:  The Limerick boycott, also known as the Limerick pogrom, was an economic boycott waged against the small Jewish community in Limerick, Ireland, between 1904 and 1906. It was accompanied by assaults, stone throwing and intimidation, which caused many Jews to leave the city. It was instigated in 1904 by a Redemptorist priest, Father John Creagh. According to a report by the Royal Irish Constabulary, five Jewish families left Limerick "owing directly to the agitation" while another 26 families remained.

A small number of Lithuanian Jewish tradespeople, fleeing persecution in their homeland, began arriving in Limerick in 1878. They formed an accepted part of the city's retail trade, centred on Colooney Street (now Wolfe Tone Street). The community established a synagogue and a cemetery in the 1880s. Easter Sunday of 1884 saw the first of what were to be a series of sporadic violent antisemitic attacks and protests. The wife of Lieb Siev and his child were injured by stones and her house damaged by an angry crowd for which the ringleaders were sentenced to hard labour for a month. In 1892 two families were beaten and a stoning took place on 24 November 1896.

In 1903, a reception was held in Limerick to mark the emigration of Bernard Wienronk to South Africa. The former Mayor of Limerick John Daly was asked to preside. He proposed a toast on the night to "Israel a Nation" Many details about Limerick's Jewish families are recorded in the 1901 census that shows most were pedlars, though a few were described as drapery dealers and grocers.

Many Lithuanian Jews had moved to Ireland, including our relatives, the Goldfus/Goldfoot line. They had first gone to Great Britain, then Ireland, and finally South Africa, where my grandfather had chosen the USA instead.  

My grandfather, Nathan Goldfus/Goldfoot, left Ireland  on June 9, 1893 and headed for Winnipeg, Canada.  Nathan had been living at 13 Arbutus Place, South  Circular Road, Dublin Ireland in 1893 when he married Lena Goldberg.  He must have divorced her, for he met our Bubba, Zlata Jermulowski, born in Lazdijai, Suwalki, Lithuania, but had eventually moved to Poland.  She finally got to  the USA through Idaho.                               

                        Ashkenazi   Yitzhak (Isaac) HaLevi Herzog (1921-1936)

I found this about the address where Nathan lived: ( "I (not my grandfather)  was born in 1949 in a nursing home located just down the street at 102 South Circular Road, Portobello, (now renumbered as no. 18), which house had been the home of the President’s father, the first Chief Rabbi of Ireland, Isaac Herzog, throughout the 1920s. (He later moved the short distance to 33, Bloomfield Avenue for the remaining years of his ministry here before becoming Chief Rabbi of Eretz Israel.) I was accordingly born in the same house where Chaim Herzog spent most of his Dublin childhood and where his gifted brother, the late Ya’acov Herzog, had been born in 1921."  

In 1936, he testified in front of the Peel Commission in London and participated in 1939 in the "London Conference of 1939" between Jews and Arabs from Mandatory Palestine, convened by the British government.

During the Arab Revolt, he called, together with other rabbis, for adherence to the Havlagah policy of the Haganah and for avoidance of acts of revenge.

Nathan left this address, at least 4 months later after February 21, 1893 when he married Lena.                                      

Genealogy of Herzog:  Isaac, 11th President of Israel -2021.  Son of former Israeli president Chaim Herzog, he is a lawyer by profession and had served as Government Secretary from 1999 to 2001.  He is the first son of an Israeli president to become president himself.

The first Chief Rabbi of Ireland, Isaac Herzog,   was born and raised in Ireland and his mother was born in Egypt; their families were of Eastern European Jewish descent (from Poland, Russia, and Lithuania). He has two brothers and a sister. His paternal grandfather, Rabbi Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, was the first Chief Rabbi of Ireland, a post he held from 1922 to 1935, and Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel from 1936 to 1959. The third foreign minister of Israel, Abba Eban, was his uncle.

Herzog served as rabbi of Belfast from 1916 to 1919 and was appointed rabbi of Dublin in 1919. A fluent Irish speaker, he supported the First Dáil and the Irish republican cause during the Irish War of Independence, and became known as "the Sinn Féin Rabbi".

Isaac (Yitzhak) "Bougie" Herzog was born in Tel Aviv. He is the son of Major-General Chaim Herzog, who served two terms as the Sixth President of Israel from 1983 to 1993, and Aura Ambache, founder of the Council for a Beautiful Israel. 

On 21 November 2024, the UN-backed International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former Defence Minister Yoav Gallant. Herzog condemned the ICC's decision, saying, "It ignores Hamas’s cynical use of its own people as human shields. It ignores the basic fact that Israel was barbarically attacked and has the duty and right to defend its people. It ignores the fact that Israel is a vibrant democracy, acting under international humanitarian law, and going to great lengths to provide for the humanitarian needs of the civilian population."

Mary Therese Winifred Robinson (Irish: Máire Mhic Róibín; née Bourke; born 21 May 1944) is an Irish politician who served as the seventh president of Ireland, holding the office from December 1990 to September 1997. She was the country's first female president. In 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Obama, the highest civilian honour awarded by the US.  The award was criticised by American and European Jewish groups, while others offered support. Parties opposed included the 1. AIPAC, 2. Anti-Defamation League, 3. European Jewish Congress, and 4. John Bolton, former US Ambassador to the UN. Bolton stated that those in the administration who recommended her either ignored her anti-Israel history, or missed it entirely.  Mary Robinson welcomes the decision by International Criminal Court Prosecutor Karim Khan to apply for arrest warrants against Hamas leaders and Israel's Prime Minister and Defence Minister. 

The Durban Review Conference, also known as Durban II, was a United Nations World Conference Against Racism (WCAR) held in Geneva, Switzerland from April 20–24, 2009: Durban’s racism-turned-racist conference that disgraced the UN.” "To many of us present at the events at Durban Conference-- , it is clear that much of the responsibility for the debacle rests on the shoulders of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson, who, in her role as secretary-general of the conference, failed to provide the leadership needed to keep the conference on track.

 For example, Robinson failed to confront the odious anti-Israel language adopted at the Tehran pre-conference of February 2001:

By appearing to condone the Asian conference’s efforts to place the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on the agenda of the World Conference, she betrayed its intentions and emboldened those intent on using the conference for their own political purposes. From that moment the conference began to take a dangerous trajectory that became ever more difficult to correct.

Mrs. Robinson’s intervention with the assembled delegates later in the same day left our delegation deeply shocked and saddened. In her remarks, she advocated precisely the opposite course to the one Secretary Powell and I had urged her to take. Namely, she refused to reject the twisted notion that the wrong done to the Jews in the Holocaust was equivalent to the pain suffered by the Palestinians in the Middle East. Instead, she discussed “the historical wounds of anti-Semitism and of the Holocaust on the one hand, and…the accumulated wounds of displacement and military occupation on the other.”

Resource:

Update:  One of Fox News hosts briefly mentioned this topic.  He said he was Irish and ashamed because of their antisemitism.  That Irish newscaster’s name is Brian Kilmead!

***** update on Republican party anti-Semitism in Ireland: https://www.politico.eu/article/in-ireland-sinn-fein-embraces-palestinians-and-shuns-israel/

https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/jewish-fenians-and-anti-semites-the-jewish-role-in-the-irish-fight-for-freedom-1.4526074

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Noble_Plunkett#:~:text=Count%20George%20Noble%20Plunkett%20(3,D%C3%A1il%20%C3%89ireann%20in%20January%201919.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson

https://unwatch.org/something-about-mary/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_in_the_United_Kingdom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_boycott

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_HaLevi_Herzog#:~:text=Herzog%20served%20as%20rabbi%20of,%22the%20Sinn%20F%C3%A9in%20Rabbi%22.

https://theelders.org/news/mary-robinson-welcomes-iccs-pursuit-accountability-israel-palestine-conflict

Descendants of Jewish Lithuanians: Up To Gaon of Vilna's Days

Nadene Goldfoot                                         

The most famous rabbi from Lithuania was the Gaon of Vilna.  His name was Elijah ben Solomon Zalman and he was born in 1720 and died in 1797.  He was an expert in the Talmud and was famous very early on for his scholarship.  
                                                                             
What was the world like that he had been born into?  His parents were Rabbi Shlomo-Zalman d: 1758 and Treina.  His mother came from the town of Seltz (today's Selets) near Grodno.  His father came from a prominent Vilna family.  The known male line started with Rabbi David Ashkenazy d: 1645.  He was known as the Rosh Yeshiva in Lemberg, Poland.  This could have been the same man known as Rabbi David, son of Mordekhai Ashkenazy .  David's son was Rabbi Moshe Kremer who died in 1688, who held the position of the chief rabbi of Vilna.  Moshe Kremer's son was Rabbi Eliyahu who died in 1710, known as Hassid due to his piety.  I was just doing some genealogy on one of the Gaon's descendants, a Kramer.  This may be the connection directly to this famous rabbi.  .

 How were Lithuanian Jews different from other Jews in other countries?  My grandmother, Zlata Jermulowske, was born in  Lazdijai which was on the border between Poland and Lithuania, but she wanted her children to know that she was a Litvak; and proud of it. In 1855 Lazdey had 1,546 Jews.  That was 60% of the population for that town.   My poor bobba could not read or write in any language, but she produced 2 grandchildren who were American PhDs and 3 teachers of elementary schools, and one of those PhDs taught in college as well. She produced a master's degree.  Zlata was proud of her Litvak heritage and their reputation.  A ggrandson is a veterinarian.  A ggrandson is a classical pianist.

Our grandfather Nathan Goldfus couldn't read or write English, that I know when he came to the states in 1900.  His town of Telzh had 3,209 Jews in 1855, 61% Jewish.  By the time he immigrated in 1897 there were 3,088 Jews there which had dropped to 51% of the town's pop

ulation.  Jews were leaving.  .                                                         

Lithuanian Jews did have a reputation.  They were known for their intellectual and rational attitudes.  They were also called the Cross Headsa, suggesting that they would be ready to strike out vertically and horizontally  in order to achieve his goal, or to cross check his findings in order to reach THE ABSOLUTE TRUTH.  This was seen not only in their daily life but in other times in the social-cultural strata, such as not falling for any FALSE MESSIAHS.  It's known they were against the Chassidism, and can probably thank the Gaon of Vilna for that, since he fought against it pretty hard.
                                                                           

Shtetl of Shkudvil, Lithuania 

They studied the Torah with diligence in the synagogues as well in the Yeshivoth Ketanoth and in the Great Yeshivoth.  Jewish Lithuania was famous for its great Yeshivoth of Slabodka in Telsiai (Telzh) where my grandfather lived.  They also had Yeshivote in Poniezh and Kelem where hundreds of foreign students also studied.

The Salant community was also well known because it was from here that the MUSAR (ETHICS) movement began an spread by Rabbi Yisrael Salanter whose principals were based on the idea of intellectual activity and knowledge in order to correct and improve the behavior of the individual.

Lithuanian Jewry was also known for fostering the HIBATH ZION MOVEMENT, and later by practially adopting the Zionist idea, and at the same time an almost simultaneous openness to the challenge of the HASKALAH or (ENLIGHTENMENT MOVEMENT.)  It didn't matter if it was in Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian or German.
                                                                     

Jews had developed impressive attributes and achievements as well as a special character within the Jewish world, developed alongside the prolonged struggles for their economic and civil rights among the ethnic Lithuanian population where they were born in those days in spite of the frequent changes of rulers.                                               

By the time our Gaon of Vilna was 20 he spent his time traveling among the Jewish communities of Poland and Germany and finally settled down in Vilna, Lithuania where he taught and later founded his own academy.

As we know, Jews were driven out of Judah in 70 CE by the Romans who burned down the 2nd Temple there and even Jerusalem, taking who they could has slaves to Rome.  Those were the first Ashkenazi Jews as they would then make their way to Germany eventually.
                                                                     

13 Century Jews of Germany

The first settlement of Jews into the Great Lithuanian Princedom, THE MAGNUS DECATUS LITHUANIAE, began in the 1300s by invitation only from the Grand dukes Gediminas and Vytaufas (Witold).  They extended invitations usually because they heard of the Jews' prowess at math and keeping records, helping other governments with their skills.

By 1388, one year after the Christian-Catholic religion was introduced all over Lithuania, the Catholics also granted the Jews a preferred civil status and incomparable bills of rights such as protecting their bodies and property;  freedom to keep their religious rituals;  significant alleviation in the field of commerce;  and money lending which was permitted in relation to their Christians.  There was even a special regulation to protect Jews against blood libels.
                                                                     

The Italian Christopher Columbus could have been Jewish.  He wrote to
his son in Hebrew.  His ships had a Jew or two on as sailors, getting out of Spain.  He sailed at the time of the Spanish Inquisition.  Maybe he was
related to the well known Jewish Kalonymus family in Italy.  

1492 when Columbus sailed the ocean blue-Spain kicked out all Jews from Spain unless they converted to Christianity.

Christianity got around very fast and furiously.  By 1495, the Grand Duke Alexander expelled all Jews from Lithuania, too!  Jews by then numbered more than 6,000 people.  The  government also took all their property as well!  That must have been a good political move, because 8 years later he was elected King of Poland.  They had a joint rule clause between these 2 countries.  Then he allowed the Lithuanian Jews to return to their homes-if they weren't already occupied- and gave them back only part of their property.  He left most of the privileges alone as they had been so that they reserved the legal, civil and economic status of the Jews which must be why they decided to return.
                                                                     

Lithuanian town

The townspeople were not impressed or happy to see them return.  They  were mostly from Germany and were organized now in merchant  and artisan unions and who had been enjoying the MAGDEBURG RIGHTS  and now they saw the returning Jews as competitors who had to be fought.

They brought about an edict DE NON TOLERANDIS JUDAEIS, making it forbidden to Jews to settle in Vilna or to trade there.  These insults to Jews by the urban Christians, even students of theological seminars, continued for hundreds of years.  Anti-Semitism was created.
                                                                           

It was different in another part of Lithuania, though.  The NW region, ZEMAITIJA/SAMOGITIA had ethnic Lithuanian tribes living there who had become Catholics much later in 1413 and han't yet become infected with anti-Semitism with a religious background.  Zamut Jews were in the business of customs and tax collection.  Another wave of Jews came and settled there after Vilna and Memel Jews were kicked out in 1567.

Feudalism reigned in Lithuania.  Most people made a living as farmers, breeding cattle and poultry, fishing in rivers and lakes and harvesting trees.  It was the Jews who were peddlers, and a few of them dealt in importing and exporting agricultural products.  Finally due to improved roads, taverns and storehouses were built near crossroads and river ports turned into villages and towns where many Jewish artists and merchants settled.

Until the 18th century, townships were granted to only 83 settlements.   and rights for commercial activity to 87 settlements.  Really, there was no big difference between a small and a big town.
                                                                         

Granddaughters of a Jewish family in Eisiskes, Lithuania at time of Holocaust

Most of the people were Christians.  Most believed in devils and ghosts and now THE JEW replaced these evil symbols.  It was very easy for the average Lithuanian to believe in the BLOOD LIBELS.  It's a phenomenon that continue to exist until only recently in Europe, and I see some in the Middle East like Syria are believers as well.  The Blood Libel is when someone accuses a Jew of using human blood in making food such as matzos, the flour and water cracker eaten during Passover.  It's disgusting!  Jews don't even eat blood accidentally when eating any meat!  It's a no no to Jews, part of our Kosher laws.  No Blood.
                                                                             

At the end of the 18th century there were several places where half of the population was Jewish and in a few even a decisive majority.  In urban areas, Jews lived in the JEWISH QUARTER, sometimes called THE JEWS' STREET, just like in Syria.  Jews outside this confined area remained strongly linked, connected to Jews in this confined area.  Western Russia had created THE PALE OF SETTLEMENT in many countries brought about through Catherine the Great.  She influenced these other countries where they held where many restrictive edicts and harsh limitations that  were imposed on the Jewish population.  These caused great hardships and continued until World War I 1914-1917.
                                                                           

Warsaw, Poland Uprising 

The Holocaust started earlier than the USA became involved.  The late 1930s were horrible times for Jews of Europe with Hitler's rising.  On the eave of this Shoah, there were about a quarter of a million Jews including the Vilna region and the refugees from Poland. They were only about 0.9% of the world's Jews during the 20 years of Lithuania's Independence.  As we already know, 6 million Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust.
                                                                         

1941 Jews being led away by Kovno, Lithuanian  militianman to the fort.   

References: https://jewishbubba.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-academic-wonder-gaon-of-vilna.html
 Preserving Our Litvak Heritage-a history of 31 Jewish communities in Lithuania by Josef Rosin, Joel Alpert, editor
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
Eliyahu's Branches-the Descendants of the Vilna Gaon and His Family by Chaim Freedman
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania

The Jews of South Africa

Nadene Goldfoot                                                                         

Johannesburg, South Africa; only the flag tells me this is not a picture of the USA.
The flag of South Africa was adopted on 27 April 1994, at the beginning of South Africa's 1994 general election, to replace the flag that had been used since 1928. The new national flag  was chosen to represent the new democracy.

Jews went to South Africa during the early 19th century. By 1992 they had a population of 120,000 Jews in South Africa. By July 2014, the core Jewish population was 70,000.  The expanded population was from 80,000 to 92,000 Jews.   The first synagogue built there was organized in Capetown in 1841.  Many of the Jewish settlers were traders and peddlers, traveling among the Boer farmers.  Later, they tended to move to towns.  Many Jews emigrated  to South Africa, including a number from Eastern Europe after gold was discovered toward the end of the 19th century.
                                                                               

Chief Rabbi Warren Goldstein at a Nelson Mandela Memorial Ceremony.
Despite vicious anti-Semitic rhetoric going on, he attended.  Mandela was very anti-Semitic.  Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. In September 1998, Mandela was appointed Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement, who held their annual conference in Durban. He used the event to criticise the "narrow, chauvinistic interests" of the Israeli government in stalling negotiations to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.  Notice, he put all the blame on Israel and not the Palestinians ruled by Arafat who would not make peace under any conditions offered.   Mandela faced  criticism from the West for his government's trade links to Syria, Cuba, and Libya,  and for his personal friendships with Fidel Castro and Muammar Gaddafi.  Now we see why he was against Israel and for the Arabs.  

 Johannesburg became the main center of Jewish settlement.  In South Africa, Jews enjoyed political equality in Cape Colony and Natal.  They had it in the Transvaal only after the 2nd Boer War.  The rabbis of the principal congregations in both Johannesburg (Jewish population: 63,620) and Cape Town (Jewish population  of Cape Peninsula: 28,000) have Chief Rabbis and 65 synagogues are affiliated to the Orthodox Federation of Synagogues.

A Reform movement, started in 1933, has 14 affiliated congregations.  there is a wide network of Jewish education, with 69 nursery schools, 10 primary schools, and 8 high schools.
                                                                             

Stanley and Helen Goldfoot of Jerusalem
Family was from Telsiai, Lithuania, then Dublin, Ireland 

It was Stanley Goldfoot who left after graduating high school and emigrated to Israel in 1933. He boarded a ship alone at age 18, and when in the middle of the ocean, the ship hoisted a Nazi flag.   He was afraid that he would never get to Israel.  He was the very first Jew to immigrate to Israel from South Africa.

In younger days, Stanley with 1st wife, Rebecca "Rollo" and 2 daughters,
born in Capetown, SA. 

At the age of 18, he heard a speech about the Zionist vision by Ze'ev Jabotinsky, which 

appealed very strongly to him. It was all he needed to hear before packing 

a bag, leaving a shocked family and heading for Palestine. He joined a 

HaShomer HaTzair kibbutz, picking eggplants in the fields, and making floor 

tiles, "balatot". There, he became the Chief of Intelligence for the famous Stern Group (Lehi)  which was very active in the days before May 14, 1948 when Israel was born again.

"Israel maintained deepening military and diplomatic ties with South Africa between 1967 and 1990.  There is also a modest but growing community of South African Jews living in Israel."

A large immigration of Jews came to South Africa after World War I, when the Lithuanians came in.  Restrictions were put on them during the 1930s which limited the immigration, in which many did come that were German Jews, naturally. The 30s was the time of terrible anti-Semitism in Germany.  After 1939, when Germany closed the door to German Jews emigration, the Jewish immigration was negligible, although it has increased again starting in the 1980s.
                                                                           

Abba Eban b: 1915 Cape Town, South Africa-d: 2002 Tel Aviv, Israel, Israeli diplomat and politician, and a scholar of the Arabic and Hebrew languages.
He also served in the British Army in Egypt and Mandate Palestine

Another famous South African  who emigrated to Israel was Abba Eban, who was the Foreign Minister of Israel from 1966 to 1974.  "In his career he was Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister, Education Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, and ambassador to the United States and to the United Nations. He was also Vice President of the United Nations General Assembly and President of the Weizmann Institute of Science.

Any emigration early on  from South African Jews had gone to Israel, but now more people have emigrated to other English-speaking countries. "South African Jewry differ significantly from those in other developing countries in that the majority of South African Jews still remain in South Africa (62% of the original 120,000 still remain), and that a significant number of those that did move abroad went to countries popular among other South African émigrés such as Australia,^] the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
                                                                               

Standing against anti-Semitism in South Africa 

The remaining Jews are well-organized and have a high degree of centralization with the Board of Deputies as its representative organization.  They also have a strong Zionist Federation.  This year they have the South African Friends of Israel Conference on their calendar, the SAZF Advocacy Group (South African Zionist Federation).
                                                                           

Capetown, South Africa

Many Jews that wound up in South Africa originally came from Lithuania.  First they had gone to England, and then Dublin, Ireland.  From there they made their way to South Africa.  A large number of the Irish immigrants were from the shtetl or small town of Akmiyan (Akmene), or townships like that in the province of Kovno (Kaunas) in Lithuania to where their ancestors had trekked from the Rhineland before Lithuania passed from Polish to Russian control in 1772.  They had been invited in by the Polish princes who wanted to colonize their lands.  The Jews had brought the added benefit of trading expertise to areas where such commercialism was closed to serfs and considered too menial for high-born Polish families.  But they did find a certain amount of anti-Semitism later on in Ireland, being it was mostly a Catholic country.  This is the route my Goldfus/Goldfoot family took, and I found today's Goldfoots in South Africa did come from Ireland first.

Resource: Book:  Jewish Ireland, a social history, by Ray Rivlin.  (I might add that he is a relative, no doubt, of today's President Rivlin of Israel.)p. 32.
The New Standard Jewish encyclopedia, page 19.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Eban
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Eban.html
http://www.timesofisrael.com/despite-vicious-anti-semitic-rhetoric-south-african-jews-say-daily-life-not-disrupted/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela