Jews Living In Germany At Start Of Holocaust

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                

First day of school

Berta Rosenheim, Jewish,  poses with a large cone, traditionally filled with sweets and stationery, on her first day of school. Leipzig, Germany, April 1929.

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Approximately 500,000 to 530,000 Jews lived in Germany around 1930–1933, comprising less than 1% of the total population. While precise yearly census data for 1930-31 is less common than 1933 figures, estimations confirm the population remained around 525,000 just before the Nazis took power.  (We Jews continue to be only less than 1% of world population.)

In the 1930s, prominent German ships like the SS Europa and SS Bremen dominated transatlantic routes from Germany to the United States, representing a peak in maritime luxury and speed. These, along with other vessels, frequently transported passengers and mail, often sailing from major ports like Hamburg or Bremen to New York, often featuring distinctive, sleek designs.                                               

      MS St Louis ship:  In 1939, the St. Louis carried more than 900 Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany intending to escape antisemitic persecution. The refugees first tried to disembark in Cuba but were denied permission to land. After Cuba, the captain, Gustav Schröder, went to the United States and Canada, trying to find a nation to take the Jews in, but both nations refused. He finally returned the ship to Europe, where various countries, including the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France, accepted some refugees.

Following the German occupation of France, Belgium and the Netherlands during World War II, refugees were persecuted during the Holocaust, and some historians have estimated that approximately a quarter of them were killed in death camps. These events, also known as the "Voyage of the Damned", have inspired film, opera, and fiction.

   Jewish refugees arrive at Haifa's Port on November 1, 1945. 

 In 1945, it was illegal for Jews to immigrate to Palestine primarily due to the British Mandatory authority’s strict enforcement of the 1939 White Paper. This policy, aimed at preventing further Arab revolts and securing British strategic interests, aimed to limit Jewish immigration to 75,000 over five years, after which further immigration was disallowed without Arab consent. (Giving the mandate to Britainwas political as they had kept out Jews from their country for365 years!!!)

Of 75,000 Jewish refugees of 1933, 1934 and 1935, the largest singlegroup, 30,000 in all, had gone to Palestine.   9,000 had gone to the USA.

About 2,000 had gone to Britain and others to South Africa, Canada, andAustralia, which were English speaking countries.  Thousands more went toFrance, Holland, Belgium, Austria and Czechoslovakia.  

Those German Jews who, like Richard Frankel, were under pressure, left Germany .  More than 75,000 German Jews had emigrated or fled by theend of August 1935.  Of these, several thousand were Jewish according toNazis, known to them as "Christian non-Aryans".  They were condemnedwith being non-Aryan;  meaning Jewish.

Who was Richard Frankel?  Take your pick.  

• Dr. Richard E. Frankel (Modern Historian): A contemporary American professor of modern German history at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, who specializes in antisemitism, nationalism, and the Holocaust. He is the author of Bismarck's Shadow: The Cult of Leadership and the Transformation of the German Right, 1898-1945 and Antisemitism Before the Holocaust. He is not a person from the 1930s himself, but a scholar of that era.
• Richard Frenkel (Holocaust Victim): A two-year-old child born in 1940 who was deported from France to Auschwitz in 1942.
• Richard Frenkel (Berlin/New York): A man born around 1884 in Germany who lived in Berlin in 1935 and emigrated to New York by 1940. 
• What happened to the Jews who remained in Germany like my Uncle Werner Oster's parents?  They were Ferdinand Oster and Rosa  Ullmann.  They  died August 1, 1942 in Krasniczyn concentration camp, Poland Camp; Holocaust KZ.  Based on available records, there is no evidence of a major concentrationor extermination camp in Krasniczyn, Poland. It appears there may be confusion with the nearby Budzyń concentration camp, where hundreds to thousands of Jews were imprisoned and many perished between 1942 and 1944. 
• These camps were as follows:
• Auschwitz-Birkenau (Oswiecim, near Kraków) 
• Belzec (near the current Ukrainian border north-west of L'viv) 
• Kulmhof (Chelmno, between Warsaw and Poznan) 
• Majdanek (near Lublin) 
• Sobibór (south of Brest-Litovsk) 
• Treblinka (north-east of Warsaw) 
• Warschau (in Warsaw) 
• A quarter (1/4) of the remaining Jews had been kept from their professional liveli-
• hood by boycott, decree, or local pressure.  More than 10,000 public health and
• social workers had been driven out of their posts.  4,000 lawyers were without the
• right to practice, 2,000 doctors had been expelled from hospitals and clinics;  
• 2,000 actors, singers and musicians had been driven from their orchestras, clubs
• and cafes.  1200 editors and journalists had been dismissed, and 800 university
• professors and leturers, and 800 elementary and secondary school-teachers.

The search for Jews, and for converted Jews, to be driven out of their jobs was con-

tinuous.  On September 5, 1935, the SS newspaper published the names of 8 half

-Jews and converted Jews, all of the Evangelical-Lutheran faith at the time, who had

been dismissed without notice" and deprived of opportunity 'of acting as organists in

Christian churches".  The Reich Chamber of Music is taking steps to protect the

church from pernicious influence." 

Reference:

Holocaust by Martin Gilbert

Why 1924 Jewish Immigration to USA was Slowed Down So Much

 Nadene Goldfoot                                       

  The idea of the United States as a nation of immigrants is at the core of the American narrative. But in 1924, Congress instituted a system of ethnic quotas so stringent that it choked off large-scale immigration for decades, sharply curtailing arrivals from southern and eastern Europe (Jews)  and outright banning those from nearly all of Asia.

The population of the USA in 1924 was 114,109,000.  

By 1930's, USA population was 131,669,000 of which 4,850,000 were Jewish.  

As it was, look at the typical case of Werner Oster who immigrated from Germany May 4-12, 1939, probably the last Jew out.  He had to have an American sponsor to be responsible for any finances.  My great uncle Max Turn took that upon himself and got Werner a job with my father who was just starting his own business.  Otherwise, Werner couldn't have entered or stayed in the USA.  He had arrived on the SS Washington at age 22. Werner married my father's sister, becoming my uncle. 

         Jewish refugees about the St. Louis Wikimedia Commons  Most notoriously, in June 1939, the German ocean liner St. Louis and its 937 passengers, almost all Jewish, were turned away from the port of Miami, forcing the ship to return to Europe; more than a quarter died in the Holocaust.

It must be that a Jewish organization sponsored getting Jews into the USA.  In a long tradition of “persecuting the refugee,” the State Department and FDR claimed that Jewish immigrants could threaten national security. 

Under U.S. law today, every person who immigrates based on a relative petition must have a financial sponsor. If you choose to sponsor your relative’s immigration by filing a Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative, you must agree to be the financial sponsor and file an affidavit of support when the time comes for actual immigration. If you do not meet the financial qualifications at that time, you still must file a Form I-864, Affidavit of Support, and accept responsibility, but you and your relative also must find other individuals who meet the requirements and are willing to make this commitment by filing affidavits of support. 

The population today is  estimated at 339,996,563 at mid year. the United States population is equivalent to 4.23% of the total world population. the U.S.A. ranks number 3 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population. Jews make up 2% of the USA population or about 6 million.   

 The law was not modified to aid the flight of Jewish refugees in the 1930s or 1940s despite the rise of Nazi Germany.  Why didn't the House or Senate or President think of doing it?  No one?  Franklin Delano Roosevelt was president from 3/4/1933 to 4/12/1945, our most crucial years of help.  His vice presidents were John Garner, Henry Wallace and then Harry Truman who backed Israel when they went to the UN and pronounced the birth of Israel when he became president..

    Welcome to the land of Freedom:  
  

 In the 1880s, more than 200,000 Eastern European Jews arrived in the U.S. In the next decade, the number was over 300,000, and between 1900 and 1914 it topped 1.5 million, most passing through the new immigrant processing center at Ellis Island.

How did the USA slow down the immigration of fleeing Jews from Europe?  The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson–Reed Act, , enacted May 26, 1924), was a federal law that prevented immigration from Asia and set quotas on the number of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe, where the Jews lived that were trying to leave eastern Europe. 

The total annual immigration quota for the rest of the world was capped at 165,000—an 80% reduction of the yearly average before 1914. The act temporarily reduced the annual quota of any nationality from 3% of their 1910 population, per the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, to 2% as recorded in the 1890 census; which has been unavailable to genealogists.  The available

 census to us has  been 1880 and the next one has been 1900.   A new quota was implemented in 1927, based on each nationality's share of the total U.S. population in the 1920 census, which would govern U.S. immigration policy until 1965.

According to the Department of State, the purpose of the act was "to preserve the ideal of U.S. homogeneity. " the quality or state of being all the same or all of the same kind."the cultural homogeneity of our society."  One can look upon this as an act of anti-Semitism.  

The 1924 act would define U.S. immigration policy for nearly three decades, until being substantially revised by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and ultimately replaced by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.

 According to Commonweal, the act "relied on false nostalgia for a census that only seemed to depict a homogenous, Northern European–descended nation: in reality, 15 percent of the nation were immigrants in 1890."

 The 1922 and 1925 systems based on dated census records of the foreign-born population were intended as temporary measures; the 1924 Act's National Origins Formula based on the 1920 census of the total U.S. population took effect on July 1, 1929.

Annual National Quota	Act of 1921		Act of 1924				Act of 1952
	1922[a]	%	1925[b]	%	1930[c]	%	1965[d]	%
Albania	288	0.08%	100	0.06%	100	0.07%	100	0.06%

Germany

67,607

18.90%

51,227

31.11%

25,957

16.89%

25,814

16.28%

Because Eastern European immigration did not become substantial until the late 19th century, the law's use of the population of the U.S. in 1890 as the basis for calculating quotas effectively made mass migration from Eastern Europe, where the vast majority of the Jewish diaspora lived at the time, impossible. 

In 1929, the quotas were adjusted to one-sixth of 1% of the 1920 census figures, and the overall immigration limit reduced to 150,000.

2/3 of Europe's Jews were killed in the Holocaust.  

The quotas were adjusted to allow more Jewish refugees after World War II, but without increasing immigration overall.

Resource:  

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia, p. 885

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/1924-law-slammed-door-immigrants-and-politicians-who-pushed-it-back-open-180974910/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924

https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/polish-russian/a-people-at-risk/#:~:text=In%20the%201880s%2C%20more%20than,processing%20center%20at%20Ellis%20Island.

https://wienerholocaustlibrary.org/exhibition/a-bitter-road-britain-and-the-refugee-crisis-of-the-1930s-and-1940s-2/

850,000 Jewish Refugees Fled and Expelled From Arab Communities in 1948

 Nadene Goldfoot                                         

                Jews fleeing persecution arrived by the shipload, often having to evade blockades

Israel's population was created out of all the Jewish refugees that were expelled or fled for their lives from Arab communities after Israel declared their status as a free country on May 14, 1948.  That's never mentioned;  one only hears about the Arab refugees that have never changed their status as refugees.               

  Jewish refugees from Arab Countries

Over 850,000 Jews fled rising persecution or were expelled from Arab and Muslim lands after Israel's  War of independence.  Between 1949 and 1954, these Jews became homeless though some of the communities were over 2,000 years old.  Between 1948 and 2000, the Jewish population in Middle Eastern and North African countries dropped from around 900,000 to less than 50,000.                    

            Israel had only tents for the new immigrants from Arab countries 

       Declining Jewish Population in Middle East Counties

                   1948             2000                                         1948             2000

Algeria   140,000        -100                       Libya         38,000                  0

Egypt       75,000         200                       Morocco   265,000          5,800

Iran        100,000  12,000-40,000             Syria          30,000             200

Iraq       150,000         100                        Tunisia     105,000          1,500

Lebanon 20,000         100                        Yemen        55,000             200

New York times, May 16,1948 Headline: JEWS IN GRAVE DANGER IN ALL MOSLEM LANDS... "Nine Hundred thousand Jews in Africa and Asia face wrath of their foes."

Jews living in Arab countries were not full citizens but were classed as Dhimmis, or 2nd class people along with the Christians.  

Riots in Oujda and Jerada and fear that Morocco's eventual independence from France would lead to the persecution of the country's Jews, led to a large-scale emigration. Approximately 28,000 Jews immigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1951.^[2] The initial enthusiasm quickly dampened as numerous Moroccans complained of the discrimination and contempt they encountered from other Israelis of European origin.  Israel is still doing the impossible, mixing their own Jewish Ashkenazis with Sephardim and Mizrachim from all corners of the world.  Other religious practices are also a part of the Israeli landscape.  Many Jews must learn new levels of technology.  All must learn to use conversational Hebrew for communication from Russians to Moroccans.  We had PhDs and primitive people, all Jews, learning to daven and work together.  This is a melting pot, a teeny melting pot trying the improbable and working and the outcome is happening. 

                                                             

    This group of refugees arrived 5 years before Israel was born 
   

On February 18, 1943, 861 Polish-Jewish refugee children – many of them orphans – who had made their way out of occupied Europe (The Holocaust) , arrived in Mandatory Palestine after a stay of several months in Iran. Dubbed the “Tehran Children,” they were received by the Jewish Agency and greeted warmly by the Jewish community in Palestine, grateful for some good news out of Europe.

  Palestinian Arabs were displaced by the 1948 Arab-Israel war.  Most fled to the Territories of Gaza and the West Bank as well as neighboring Arab counties.  Most still reside with backing of UNRWA in refugee camps at their own choice. .  

Joining the  48 Muslim majority countries of the world in 1948 was the one and only Jewish country of Israel.  A Palestine would make that 49 Muslim majority, set to copy Saudi Arabia and be exclusively  an Islamic only state.  

                                                                      

Israel resettled close to 600,000 Jews from Arab lands.  The new state, barely recovered from the devastation of the 1948 War, struggled to absorb both the now homeless Jews from Arab lands and 300,000 European refugees of World War II.  Israel's 1948 population of 650,000 more than doubled in 3 years as it fulfilled its mission of being a refuge for persecuted Jews.                                  

The transit camps of 1948–1952 were a temporary housing solution to accommodate Israel’s surge of immigrants following World War II. Over 300,000 immigrants lived in tents and tin huts in this controversial initiative, contributing to the divide between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews in Israel. The impact of the camps on the lives of immigrants resonates into contemporary Israeli culture, but has largely been forgotten in the public consciousness.

                                                            

Jews from Arab Countries
"No influx like it had been witnessed in modern times.  It was an [open door] from which older and vastly wealthier nations would have recoiled in dismay." noted historian Howard Sachar.  Yet, although the world community supported the rebirth of the Jewish State, no international aid agency assisted in the resettlement of homeless Jews.  

1949-1960s - Up to a million Jewish refugees and immigrants from Muslim-majority countries, plus 250,000 Holocaust survivors, settle in Israel and Israel  fulfilled a mission of being a refuge for persecuted Jews.  

These early Jewish refugees are no longer refugees.  Like the tens of millions of other refugees of the last century, the Jews resettled in other nations.  2/3s of them chose to live in Israel.  Today, these refugees from the Middle East and their descendants make up over half of Israel's Jewish population.                    

         These are Jewish refugees, not Arabs, but they are from an Arab country.  On May 14, 1948 the State of Israel was proclaimed. Despite attack from six Arab armies dedicated to its extermination, waves of mass immigration brought hundreds of thousands of Jews to Israel's shores, Holocaust survivors from Europe and nearly the entire Jewish communities of Libya, Yemen and Iraq. 

                                                                    

                                        Wars Create Refugees.  

If Arab leaders had accepted the UN Partition plan instead of launching a war to seize the whole British Mandate, today an Independent Palestinian-Arab state would exist alongside Israel.

There would have been no Palestinian refugees and no "Nakba" (catastrophe), the Arab term for their 1948 defeat. 

 If Arab countries had not expelled their  Jewish Dhimmis, there would have been no Jewish refugees from Arab countries, either.  

Remember, "The Palestinian refugee problem was born of war;  not by design."---Historian Benny Morris

Resource: Israel 101 produced by StandwithUs  2010

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_of_Moroccan_Jews_to_Israel

When Britain, USA, Rest of World Refused Refugees

Nadene Goldfoot                                                  

Chaim Weizmann, Jewish leader and Emir Feisal, Muslim leader  in Meetings in 1918 and Paris Peace Conference 1919.
We've had a rough time with the Arabs.  Hitler had introduced the Nuremberg racial laws in 1935, 
the most vicious anti-Semitic laws imaginable, and he received not complaints from the world about it, but silence, which meant acceptance to him.  The laws excluded German Jews from Reich citizenship and prohibited them from marrying or having sexual relations with persons of "German or related blood.  Jews were disenfranchised  and deprived  of most political rights.

 From the Arabs, however, he received telegrams and CONGRATULATION from all corners of the Arab world.  Feisal held out till later before he joined the bandwagon of hatred against Jews.  I suppose he didn't want to be different and lose his power.  

By 1936, when Nazis were feeling their oats and attacking Jews in Germany, Jewish immigration to Palestine was 66,472, highest since 1919.  In 1941, only 4,592 were able to get in with the Brits guarding the gates.
                                                                                     

We all know how the ship, SS St. Louis, was turned back from Cuba on May 13, 1939   and then the USA with over 900 Jewish refugees on board, and not allowed to enter their country.  250 were killed immediately after returning to Germany.                                                                            

SS George Washington carrying my uncle safely to New York,
May 11-14, 1939, two days earlier on a  voyage from Germany 

 My uncle, Werner Oster, was a lucky 22 year old since his parents had obtained a passport to the USA for him, and he boarded the SS George Washington on May 4th, 1939 that made it to New York City by the 11th.  They couldn't afford to get themselves out or their 16 year old daughter, Giesela,  as it had become nearly impossible for most, being attached to needing a  lot of money and documents.
                                                                         

Gisela Feldman, 15 year old passenger on St. Louis, lived to tell the story.  

Refugees had to have passports to their country, something many Jews were not able to do in view of the sudden attacks from Nazis in Germany on their families.

Palestine was a place these Jews should have found refuge in as Jewish leaders had procured their former land from the Allies in the 20's meetings, and was to have their assistance in creating a new Jewish Homeland out of their ancient one.  It had already been okayed through the League of Nations, the UN of that period, that it was to be the Jewish Homeland.
                                                                         

Rounding up Jews to take to death camps in Europe

Instead, Great Britain, who held a 30 year mandate over Palestine, closed the gates during WWII, just when Jews needed this land the most.  Hundreds of thousands of Jews found themselves stranded in Europe. Six Million Jews became victims of Hitler's Final Solution.

After the war, the Brits refused to allow the survivors of this Nazi nightmare to find sanctuary in Palestine.  Their mandate was not up until May 14, 1948, and the war was over in 1945.  They spent this time allowing Arabs to enter, instead.
                                                                               
By June 6, 1946, President Truman asked the British government to accept 100,000 Jewish immigrants who were being confined to displaced persons camps in Europe.  Can you imagine?  People had been rounded up and slaughtered in death camps by the Nazis all over Europe and then forced, kept past the war in another camp with barbed wire because no one wanted them in their country.

Britain's Foreign Minister, Ernest Bevin, was most sarcastic in his reply to Truman's request and threw back the retort that "the USA just wanted displaced Jews to immigrate to Palestine "because they didn't want too many of them in New York!"
                                                                                 

The Exodus, an illegal ship heading for Palestine, which departed from France on July 11, 1947, was filled to capacity with 4,500 Jewish refugees, making it the most populous boat to bear refugees to Palestine since the end of the Holocaust. For nearly the entire journey, the Exodus was followed by 6 British ships which, in spite of the Honduras flag which flew from its mast, had early on identified the Exodus as belonging to the struggling Jewish government in Palestine. In addition to the refugees, the Exodus carried 36 American volunteers and a cadre of Israeli Jewish volunteers largely dispatched from the Jewish Agency, the official governing body of the Jewish population in Palestine. Most of the emigrants were Holocaust survivors in France who had no legal immigration certificates for Palestine. Following wide media coverage, the British Royal Navy seized the ship and deported all its passengers back to Europe.  And to what?
Detention camps.  

Sometimes, where there's a will, there's a way, and the Jewish resistance organizations thought this was terrible, so they found a way to smuggle in  some dilapidated ships to reach Palestine.  Between August 1945 and the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, 65 "illegal to the Brits" immigrant ships, carrying 69,878 people, arrived from European shores.
                                                                             

Jews who survived 1945

In August 1946, the Brits still didn't want Jews to enter THEIR Palestine.  They began to intern those they CAUGHT in camps in Cyprus.  About 50,000 Jews were detained in these camps.  28,000 of them were still imprisoned when Israel declared independence on May 14, 1948.
                                                                         

Following the liquidation of the concentration camps of Europe, the British set up a detention camp in Cyprus for Holocaust survivors illegally trying to enter Palestine. From 1946 until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the British confined some 53,000 Holocaust survivors on the island. Once the State of Israel was created, most of the refugees made aliyah. In 1951, only 165 Jews remained on the island and in 1970, only 25 Jews were left. Those huts must have made the heat even worse.  The middle of summer (July and August) is usually hot, with an average maximum coastal temperature of around 33 °C (91 °F) during the day and around 23 °C (73 °F) at night. In the centre of the island – the highlands – the average temperature exceeds 35 °C (95 °F)).  

Therefore, one can see the cold- heart of the Brits who never changed their policy after World War II to allow the Jewish survivors of the Holocaust to settle in Palestine.  And why?  Because they were Jews.

"Within months of Germany's surrender in May 1945, the Allies repatriated to their home countries more than six million displaced persons (DPs; wartime refugees). " "Most Jewish survivors, who had survived concentration camps or had been in hiding, were unable or unwilling to return to eastern Europe because of postwar antisemitism and the destruction of their communities during the Holocaust. Many of those who did return feared for their lives. In Poland, for example, locals initiated several violent pogroms. The worst was the one in Kielce,  Kielce, Poland
50°50' N 20°40' E 159 km S of Warszawa in 1946 in which 42 Jews, all survivors of the Holocaust, were killed. These pogroms led to a significant second movement of Jewish refugees from Poland to the west.  At its peak in 1947, the Jewish displaced person population reached approximately 250,000. While the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) administered all of the displaced persons camps and centers, Jewish displaced persons achieved a large measure of internal autonomy.

At a time when Jews were faced with being murdered, they couldn't find a refuge.  The USA, also cold hearted as to their up-coming murder, had  immigration restrictions which strictly limited the number of refugees permitted to enter the country.  Most countries demanded baptismal certification, something Jews certainly didn't have.  

Jews had needed their own Homeland for the past 2,000 years, and needed it now more than ever.  "Holocaust survivors from displaced persons camps in Europe and from detention camps on Cyprus were welcomed into the Jewish homeland by the Jews. Many of them fought in Israel's War of Independence in 1948 and 1949. In 1953, Yad Vashem (The Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority), the national institution for Holocaust commemoration, was established.
                                                                              

4 Jews killed by Muslim Terrorists in France in 3 day killing spree

France was reeling after three days of attacks by Al-Qaida-linked terrorists left 20 dead.

With the situation today having Muslims who are refugees from war-torn lands and marauding ISIS Muslims cutting off anyone's heads who were not the same as they are, they are in need of a refuge, and are meeting some of the same objections, except that Jews were not trying to kill anyone in Europe.  They were BEING KILLED.    Jews were not trying to create their own caliphate nor were they on a proselytizing binge.    They were a minority group just living there, and as in the case of Germany, were already citizens. 

 I tried to get a Syrian friend with a Syrian passport  into the United State in 2013 who was in Egypt at the time, and could not do it.  His problem was that he had a Jewish mother unknown to the Syrian government, and wanted to get into either Israel or the USA as he was Jewish at heart.  He was college educated, brilliant, but not a PhD.  Now he's out of Egypt and back in Syria.  My Oregon Senator couldn't even help.  I felt  he was not a terrorist, but of course had no way of verifying this.    He remains in harm's way.  Today, this is the reasoning why refugees are not allowed into the USA in mass.  Too many have turned out to be terrorists.  It was not to be a problem with the Jews.  Then it was strictly anti-Semitism.  

Resource:  Myths and Facts; a concise record of the Arab-Israeli Conflict by Mitchell G. Bard, Joel Himelfarb, page8,  9

http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27373131  St Louis ship, the ship nobody wanted

http://www.openu.ac.il/newsletter-eng/2013-1/exodus.html

https://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007695

https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005459

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Cyprus
Messages From A Syrian Jew Trapped in Egypt by Nadene Goldfoot