We are witnesses to this! One of the littlest states in the world, Israel, standing up to the most important and one of the largest states in the world to their conditions of appeasement and misplaced trust of others, the United States, and coming out with the most successful outcomes said to happen way back in the past few thousand years.
David (Israel) standing up to Biden (USA) on ceasefire conditions
Yet Iran calls us the Little Satan and the United States as the Big Satan. Israel is roughly the size of the US state of New Jersey. Israel is a small country in the Middle East, covering an area of 8,522 square miles. The population today is about 9 million with 20% being non-Jews. That's about the same as New Jersey.
PM Netanyahu explaining in the UN in September 2012, about the danger of Iran's uranium goals to wipe out Israel that the USA had walked out on for lunch engagements, causing UN to ignore. It's been 12 years since then and we see that Israel is fighting against 7 fronts of Iran's tentacles who are still trying to wipe out this tiny state holding 6 million Jews once again since the time when Hitler tried to do it.
And what's happened since then? The UN and all the world's country's except the USA have warrants against Netanyahu who is facing their arrests who has been the defender of his country's demise. This 2nd Ayatollah wants him killed! It's nonsense in a crazy upside-down world. The 8 million other Jews in the world are aghast at the events, facing anti-Semitism at the highest level, about as high as it was in 1939 in Germany for many already.
It is amazing that Benjamin Netanyahu, loved, our leader, then hated and cursed, has stood with his internal love for Israel and hasn't given up fighting for it. When the chips have been down, we've had Bibi standing as our father, our leader, trusting in his religion and his people,, knowing we could pull together and survive.
Iran's leadership, the first Ayatollah
The Israeli prime minister addressed the UN general assembly, urging the international community to halt Iran's nuclear programme.(Reuters)
When a senior Israeli official told Reuters that Binyamin Netanyahu would be drawing a red line on Iran's nuclear program, he was not kidding.
Speaking at the United Nations general assembly in New York in 2012, the Israeli prime minister unfolded a chart with a cartoon-style drawing of a nuclear bomb, and proceeded to draw on it with a red magic-marker.
"This is a bomb," he says. "This is a fuse." The chamber was almost empty when Bibi spoke. I'll never forget the feeling in my stomach when this happened.
Ethiopian Jewish IDF soldier guarding Israel, the in-gathering of Jews has been taking place; coming from countries attacking their very lives for being Jewish. The first "legal" group of Ethiopian Jews to enter Israel was in August 1977,when 122 Ethiopians arrived through the "front door".1979–1983 Aliyah activists and Mossad agents in Sudan called on the Beta Israel to come to Sudan, where they were eventually taken to Israel. On the 24th of May 1991, a Guinness world record was broken for the most passengers on an aircraft ever. The record was broken during a daring Israeli operation, the evacuation of Ethiopian Jews from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This operation called Operation Solomon continued non-stop for 36 hours and included 34 jumbo jets of the Israeli air force, hundreds of soldiers and the evacuation of 14,200 Jews to their promised land.
Now, this minute, Israel has committed to a cease fire that Biden of USA has put together to be a permanent event. It is on condition that the Hezbollah terrorists abide by it and show no attempt at starting the fight again under any circumstances, or Israel, who will be monitoring , will react in kind by putting an end to it.
That's been the problem with other cease fires; nobody has had the spine to prevent the enemies from ignoring the rules and breaking them.
With Israel, this is a life or death situation. With the UN and other countries, it is a boring tiresome period that interferes with their travel plans. It doesn't take but a Ho Hum from the world to forget and join the more powerful; but this time they have been defending Iran in the fight against wiping out Israel's existence.
U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo stands with Sudanese Gen. Abdel-Fattah Burhan, the head of the ruling sovereign council, in Khartoum, Sudan, Tuesday, Aug. 25, 2020. Pompeo is the most senior U.S. official to visit the African country since last year’s ouster of its autocratic leader, Omar al-Bashir. Pompeo’s visit Tuesday is meant to discuss the normalization of ties between Sudan and Israel and also show U.S. support for the country’s fragile transition to democracy. (Sudanese Cabinet via AP). Incidently, Khartoum is the city where the Arabs held their 1967 meeting and coming up with their 3 NO NO NO towards Israel. What happened?
Our big brother, yes, the United States, is coming through in standing with Israel's right to exist and helped with the cease-fire's acceptance of Bibi's conditions. They have been backing Israel since Harry S. Truman days. Finally, they understood the situation and used their power before Biden was to leave his seat in January. He can rest assured that he did the right thing and was on the right side of democracy and morality.
Jews being herded down a Lithuanian street at the beginning of WWII in 1941 and will be taken away.
We already know that Nazis thought that Jews were an inferior race that needed to be removed from society. Quite a few Christian churches have been involved with this attitude ever since Jews were accused of killing Christ. I had a personal experience once in a small eastern Oregon town when I visited a church with a "friend," and the Preacher spoke, looking directly at me, of all the reasons Jews were bad, going on and on the whole time until I was able to get out of there, something I haven't ever forgotten. It was a traumatic experience. My "friend" saw nothing wrong, smiling through the whole experience, as I remember.
Because of Hitler's frenzy against Jews, I grew up hearing that we were not a race but a religion. We were the same color as other white people. Most of us had dark hair while a few others had lighter hair, even blonde on occasion. Some even stood out with red hair, and a lot had curly hair.
Since then, DNA has been invented, and I find that we have become an endogamous people, having married into each other's tribes over all these years. I read where we may be 20th cousins to each other without knowing it. We originally started with Abraham and Sarah, and this multiplied into Jacob and his 12 sons who were the fathers of 12 tribes, and we Jews are the descendants of the tribe of Judah with a few Benjamin and maybe Simon's tribes included in the mix.
Our Cohen line has been found to be the man carrying J1 haplogroup. Are we a race, then? We're a race made up of several haplogroups, and have found that our females are descendants of 4 Jewish women. After all, Moses freed ALL THE SLAVES OF EGYPT, the 12 tribes and others who wanted to join them. Who didn't want to be a freed slave? They must have all left at the call. We're a race who believes in ONE G-d and laws governing our behavior toward our fellow man.What are our rules? The Golden Rule; not to do things to people we wouldn't want done to us. That's our religion. We take responsibility for our actions and in a group plea to God, ask for forgiveness once a year on Yom Kippur.
"Masha Gessen, Russian-American journalist, born in the Soviet Union, has claimed that American Jews are the only people in the world who believe that Jews are not a race. She has stated, "It's lovely to think that being Jewish is a religious tradition, but you sort of have to have the luxury of the United States of America to be able to do that. Elsewhere, it is actually whom you're born to.
The Soviet Union's politics demanded that the people give up their religion so have done everything to wipe out any religion. It's a country of atheists. In the 1970s Jews were put in prison for learning Hebrew. My Hebrew teacher, Sarah in Haifa, Israel, told us about communicating with a man who would later make aliyah to Israel, and that she was teaching Hebrew to in her personal letters, hoping he wouldn't be caught.
Gessen was listed as Jewish on her birth certificate, because she was born in the Soviet Union to parents who themselves were listed as Jewish on their birth certificates. They felt they weren't religiously observant. It was looked upon as a race. They were already becoming assimilated Jews as it was.
That's what has happened to American Jews. It's natural that Jews have wanted to be wanted, like, by their neighbors and peers. Alan M. Dershowitz wrote his book, THE VANISHING AMERICAN JEW-in search of Jewish identity for the next century in 1997.
"During Einstein's era of 1879 to 1955, anti-Semitism was common in the USA and had its own cohesive force among Jews. Jews were excluded from universities, clubs, gyms, and professions." Though we are now 2% of the population, far more were meeting the criteria of attending medical school but couldn't get in because of the quota system.
Israel's Ethiopian Jewish population, descendants of the Queen of Sheba and her handmaidens when they visited Solomon. I was in Safed when they arrived, living right across the street. They have suffered for their religion from the Christian Ethiopians, always being attacked.
A lawyer of Kenya, Africa, my friend who traveled from Africa to Israel every year to serve his Milueem month of army service after his 3 years and has finally moved his family to Israel and lives there full time. Testing showed that he and others had the J1 cohen gene showing they were definitely Jewish which was his religious practice before the testing.
The difference between Jews and Blacks was great but they were both treated just as badly in the USA. Jews came from an ancient Middle East where writing and reading were invented along with trading, and most Blacks came from undeveloped Africa who remained connected to their different religion, some of which had been converted to Islam. Here we thought there were 3 lines of Jews, the Ashkenazi who after 70 CE's burning of Jerusalem wound up in Germany speaking Yiddish; the Sephardi of Spain who spoke Ladino and the Mizrachi of the Middle East. Now we have found the 4th group of African Jews as well, both North Africa and Central Africa.
Europe's Migrant Crisis took many years for the League of Nations-era world to find places for the refugees of the 1930s and ’40s
Sometimes this anti-Semitism was the official policy of the US government, as typified by the refusal to accept larger numbers of European Jewish immigrants at theEvian conference on Jewish immigration from Nazi-occupied countries in 1938. The first concerted effort to find homes for those displaced by Nazi aggression came in July of 1938, when 32 nations sent representatives to Evian, France, on the urging of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany had just recently annexed Austria, and it was obvious to all involved that many thousands of people—primarily Jews—would soon need new homes, if they did not already have one. As TIME noted that month, the conference got off to a bad start: though the opening speeches were lofty, it took a full two days to elect a president of the conference, as each attendee feared that his name would be thus linked with what would likely be failed attempt to solve the problem.
Or anti-Semitism showed up by the refusal to bomb the rail lines to Auschwitz in 1945 to prevent Jews from being transported to the death camp. Sometimes this anti-Semitism was part of everyday social contact, such as that described in the popular novel and subsequent move, GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT.
Here, Gentile Philip and his son took on the role of Jews and suffered from anti-Semitic remarks with the little boy being called a "dirty Jew" by his schoolmates. They were of the same race as their peers, but seen as a religion, to them an unacceptable religion, not only different from theirs but had harmed their Son of a G-d himself. This is how anti-Islamists see the difference between Jews and Muslims and how churches support Muslims but are against Jews.
Just as the Greek Jews started assimilating in biblical days, so have American and other Jews of the world. I'm so pleased to find pockets of orthodox Jews keeping our religion. Israel is doing just that, knowing who they are. Religion is taught in their public schools. They are living in the very places that are described and talked about in the "Old Testament", our Tanakh. This is why they must keep their 80% Jewish population to 20% others.
For a long time, Jews were told they were a religion, for it is a religion in contrast with Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, etc. We were told emphatically by our parents that we were not a race, like Hitler was saying. Now I'm finding everyone accepting that we are indeed a race. I'll accept that we are a people with the unique religion of Judaism and who is related to each other more often than not to some degree. Our religion also has standards of who we are. We are Jewish if our mothers were Jewish. If our mothers weren't born Jewish, they would have been converted to Judaism. I certainly have an abundance of 4th and 5th cousins.
Resource:
Book: Legacy-A Genetic History of the Jewish People by Harry Ostrer
Sammy Davis, Jr. (Dec. 8, 1925 Harlem, New York City-May 16, 1999 Beverly Hills, California) “I’m colored, Jewish, and Puerto Rican,” the legendary Sammy Davis, Jr. once said at a performance. “When I move into a neighborhood, I wipe it out.” He said his mother, Elvera Sanchez, an Afro-Cuban dancer, was Puerto Rican,because he was afraid anti-Cuban backlash would hurt his career.
We find that Jews are most likely born, not talked into becoming Jewish. If your mother was Jewish, you are Jewish. No argument. If only your father was Jewish, and if you were born in about 1391 BCE, you were definitely Jewish, but today, it's questionable because of facts that have become the norm. It's mothers who remind children that they are Jewish and keep a Jewish home atmosphere and cooking. Dads are out of the house away from the children and have no affect as to what the child is learning. That's the way it has been up to modern times, but now? Besides that, we KNOW who the mother is; it's a visual thing when you get right down to it. As for the father, we have only her word for it. That's been changing back to only dads can fit the bill with everyone but the strict adherents to the law. On top of that, we do have DNA for proof today if there's a question or adoption.
The man I most respect-roots from Africa, not Ethiopian, but from Kenya, a lawyer and rabbi normally to his people, a soldier like most all Israelis. He's moved permanently to Israel now but had been traveling back and forth from Africa during his milueem duties. Now this is a mentch, a real Jew! I believe, if my memory still serves me, that he discovered his Y haplogroup being of the Jewish J1 line of the Cohen, and studied and converted to Judaism.
Who would select the religion who has been persecuted since its beginnings and hated so much? If it wasn't during Haman's attempt at killing all the Jews in the world to the Crusades or the Spanish Inquisition, pogroms in Russia and the Holocaust that tried to wipe out all Jews, one wouldn't think that one would decide to convert to Judaism, but Sammy Davis, Jr. did. He isn't alone, either. Just wait till I tell you about this going on with the BLACKS, another group on the low end of the totem pole.
Color has never been an issue. It's tribal; if one is of the 12 tribes going way back or as for all others if born to a Jewish mother, or even if converted, what kind of conversion? Orthodox or what? Jews have walked the whole earth and found themselves with all colors of people, managing to carry on a normal life wherever and have children. Lately Israel has been finding Jews from all over who have come to live with them.
Sammy's working and playing friends, THE RAT PACK. Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy, and on the end are Peter Lawford and Joey Bishop, who is a Polish Jew.
First Sammy Davis. He's amazing!Samuel George Davis Jr. was an American singer, dancer, actor, vaudevillian and comedian whom critic Randy Blaser called "the greatest entertainer ever to grace a stage in these United States." He does seem to fit the description of some Jews who have developed the reputation as actors and entertainers, singers and dancers, all right. Sammy hobnobbed with a lot of Jews being they were in the same industry, but Sammy CHOSE to become Jewish, and he was born a Catholic.. He had chutzpah, all right. He not only changed his religion but added more to his own culture as well. Not many people can juggle 2 cultures at the same time, 2 very distinctive cultures of Black and Jewish which includes learning a bit of Yiddish or Ladino as well as well as learning enough Hebrew. His autobiography is entitled, YES, I CAN.
Despite his success, he often had to stay at “Black Only” hotels, illustrating the extreme racism he faced.
In 1954, at the age of 29, he lost his left eye in a car accident. Several years later, he converted to Judaism, finding commonalities between the oppression experienced by African-American and Jewish communities. "In 1961, Davis converted to Judaism at a Las Vegas ceremony after studying with Rabbi Max Nussbaum at Temple Israel of Hollywood." It was a Reform conversion. While filmingPorgy and Bessin 1959, heinsistedon not working on Yom Kippur. Davis said Judaism felt natural: “After the accident I needed something desperately to hold onto. I found myself being more and more convinced that Judaism was it for me. I know there’s sort of a kinship between the plight of a Negro and the plight of a Jew: the oppression, the segregation, the constant trying to survive and trying to achieve dignity.”
Eddie Fisher, Eddie Cantor, and Sammy Davis, jr., all Jewish
Eddie Cantor, a good friend, talked to Davis in the hospital about the similarities between Jewish and Black cultures. Davis, who was born to a Catholic mother and Baptist father, began studying the history of Jews. He converted to Judaism several years later in 1961. One passage from his readings (from the book A History of the Jews by Abram L. Sachar), describing the endurance of the Jewish people, interested him in particular: "The Jews would not die. Three millennia of prophetic teaching had given them an unwavering spirit of resignation and had created in them a will to live which no disaster could crush." The accident marked a turning point in Davis's career, taking him from a well-known entertainer to a national celebrity.
Davis’s popularity helped break the race barrier of the segregated entertainment industry. He did however have a complex relationship with the black community and drew criticism after publicly supporting President Richard Nixon in 1972. One day on a golf course with Jack Benny, he was asked what his handicap was. "Handicap?" he asked. "Talk about handicap. I'm a one-eyed Negro who's Jewish."[This was to become a signature comment, recounted in his autobiography and in many articles.
4 religions: Jew, Druze, Christian and Muslim -color unimportant The IDF of Israel shows the blend of Israelis. Each man here is from a different culture and religion.
Several congregations in New York are composed of Blacks who observe most of the Orthodox Jewish ritual. They claim descent from the Ethiopian Jews. Some of them are believed to be descendants of Black converts to Judaism dating back to American and West Indian slavery days; but most adopted Judaism comparatively recently.
A new immigrant, an Ethiopian child that came with parents and many others in a special flight bringing in hundreds of Ethiopian Jews to Israel; their choice to return
The main group was first organized as a congregation in 1930 by one of their members, Rabbi Wentworth A. Matthew. In addition, individual Blacks have converted to Judaism and are to be found in many parts of the US. One of my own students in a private Jewish school was the child of a Jewish man and converted Black mother.
A group of African Hebrew Israelites in Dimona, Israel.
A community from Chicago, after an unsuccessful experience in Liberia, that country populated by American ex-slaves, arrived in Israel claiming to be BLACK JEWS. they were allowed to remain and settled in Dimona where they numbered several hundreds as of 1973. As of now, they have become rather problematic, whose members believe they are descended from the Twelve Tribes of Israel. The community now numbers around 5,000. Their immigrant ancestors were African Americans, many from Chicago, Illinois, who migrated to Israel in the late 1960s. I have argued with several, who insisted that the real Jews-meaning the 12 tribes, were Blacks. They were rather nasty with me, saying that we Jews were not Jews at all. Yikes. (It seems like the old adage of a little education can be harmful is true, one has to check out the origin of that education, for sure.) It's what we learn of our religion that teaches us our ethics and mores that's important, not the color of one's skin that's all that important.
The Black Hebrews have alarmed the Israeli Government by declaring themselves the ''true'' Jews, by denouncing the Israelis as mere ''trustees'' of the land and by vowing to replace them with thousands of blacks returning to the Promised Land.
By any definition, the Black Hebrews are not ordinary Jews but, rather, a strange cult. The rule of their 41-year-old leader, Ben-Ami Carter, is absolute. He has created a closed society that the Israelis have found difficult to penetrate, much less fully understand. Defectors have told Israeli authorities that some followers are held against their will within the sect, even mistreated. The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation believes that fugitives from the United States have taken refuge in the Dimona community after carrying out fraudulent schemes to raise money for the group.
UPDATE: Evidently in 2018, Israel was having a problem with illegal entry of surrounding Blacks from other nations. "HERZLIYA, Israel -- Thousands of African asylum seekers are protesting an Israeli plan to deport them. The mostly Eritrean and Sudanese who illegally entered Israel will be expelled under the new plans. The government has issued an ultimatum, telling them to leave the country by April 1 -- in exchange for $3,500 and a plane ticket -- or face indefinite incarceration. I saw a video on youtube about it with one fellow interviewed who broke out of a Sudanese jail and preferred to return to Israel even it it meant prison there as well. Wonder how they solved this problem. They were not interested in conversion, I'm sure. I seem to remember that as a time citizens were being accosted for money and such by some of them for their survival.
We came from 12 tribes originally, 12 brothers who all had the same father, Jacob. The catch was that 2 of the mothers were sisters and were relatives of Jacob, and the other 2 were these mothers' handmaidens, most likely from Egypt or thereabouts, giving us, hundreds of generations later, the color of skin that most Ashkenazis, Sephardis and Mizrachis have.
To those doubtful Thomases, may I suggest a DNA family finder test and transferring that to GEDmatch.com,genesis and do some deep deep ancestry evaluating with your DNA. You'll see where your ancient ancestors were . Science is great these days.
The Falash Mura Jews have been waiting to come to Israel for many years in some cases :2021 airlift The immigrants are related to Ethiopian Jews brought to Israel decades ago in a series of secret operations.Hundreds of Ethiopian Jews have been airlifted to Israel - the first of several thousand waiting to emigrate there in a long-running saga. Most of their community has lived in transit camps in Ethiopia for years as questions over their eligibility has dogged the process.
Ethiopian Jews in Israel are immigrants and descendants of the immigrants from the Beta Israel communities in Ethiopia who now reside in Israel. To a lesser, but notable, extent, the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel is also composed of Falash Mura, a community of Beta Israel which had converted to Christianity over the course of past two centuries, but were permitted to immigrate to Israel upon returning to Israelite religion - this time largely to Rabbinic Judaism.
As of the latest figures in 2017, there were 148,700 Ethiopian Jews in Israel. They made up 1.75% of the Israeli population. Now in 2021, there are a few more.
Legend is that the Queen of Sheba visited King Solomon, returning home pregnant.
They practiced a form of Judaism that differs in some respects from Rabbinic Judaism. In Israel, this form of Judaism is referred to as Haymanot. Beta Israel appear to have been isolated from mainstream Jewish communities for at least a millennium. They suffered religious persecution and a significant portion of the community were forced into Christianity during the 19th and 20th centuries; those converted to Christianity came to be known as the Falash Mura. The larger Beta Abraham Christian community is also considered to have historical links to the Beta Israel.
The Beta Israel made contact with other Jewish communities in the later 20th century. Following this, a rabbinic debate ensued over whether or not the Beta Israel were Jews. After halakhic (Jewish law) and constitutional discussions, Israeli officials decided, in 1977, that the Israeli Law of Return was to be applied to the Beta Israel. The Israeli and American governments mounted aliyah (immigration to Israel) transport operations. These activities included Operation Brothers in Sudan between 1979 and 1990 (this includes the major Operation Moses and Operation Joshua), and in the 1990s from Addis Ababa (which includes Operation Solomon).
By the end of 2008, there were 119,300 people of Ethiopian descent in Israel, including nearly 81,000 people born in Ethiopia and about 38,500 native-born Israelis (about 32 percent of the community) with at least one parent born in Ethiopia or Eritrea (formerly part of Ethiopia). The Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel is mostly composed of Beta Israel (practicing both Haymanot and Rabbinic Judaism) and to a smaller extent of Falash Mura who converted from Christianity to Rabbinic Judaism upon their arrival to Israel.
The first Ethiopian Jews who settled in Israel in the modern times came in 1934 along with the Yemenite Jews from Italian Eritrea. (Eritrea had been a section of Ethiopia).
Between the years 1963 and 1975, a relatively small group of Beta Israel emigrated to Israel. The Beta Israel immigrants in that period were mainly very few men who have studied and came to Israel on a tourist visa, and then remained in the country illegally.
1. Operation Moses (Hebrew: מִבְצָע מֹשֶׁה, Mivtza Moshe) refers to the covert evacuation of Ethiopian Jews (known as the "Beta Israel" community or "Falashas") from Sudan during a civil war that caused a famine in 1984. Originally called Gur Aryeh Yehuda (“Cub of the Lion of Judah”) by Israelis, the United Jewish Appeal changed the name to “Operation Moses. Operation Solomon was the third Aliyah mission from Ethiopia to Israel. Before Operation Solomon, there was Operation Moses and Operation Joshua, which were two of the other ways that Ethiopian Jews could leave before they were forced to put an end to these type of programs. In between the time when these operations came to an end and Operation Solomon began,a very small number of Ethiopian Jews were able to leave and go to Israel.
After a secret Israeli cabinet meeting in November 1984, the decision was made to go forward with Operation Moses. Beginning November 21, 1984, it involved the air transport by Trans European Airways of some 8,000 Ethiopian Jews from Sudan via Brussels to Israel, ending January 5, 1985. Over those seven weeks, over 30 flights brought about 200 Ethiopian Jews at a time to Israel.Trans European Airways had flown out of Sudan previously with Muslims making the pilgrimage to Mecca, so using TEA was a logical solution for this semi-covert operation because it would not provoke questions from the airport authorities.Before this operation, there were approximately as few as 250 Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. Thousands of Beta Israel had fled Ethiopia on foot for refugee camps in Sudan, a journey which usually took anywhere from two weeks to a month. It is estimated as many as 4,000 died during the trek, due to violence and illness along the way. Sudan secretly allowed Israel to evacuate the refugees. Two days after the airlifts began, Jewish journalists wrote about “the mass rescue of thousands of Ethiopian Jews.”
Netanyahu and Ethiopian Community leaders
2. Operation Joshua, also known as Operation Sheba, was the 1985 airlifting of Ethiopian Jews from refugee camps in Sudan to Israel. Ethiopian Jews had fled to refugee camps in Sudan from a severe famine in their country. The IsraeliOperation Moseshad previously airlifted 8000 people to Israel from November 21, 1984, to January 5, 1985,but when word leaked out to the press, under pressure from other Muslim countries, Sudan blocked further flights,leaving many behind. All 100United States senatorssigned a secret petition to PresidentRonald Reagan, asking him to have the evacuation resumed.Vice PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushthen arranged a follow-up mission called Operation Joshua.On March 22, 1985, six United States Air ForceC-130 Herculestransport aircraft were dispatched, landing nearAl Qadarif. "Around 500","more than 500"or "around 650"Jews were located and transported to Uvda Airbase in southern Israel.
3. Operation Solomon (Hebrew: מבצע שלמה, Mivtza Shlomo) Six years later,was a covert Israeli military operation to airlift Ethiopian Jews to Israel from May 24 to May 25, 1991. Non-stop flights of 35 Israeli aircraft, including Israeli Air Force C-130s and El Al Boeing 747s, transported 14,325 Ethiopian Jews to Israel in 36 hours.Operation Moses ended on Friday, January 5, 1985, after Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres held a press conference confirming the airlift while asking people not to talk about it. Sudan killed the airlift moments after Peres stopped speaking, ending it prematurely as the news began to reach their Arab allies.
Once the story broke in the media, Arab countries pressured Sudan to stop the airlift. Although thousands made it successfully to Israel, many children died in the camps or during the flight to Israel, and it was reported that their parents brought their bodies down from the aircraft with them. Some 1,000 Ethiopian Jews were left behind, approximately 500 of whom were evacuated later in the U.S.-led Operation Joshua. More than 1,000 so-called "orphans of circumstance" existed in Israel, children separated from their families still in Africa, until five years later Operation Solomon took 14,324 more Jews to Israel in 1991. Operation Solomon in 1991 cost Israel $26 million to pay off the dictator-led government, while Operation Moses had been the least expensive of all rescue operations undertaken by Israel to aid Jews in other countries.
Operation Dove Wing 2010; 2015-2020On 14 November 2010, theIsraeli cabinetapproved a plan to allow an additional 8,000Falash Murato immigrate to Israel. On November 16, 2015, the Israeli cabinet unanimously voted in favor of allowing the last group of Falash Mura to immigrate over the next five years, but their acceptance will be conditional on a successful Jewish conversion process, according to the Interior Ministry.In April 2016, they announced that a total of 10,300 people would be included in the latest round of Aliyah, over the following 5 years.
How did Israelis know there were Jews in Ethiopia? In the Bible (Tanakh) under ( I Kings 10) one reads about the Queen of Sheba, the ruler of the Southern Arabian kingdom who visited King Solomon and returned to her country full of admiration for his wisdom. The circumstances were much elaborated in Jewish and even more in non-Jewish legend, found in the Bilqis of Arab folk tales. The Ethiopian royal family claims descent from a legendary union of the queen and King Solomon. Often, legends do have a factual basis..
The legend seems to come from Arabia, not Ethiopia. It looks like Yemen and Djibouti are the common points for Ethiopia. In the new issue of Ifriqiya, Irit Back deals with how Middle Eastern powers are trying to increase their involvement in the Horn of Africa today. it could be also true in the days of Solomon and the country of Sheba in about 940 BCE. Solomon was born in 961BCE died in 920 BCE. Let's say that the Queen and her ladies visited Solomon in 940 BCE. That's 2,961 years ago, almost 3,000 years ago for sure. if the Queen were pregnant, as some claim, and her ladies, they would not have carried the Y haplogroup, and the mt female line is hard to trace. As I have searched before, Ethiopians' Jewish line hadn't been discovered. Practices of being Jewish is another way of proof. Much of that seems to have been lost as well, whereas many traces have been found with the Pashtuns of Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. I would suggest looking at the Yemenite women's mt haplogroup as a possible ancestor of the Ethiopian ancestry. Its carried in men as well. Is it close? Similar? Same?
The Beta Israel have traditionally attributed their descent to the Israelite tribe of Dan. On the other hand, they were commonly identified by the Abyssinians with prejudice, as strangers (Falasha) and as being inferior. The Israelite Jewish identity of the group is historically well established across a vast spectrum of sources. Notable of these was the ninth-century Jewish scholar Eldad Ha-Dani, whose very name translates to Eldad the Danite, and who identifies himself as the citizen of a Jewish state “beyond the rivers of Cush [Kush]” (Halper, 2009, p. 49). Eldad was precise about the unique Israelite identity of his people from the tribe of Dan. Others include the twelfth century traveler Benjamin of Tudela (as cited in Kaplan, 1995, p. 50) who refers to “Israelites” in the mountains proximate to Nubia— i.e. the medieval name of the Nile Valley area of Kush in Northern Sudan.Here, it should be noted that the name Ethiopia in ancient times referred to the civilization of Kush in northern Sudan.Also worth mentioning is the Chief Rabbi of Egypt who wrote in the sixteenth century confirming the origin of the Beta Israel as Jews from “the tribe of Dan” (as cited in Bleich, 1977, p. 302). Our original Dan was the 5th son of Jacob, son of Isaac, son of Abraham, and Bilhah, the handmaid of Rachel. Bilhah may have been an Egyptian or from that area.
Many of the Beta Israel accounts of their own origins stress that they stem from the very ancient migration of some portion of the Tribe of Dan to Ethiopia, led it is said by sons of Moses, perhaps even at the time of the Exodus. Alternative timelines include perhaps the later crises in Judea, e. g., at the time of the split of the northern Kingdom of Israel from the southern Kingdom of Judah after the death of King Solomon or at the time of the Babylonian Exile. Other Beta Israel take as their basis the Christian account of Menelik's return to Ethiopia. Menelik is considered the first SolomonicEmperor of Ethiopia, and is traditionally believed to be the son of King Solomon of ancient Israel, and Makeda, ancient Queen of Sheba (in modern Ethiopia). Though all the available traditions correspond to recent interpretations, they reflect ancient convictions. According to Jon Abbink; three different versions are to be distinguished among the traditions which were recorded from the priests of the community.
However, the perception of the traditional theory, given its trend in suppressing the distinctions of the Beta Israel from the Christian society, has distorted the historical reality of the group’s identity. Kaplan, for example, identifiesayhud, which is the Agaw word forJews, as a vague term that includes vilified Christians. He cites cases in which medieval authors, starting from the fourteenth century, pejoratively referred to antagonized Christian groups asayhud.
An argument against being from Jewish sources begs two basic questions: First, why would the Beta Israel adopt normative Jewish traits if they were not Jewish in the first place? And second, why did they identify themselves, and were identified by others, in the Israelite-Jewish context prior to their exposure to normative Judaism? While references to Israelite presence in Kush are well founded in Biblical literature (e.g. Psalm 87:4, Isaiah 11:11, and Zephaniah 3:10), a wide spectrum of medieval and contemporary sources refers to Jews in the areas of the Semien and Tana (Ashkenazi, 1987, p. 10). And if Summerfield’s hypothesis is based on the assumption that normative Judaism was adopted by the Beta Israel as a more civilized and foreign—perhaps European—influence, then his argument also fails. For such an assumption would contradict the Beta Israel’s overwhelming rejection of Europe’s Christian missionaries. According to one statistic, missionaries converted only about 1% of the poor Beta Israel population within a fifty year period (Hamilton, 2007, p. 143). And even those who converted during this period have predominantly returned to Judaism (Seeman, 2010, p. 63).
A Genetic Perspective onthe Beta Israel, Ethiopian Jews
While Ethiopian Jews, historically known as the Beta Israel (or derogatorily as Falashas), constitute an inseparable component of today’s Israeli society, the question as to how and what makes them different from non-Jewish Ethiopians remains a prominent subject of discussion. As I discuss in a prior article (Omer, 2013), scholarly circles today remain overwhelmingly attracted to the hypothesis—also known asthe traditional theory—that attributes the origins of the Beta Israel to medieval theological transformations within Christianity (e.g. Quirin, 2010; Kaplan, 1995), rather than to Jewish origins. By this theory, the relationship between the Beta Israel and the native populations is defined as socially constructed, with no ancestral or genetic connection to the ancient Hebrews.
An argument draws on evidence that the group is of ancient Jewish descent. Beside the abundant historical evidence, I base my argument on the recent genetic research—summarize by Jon Entine in Abraham’s Children: Race, Identity and the DNA of the Chosen People—which shows that the Beta Israel were established since the mid-first millennium CE period. Genetic research suggests that some shared ancestry from the latter time period is preserved within the group (p. 149; 2007; Saey, 2010, p. 13; Ostrer, 2012); that is through maintaining kinship ties and obviously through restricting intermarriages with outsiders. I also argue that the intermixture of the Beta Israel with neighboring populations was an inconsistent process that occurred gradually over extended periods of time. Outsiders were integrated into the group through spontaneous interaction and assimilation. One point I emphasize is that the historical, geographical and probably genealogical connections between the Beta Israel and Northern Sudan, which no scholar has practically examined in depth, is essential to understanding the group’s origins.
Although the majority of the Beta Israel, known in the local Ge’ez-Semitic as Falasha, which translates to mean ”strangers,” were settled in Israel since the 1980s, they have historically inhabited the northwestern areas of the Ethiopian highlands. Their settlements were distributed around Lake Tana, the Semien mountains, as well as western areas in what is today Northern Sudan (Tegegne & Pinchuk, 2008, p. 43-4; Jacobovici, 2004). Historically prohibited by the Abyssinian law from owning land, the Beta Israel primarily worked as tenant farmers and artisans. (good grief, Jews in Europe also went through such laws; couldn't own land).
Before the airlift of the 3rd operation, Israelis had a lot of discussions about doing it. Israel is made up of European Jews called Ashkenazis and Spanish/Middle eastern Jews called Sephardis with Middle easterners mixed in called Mizrachis. There has been a diverse mixing of Jews already, but Ethiopians come from a more primitive area, Africa.
In the decade leading up to the operation, there was a heated division within the Israeli community over whether to accept the Ethiopians. The reasoning against bringing in Ethiopians proved to be very diverse. Some Jews within Israel feared a "shanda fur di goyim" (Yiddish: שאנדע פֿאר די גויים embarrassment in front of the non-Jews), and thus aimed to avoid the issue of stirring up controversy by ignoring the pleas of the Ethiopian Jews.
Others advocated for the operation, but avoided public demonstrations that might lead to arrests and further public controversy. Taking a completely different approach, others within the Israeli community claimed that there was a cultural divide which would make the integration process untenable; these included Director General of the Jewish Agency's Department of Immigration and Absorption Yehuda Dominitz, who likened this displacement to "taking a fish out of water". Still others elaborated on this vague notion with more provocative claims, such as World Zionist Organization writer Malkah Raymist, who argued that the Ethiopians' "mental outlook is that of children... It would take several years before they could be educated towards a minimum of progressive thinking." However, ultimately, these counter arguments were in vain, as the Israeli government went ahead and conducted the airlift anyway, and the jubilant Ethiopians were greeted as they exited the planes by thousands of joyous Israelis.
Safed, Israel: Binion 213 with my Fiat from Italy and my German shepherd, Blintz from Oregon, who everyone wanted to buy from me. I taught English at the junior high across the street to 7th, 8th and 9th graders.
Later, Ethiopians were called into the army like all Israelis
I was in Safed from 1980-85 when Ethiopian Jews were moved into the apartment building across the street in 1984 on David Eleazar St. Ladies set up one apartment as a shop with used clothing that was donated. There, they could try clothes on. I saw them in our supermarket. I attended an art show they put on, and they were very beautiful fine-boned people, just amazing to behold. Their work was fantastic as well. I was told that they had been placed in the hospitals first, after stepping on Israeli soil, and were treated for any problems they brought with them before being freed into the public arena. They were not carrying any African parasites or such things. After the journey they had gone through, they probably needed the hospital for R & R. I suppose they got a little of an ulpan education there as well, at least I hope they did. Any immigrant to Israel undergoes at least 3 months of an education in Israel and it's language, Hebrew. I went through 10 months of a program for immigrant teachers. It was a large group, full of Russian teachers and a few of us Americans.
Today, most Ethiopian Beta Israel have been for the most part integrated into Israeli society; however, a high drop-out rate is a problem, although a higher number are now edging towards the higher areas of society.
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