Nadene Goldfoot
Vespasian and his son Titus led the Roman forces, while Jewish leaders like Eleazar ben Ya'ir (leading the Sicarii) and Josephus (a historian who initially fought against the Romans) played significant roles.
Titus was the Roman Emperor during the burning of Jerusalem and it's Temple in 70 CE. This happened during the 1st century CE. Titus entered Jerusalem in April 70 CE, during the First Jewish-Roman War, to begin the siege of the city. He initiated the siege around Passover, positioning his troops and effectively trapping many Jewish pilgrims inside. The city and the Second Temple were ultimately destroyed by the Romans later that year, in September.
2nd century ce
- Hadrian (117–138 ce)
The destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE marked a turning point for Jewish history, leading to the Diaspora (dispersion) of Jews throughout the Roman Empire and beyond.
- T The war resulted in widespread destruction, loss of life (estimates range from hun hundreds of thousands to over a million), and the displacement of the Jewish p ppopulation . The destruction of the Temple led to a shift in Jewish religious pr- practice, with the rise of Rabbinic Judaism.
There were already Jewish communities in Asia Minor (which includes present-day Turkey) before 70 CE. The destruction of the Temple likely led to an influx of Jewish refugees and migrants into these existing communities.
Nicaea was an ancient Greek city in Bithynia, located in northwestern Anatolia (Turkey near Marmara.) It is now known as Iznik in Turkey. Nicaea is most famous for being the site of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 AD, a significant event in Christian history.
The major impetus for the calling of the Council of Nicaea arose in a theological dispute among the Christian clergy of Alexandria concerning the nature of Jesus, his origin, and relation to God the Father. Scholars propose dates between 318 and 322 for the beginning of the dispute. The precise origins of the controversy are unclear, but the principal actors were Archbishop Alexander of Alexandria and the presbyter Arius.
Arius' teachings are known partially from a few pieces of his writings which survive, but principally from his opponents, primarily Alexander and Athanasius of Alexandria. Arius criticized Alexander's teachings on Christology;
Nicaea (modern-day İznik), located in Bithynia (northwestern Turkey), was a significant city in the Roman Empire. It hosted the First Council of Nicaea in 325 CE, a major event in the history of the Christian Church. While there's no specific mention of a large Jewish community in Nicaea at that time, it's reasonable to assume that Jews, like other populations, would have been present in the area.
It's important to note that the destruction of Jerusalem did not result in a complete and immediate exodus of all Jews from the land. Many Jews remained in Judea, and the region continued to have a Jewish population throughout the Roman, Byzantine, and subsequent periods.
What happened was that Hadrian, known for his extensive building programs, visited Judaea around 129-130 CE. He decided to rebuild Jerusalem, which was still in ruins after the First Jewish-Roman War of 70 CE, as a Roman colony dedicated to Jupiter. This city was named Aelia Capitolina.
Hadrian (24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. Hadrian was born in Italica, close to modern Seville in Spain, an Italic settlement in Hispania Baetica;
Alexander taught that Jesus as God the Son was eternally generated from the Father, while
Arius and his followers asserted that the Father alone was eternal, and that the Son was created or begotten by the Father, and thus had a defined point of origin and was subordinate to the Father.
Arius accused Alexander of following the teachings of Sabellius, who taught that the Father, Son, and Holy spirit were one person, rather than the view held throughout the east that they were distinct.
Alexander called a local council of bishops from Egypt and Libya, which sided with Alexander's view.
Arius refused to subscribe to the council's decision, and he and several followers were excommunicated and exiled from Alexandria by Alexander. Arius then traveled to churches around the Roman east and wrote to bishops to gain support of his view. Among Arius' supporters were Eusebius of Nicomedia and Eusebius of Caesarea, and they advocated for his view and his restoration to the church in Alexandria. Alexander also circulated letters defending his own position.
The Council of Nicaea, held in 325 CE, was a gathering of Christian bishops convened by Emperor Constantine to address the Arian controversy and other issues within the early Church. The primary goal was to unify the Church by resolving theological disputes, particularly those surrounding the nature of Jesus Christ and his relationship to God the Father. The council resulted in the condemnation of Arianism, the formulation of the Nicene Creed, and the establishment of precedents for future ecumenical councils.
The Christian feast of Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover and Feast of Unleavened Bread, as Christians believe that the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus occurred at the time of those observances. As early as Pope Sixtus I in the 2nd century, some Christians had set Easter to a Sunday in the lunar month of Nisan. To determine which lunar month was to be designated as Nisan, Christians relied on the Jewish community. By the late 3rd century some Christians began to express dissatisfaction with what they took to be the disorderly state of the Jewish calendar. They argued that contemporary Jews were identifying the wrong lunar month as the month of Nisan, choosing a month whose 14th day fell before the spring equinox.
From Hadrian (117 to 138).to Constantine Constantine the Great, also known as Constantine I, was Roman emperor from (306 to 337 CE/AD. ) were 38 different Emperors.
Emperor Constantine
At Nicea the Roman Empire was then under the authority of the first 'Christian' emperor, Constantine. He was as yet unbaptized but had the enlightened attitude that the type of Christianity that he had witnessed in his native Britain could be tolerated throughout the Empire. Even before Romans and Christianity arrived there, Britain had never persecuted anyone for religious beliefs. Constantine learned about Christianity from his mother a British princess, Helena, daughter of King Coel Coedhebawg .
Later, Britain banished Jews from their country for 365 years. The Nicaea meetings following developed into anti-Semitism. Jews were expelled from England in 1290 and not allowed to return for 366 years, until 1656. This expulsion was ordered by King Edward I. They were formally readmitted under Oliver Cromwell.
Resource:
https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Jerusalem-70
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arius
https://colosseum.info/arch-of-titus/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea
https://www.jpost.com/blogs/truth-beyond-price/how-anti-semitism-was-exacerbated-at-the
No comments:
Post a Comment