Nadene Goldfoot
Eleventh century 
Fatimid Empire in Cairo
- 1008
- Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ("the Mad") issues severe restrictions against Jews in the Fatimid Empire. All Jews are forced to wear a heavy wooden "golden calf" around their necks. Christians had to wear a large wooden cross and members of both groups had to wear black hats. The Fatimids, claiming descent from Fatima, the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad, established their capital in Cairo, Egypt which became a major cultural and trade center. A Shia dynasty that ruled a vast area in North Africa and the Middle East from 909 to 1171 CE.
- 1009
- Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, of Cairo, orders the destruction of synagogues, Torah scrolls and Jewish artifacts among other non-Muslim buildings.
- 1010
- The Jews of Limoges, France, are given the choice of baptism or exile. Limoges, born in 10 BC,
- 1011
- The Abbasid Caliph Al-Qadir born in 947 CE, Baghdad, Iraq, publishes the Baghdad Manifesto, which accuses the Fatimids of being descended from Jews, instead of being "family of the prophet Mohammad."
- 1011
- A Muslim mob attacks a Jewish funeral procession, resulting in the arrest of 23 Jews, who were the victims.
- 1011
- Pogrom against Sephardic Jews in Córdoba, Spain by a Muslim mob.
- 1012
- One of the first known persecutions of Jews in Germany: Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, expels Jews from Mainz, German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and with around 223,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 35th-largest city.
- 1013
- During the fall of the city, Sulayman's troops looted Córdoba and massacred citizens of the city, including many Jews. Prominent Jews in Córdoba, such as Samuel ibn Naghrela were forced to flee to the city in 1013.
- 1016
- The Jewish community of Kairouan, Tunisia is forced to choose between conversion and expulsion.[65]
- 1021
- A violent earthquake occurs, which some Greeks maintain is caused by a desecration of Jesus by the Jews. For this a number of Roman Jews are burnt at the stake.[66]
- 1026
- Probable date of the chronicle of Raoul Glaber. The French chronicler blamed the Jews for the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which was destroyed in 1009 by Islamic Caliph Al-Hakim. As a result, Jews were expelled from Limoges and other French towns.[citation needed]
- 1033
- Temim ibn Ziri conquers Fez, Morocco and decimates the Jewish community, massacring 6,000 Jews during the Fez massacre.
- 1035
- Sixty Jews are put to death in Castrojeriz during a revolt, because the Jews were considered "property" of the kingdom by the locals.[67][68]
- 1039
- A Muslim mob raids the palace of the Jewish vizier and kills him after the ruler al-Mondhir is assassinated.
- 1040
- Exilarch Hezekiah Gaon is imprisoned and tortured to death by the Buyyids. The death of Hezekiah ended the line of the Geonim, which had begun four centuries earlier.
- 1050
- Council of Narbonne, France forbids Christians to live in Jewish homes.
- 1066
- Granada massacre: Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city. "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day."[69]
- 1071
- Jerusalem falls to the Seljuk Turks, many synagogues are destroyed and life for Jews in Jerusalem becomes much more restricted.[citation needed]
- 1078
- Council of Girona decrees Jews to pay taxes for support of the Catholic Church to the same extent as Christians.[22]
- 1090
- The Jewish community of Granada, which had recovered after the attacks of 1066, attacked again at the hands of the Almoravides led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, bringing the golden age of Jewish culture in Spain to end.
- 1092
- The Synod of Szabolcs prohibits Jews from working on Sunday [22] or marrying Christians.
- 1096
- The First Crusade. Three hosts of crusaders pass through several Central European cities. The third, unofficial host, led by Count Emicho, decides to attack the Jewish communities, most notably in the Rhineland, under the slogan: "Why fight Christ's enemies abroad when they are living among us?" Eimicho's host attacks the synagogue at Speyer and kills all the defenders. 800 are killed in Worms. Another 1,200 Jews commit suicide in Mainz to escape his attempt to forcibly convert them (see German Crusade, 1096), and 600 are massacred in Mainz on 27 May.[70] Attempts by the local bishops remained fruitless. All in all, 5,000 Jews were murdered.[71]
- 1099
- Jews fight side by side with Muslim soldiers to defend Jerusalem against the Crusaders and face massacres when it falls.[72] According to the Muslim chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi, "The Jews assembled in their synagogue, and the Franks burned it over their heads."[73] However, a contemporary Jewish communication does not corroborate the report that Jews were actually inside of the Synagogue when it was set on fire.[74] This letter was discovered among the Cairo Geniza collection in 1975 by historian Shelomo Dov Goitein.[75] Historians believe that it was written just two weeks after the siege, making it "the earliest account on the conquest in any language."[75] However, all sources agree that a synagogue was indeed burned during the siege.
Twelfth century
- 1108
- Many Jews are massacred and their houses and synagogues are burned following a Muslim victory at the Battle of Uclés (1108) in Spain. Of those murdered is Solomon ibn Farissol, the leader of the Castile community. This incident greatly impacted the Hebrew poet Judah HaLevi, and completely shifted the focus of his poetry.
- 1113
- Upon the death of Sviatopolk II of Kiev, leader of the Kievan Rus', widespread riots and plundering of Jewish homes commenced.
- 1124
- The Jewish quarter of Kyiv is destroyed by arson.
- 1135
- A Muslim mob in Córdoba, Spain storms into Jewish homes, takes their possessions and kills a number of them.
- 1141
- During The Anarchy, the fight for succession between Matilde and Stephen, the Jews of Oxford are forced to pay ransom to both sides of the conflict or their houses are to be burned. Stephen burns the house of Aaron son of Isaac and threatens the rest of the community if they do not pay him.
- 1143
- 150 Jews are killed in Ham, Somme, France.
- 1144
- The case of William of Norwich, a contrived accusation of murder by Jews in Norwich, England.
- 1145
- Abd al-Mu'min gives the Jewish population of Sijilmasa the choice of converting to Islam or death. At least 150 Jews who refuse to convert are massacred.
- 1146
- 100,000 Jews are massacred by the Almohad Caliphate in Fez, Morocco and 120,000 in Marrakesh.
- 1147
- Jews are expelled from al-Andalus (Muslim-ruled Iberia-Spain).
- 1148
- The mostly-Jewish town Lucena, Córdoba-Spain is captured by the Almohad Caliphate and local Jews are given the choice of Islam or death. This was the end of the Jewish community of Lucena.
- 1148–1212
- Rule of the Almohad Caliphate in al-Andalus. Only Jews who had converted to Christianity or Islam were allowed to live in Granada. One of the refugees was Maimonides, who settled first in Fez and later in Fustat near Cairo.
- 1160
- Appalled by the annual practice of beating Jews during Palm Sunday, Bishop William issues an order which would excommunicate any priest who continues the practice.[82]
- 1165
- New Almohad ruler decrees that all Jews in Fez must convert to Islam or face death. Judah ha-Kohen ibn Shushan is burnt alive for refusing and Maimonides was displaced and permanently leaves for Egypt.[84]
- 1168
- Harold of Gloucester is found floating in a river. The local Benedictine monks use the discovery to claim that "the child had been spirited away by the Jews on the 21st February for them to torture him to death on the night of 16th March". It established that the mythology created around William of Norwich's death could be used as a template for explaining later deaths.
- 1171
- In Blois, France 31 Jews were burned at the stake for blood libel including Pulcelina of Blois
- 1173
- Following multiple church-inspired riots, Mieszko III of Poland forbids all kinds of violence against the Jews of Poland.
- 1177
- Alfonso II of Aragon creates a charter which defines the status of Jews in Teruel. Jews are defined as "slaves of the king, belonging entirely to the royal treasury." The fee for killing a Jew is half of what the fee is for killing a Christian and is to be paid directly to the king (since Jews are considered property of the crown).
- 1179
- The Third Council of the Lateran, Canon 26, forbids Jews to be plaintiffs or witnesses against Christians in the courts or withhold inheritance from descendants who had accepted Christianity.
- 1179
- The body of a Christian girl is found near the shore. The Jews of Boppard are blamed for her death, resulting in 13 Jews being murdered.
- 1180
- Philip II of France, after four months in power, imprisons all the Jews in his lands and demands a ransom for their release.
- 1181
- Philip Augustus II annuls all loans made by Jews to Christians and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates all Jewish property and expels the Jews from Paris.
- 1181
- The Assize of Arms of 1181 orders that all weapons held by Jews must be confiscated, claiming they have no use for them. This led to the Jewish community of England being a lot more vulnerable during anti-Jewish riots.
- 1182
- Jews are expelled from Orléans. 99 Jews are burned alive in Brie-Comte-Robert.[86]
- 1184
- Jewish martyr Elhanan, the son of Isaac ben Samuel, is murdered for refusing to convert.[87]
- 1188
- The Saladin tithe: Jews are taxed 25% of their income and personal worth, while Christians are taxed 10%.
- 1189
- Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, orders priests not to preach against Jews.
- 1189
- A Jewish deputation attending coronation of Richard the Lionheart was attacked by the crowd. Pogroms in London followed and spread around England.
- 1190
- All the Jews of Norwich, England found in their houses were slaughtered, except a few who found refuge in the castle.
- 1190
- 57 Jews in St. Edmunds are killed in a massacre on Palm Sunday.[88]
- 1190
- 500 Jews of York were massacred after a six-day siege by departing members of the Third Crusade, backed by several people indebted to Jewish money-lenders.[89]
- 1190
- Saladin conquers the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the Crusaders and lifts the ban for Jews to live in Jerusalem.
- 1191
- More than 80 Jews in Bray-sur-Seine are burned at the stake after trying to execute a murderer who had killed an Israelite.[90]
- 1195
- After falsely being accused of ritual murder with no evidence, the daughter of Rabbi Isaac bar Asher ha-Levi is murdered, dismembered and her body parts are hung around the market place for days. Ha-Levi was killed the following day along with 8 other Jews after trying to recover what was left of his daughter's body from the mob. (Like present day horrors of October 7th
- 1197
- In an attempt to isolate the Jewish population economically, Christians were barred from buying food from Jews or having conversations with them under the threat of excommunication.
- 1198
- Philip Augustus readmits Jews to Paris, only after another ransom was paid and a taxation scheme was set up to procure funds for himself. August: Saladin's nephew al-Malik, caliph of Yemen, summons all the Jews and forcibly converts them.
Thirteenth century
[edit]
- 13th century
- Germany. Appearance of Judensau: obscene and dehumanizing imagery of Jews, ranging from etchings to Cathedral ceilings. Its popularity lasted for over 600 years.
- 1203
- Jewish quarter of Constantinople is burned down by crusaders during the Siege of Constantinople (1203).
- 1204
- In 1204 the papacy required Jews to segregate themselves from Christians and to wear distinctive clothing.
- 1205
- Jews are expelled from villages and towns all around Spain by Muslims.
- 1206
- Jewish homes are burned, looted, Israelites are killed and the remaining Jewish population of Halle is expelled.
- 1209
- Béziers is stormed and its inhabitants are massacred. Among those were 200 Jews. All Jewish children who survived, and did not flee, were forcibly baptized.
- 1209
- Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, humiliated and forced to swear that he would implement social restrictions against Jews.
- 1210
- King John of England imprisoned much of the Jewish population until they paid up 66,000 marks.
- 1212
- Forced conversions and mass murder of the Jewish community of Toledo.
- 1215
- The Fourth Lateran Council headed by Pope Innocent III declares: "Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress." (Canon 68). See Judenhut. The Fourth Lateran Council also noted that the Jews' own law required the wearing of identifying symbols.
- Pope Innocent III also reiterated papal injunctions against forcible conversions, and added: "No Christian shall do the Jews any personal injury...or deprive them of their possessions...or disturb them during the celebration of their festivals...or extort money from them by threatening to exhume their dead."
- 1217
- French noblewoman Alix de Montmorency imprisons the Jewish population of Toulouse for refusing to convert. She eventually released them all except for children under six, who were taken and adopted by Christians.
- 1221
- An anti-Jewish riot erupts in Erfurt, where the Jewish quarter is destroyed along with two synagogues. Around 26 Jews are killed, and others throw themselves into fire rather than be forcibly converted. Samuel of Speyer was among those martyred.
- 1222
- Council of Oxford: Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton forbids Jews from building new synagogues, owning slaves or mixing with Christians.
- 1223
- Louis VIII of France prohibits his officials from recording debts owed to Jews, reversing his father's policy of seeking such debts.
- 1227
- The Synod of Narbonne reaffirms the anti-Semitic decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council.
- 1229
- Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, heir of Raymond VI, also forced to swear that he would implement social restrictions against Jews.
- 1229
- Treaty of Jaffa is signed between Frederick II and the Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt. Jews are once again banned from residing in Jerusalem.
- 1230
- Theodore Komnenos Doukas is defeated. Since Theodore decreed many anti-Jewish laws and seized Jewish property, he was handed over to two Jews by John Asen II to personally kill him. After having pity on him and refusing to kill Theodore, the Czar had the Jews thrown off a cliff.
- 1232
- Forced mass conversions in Marrakesh, over 1,000 Moroccan Jews are killed.
- 1235
- The Jews of Fulda, Germany were accused of ritual murder. To investigate the blood libel, Emperor Frederick II held a special conference of Jewish converts to Christianity at which the converts were questioned about Jewish ritual practice. Letters inviting prominent individuals to the conference still survive. At the conference, the converts stated unequivocally that Jews do not harm Christian children or require blood for any rituals. In 1236 the Emperor published these findings and in 1247 Pope Innocent IV, the Emperor's enemy, also denounced accusations of the ritual murder of Christian children by Jews. In 1272, the papal repudiation of the blood libel was repeated by Pope Gregory X, who also ruled that thereafter any such testimony of a Christian against a Jew could not be accepted unless it is confirmed by another Jew. Unfortunately, these proclamations from the highest sources were not effective in altering the beliefs of the Christian majority and the libels continued.
- 1236
- Crusaders attack Jewish communities of Anjou and Poitou and attempt to baptize all the Jews. Those who resisted (est. 3,000) were slaughtered.
- 1236
- A Jew and a Christian fisherman get into a heated argument about prices, which turns physical. It ends when the Jew deals a devastating blow to the Gentile's head which leads to his death. This enrages the local Christian population, who attack the Jewish quarter of Narbonne. Don Aymeric, the governor of Narbonne prevents a massacre and restores all stolen Jewish property to their rightful owner.[100][101]
- 1240
- John I, Duke of Brittany expels Jews from Brittany.[102]
- 1240
- Disputation of Paris. Pope Gregory IX puts Talmud on trial on the charges that it contains blasphemy against Jesus and Mary and attacks on the Church.
- 1241
- A pogrom against the Jews of Frankfurt takes place after conflicts over Jewish-Christian marriages and the enforced baptism of interfaith couples. 180 Jews are killed as a result and 24 agree to be baptized. This became known as the Judenschlacht (German for Slaughter of the Jews).
- 1241
- In England, first of a series of royal levies against Jewish finances, which forced the Jews to sell their debts to non-Jews at cut prices.[103]
- 1242
- Following a show trial, the Talmud is "convicted" of corrupting the Jews. 24 cart-loads of hand-written Talmudic manuscripts, some 10,000 volumes and comprising most of the extant volumes in France, are burned in the streets of Paris.
- 1242
- James I of Aragon orders Jews to listen to conversion sermons and to attend churches. Friars are given power to enter synagogues uninvited.
- 1243
- The first ever accusation of Host Desecration. The entire Jewish population of Beelitz was burned at the stake after being accused of torturing Jesus and the spot it happened was named "Judenberg."
- 1244
- Pope Innocent IV orders Louis IX of France to burn all Talmud copies.
- 1249
- Alphonse of Poitiers orders the expulsion of all Jews in Poitiers.
- 1250
- Saragossa Spain: death of a choirboy Saint Dominguito del Val prompts ritual murder accusation. His sainthood was revoked in the 20th century but reportedly a chapel dedicated to him still exists in the Cathedral of Saragossa.
- 1250
- The Hafsid caliph in the Magrheb issues a decree that Jews and Christians must wear a distinguishing badge. The so-called shikla continues to be in use for Tunisian Jews into the nineteenth century.[105]
- 1251
- The Shepherds' Crusade attacks Jewish communities across northern France.
- 1253
- Henry III of England introduces harsh anti-Jewish laws.[106] These are known as the Statute of Jewry.
- 1254
- Louis IX threatens any Jew who keeps a copy of the Talmud or engages in moneylending with expulsion.
- 1255
- Henry III of England sells his rights to the Jews (regarded as royal "chattels") to his brother Richard for 5,000 marks.
- 1257
- The Badge of shame is imposed locally on the Italian Jews.
- 1260
- Mongols are defeated and Syria is brought under Mamluk rule. Anti-Jewish laws are once again decreed, and Jewish life becomes a lot more restricted in the Levant.
- 1260
- Jews are banned from ascending above the 7th step on the Cave of the Patriarchs. This ban would last 700 years.
- 1260
- Thomas Aquinas publishes Summa Contra Gentiles, a summary of Christian faith to be presented to those who reject it. The Jews who refuse to convert are regarded as "deliberately defiant" rather than "invincibly ignorant".
- 1263
- Disputation of Barcelona.
- 1264
- Pope Clement IV assigns Talmud censorship committee.
- 1264
- Simon de Montfort inspires massacre of Jews in London.
- 1265
- German-Jewish convert Abraham of Augsburg publicly assails Christianity, severs the heads of crucifix figurines and is sentenced to torture and death by burning.
- 1267
- In a special session, the Vienna city council forces Jews to wear Pileum cornutum (a cone-shaped headdress, prevalent in many medieval illustrations of Jews). This distinctive dress is an addition to Yellow badge Jews were already forced to wear.
- 1267
- The Synod of Vienna forbids Christians from attending Jewish ceremonies, and Jews from debating with "simple Christian people" about the beliefs of the Catholic religion.
- 1267
- The Synod of Breslau orders Jews to live in a segregated quarter.[98]
- 1267
- After an accusation from an old woman that the Jews had bought a Christian child from her to kill, the entire Jewish community of Pforzheim face massacres and expulsion. Rabbi Samuel ben Yaḳar ha-Levi, Rabbi Isaac ben Eliezer and Rabbi Abraham ben Gershom commit suicide to escape the cruel torture they feared.
- 1275
- King Edward I of England passes the Statute of the Jewry forcing Jews over the age of seven to wear an identifying yellow badge, and making usury illegal, in order to seize their assets. Scores of English Jews are arrested, 300 hanged and their property goes to the Crown.
- 1278
- The Edict of Pope Nicholas III requires compulsory attendance of Jews at conversion sermons.
- 1279
- The Synod of Ofen forbids Christians to sell or rent real estate to or from Jews.[98]
- 1280
- Edward I of England orders Jews to be present as Dominicans preach conversion.
- 1282
- John Pectin, Archbishop of Canterbury, orders all London synagogues to close and prohibits Jewish physicians from practicing on Christians.
- 1283
- Philip III of France causes mass migration of Jews by forbidding them to live in the small rural localities.
- 1285
- Blood libel in Munich, Germany results in the death of 68 Jews. 180 more Jews are burned alive at the synagogue.
- 1287
- Edward I of England arrests heads of Jewish families and demands their communities pay ransom of 12,000 pounds.
- 1287
- A 16-year-old boy is found dead in the Rhine. Immediately the Jews of Oberwesel are accused of killing the boy. Over 40 men, women and children were killed by rioters as a response.
- 1287
- Jews are arrested and accused of coin clipping. Even without evidence, the whole community is convicted and expelled.
- 1288
- The Jewish population of Troyes is accused of ritual murder. 13 Jewish martyrs are burned at the stake, sacrificing themselves to spare the rest of the community.[110]
- 1290
- Edict of Expulsion: Edward I expels all Jews from England, allowing them to take only what they could carry, all the other property became the Crown's. Official reason: continued practice of usury.
- 1290
- A Jewish man named Jonathan and his wife are accused of stabbing the wafer to torture Jesus. They are both burned at the stake, their house is destroyed and replaced with a chapel.[112]
- 1290
- The Jews of Baghdad are massacred.
- 1290
- 18 July Edward I of England issues Edict of Expulsion, decreeing all Jews to be expelled from England.
- 1291
- Philip the Fair publishes an ordinance prohibiting the Jews to settle in France.
- 1291
- Jewish physician and grand vizier Sa'ad al-Dawla is killed by Muslims who felt it a degradation to have a Jew placed over them. Persian Jews suffer a long-period of violent persecution by the Muslim population.
- 1292
- Forced conversion and expulsion of the Jews from Campania and Basilicata.
- 1298
- Accusations of Host desecration against the German Jews. More than 140 Jewish communities face forced conversions.
- 1298
- During the civil war between Adolph of Nassau and Albrecht of Austria, German knight Rintfleisch claims to have received a mission from heaven to exterminate "the accursed race of the Jews". Under his leadership, the mob goes from town to town destroying Jewish communities and massacring about 100,000 Jews, often by mass burning at stake. Among 146 localities in Franconia, Bavaria and Austria are Röttingen (20 April), Würzburg (24 July), Nuremberg (1 August).[113]
Fourteenth century
[edit]- 1301
- Riots break out in Egypt, which are encouraged by the Mamluks. Many Jews are forcibly converted to Islam, including the entire Jewish population of Bilbeis. Many synagogues are appropriated into mosques.[114]
- 1305
- Philip IV of France seizes all Jewish property (except the clothes they wear) and expels them from France (approx. 100,000). His successor Louis X of France allows French Jews to return in 1315.
- 1306
- Jews of Sens, Yonne department of France, are expelled. This was the third and final expulsion (after those in 876 and 1198).[115]
- 1306
- Jews expelled from Castelsarrasin, France.[116]
- 1309
- Rhodes falls to the Crusaders, who went on a rampage against the local Jews.[117]
- 1310
- The Synod of Mainz defines the adoption of Judaism by a Christian or the return of a baptized Jew to Judaism as heresy subject to punishment.[98]
- 1310
- Frederick II of Aragon adopts anti-Jewish laws, which require them to mark their clothes and shops with the yellow badge. Jews were also forbidden from having any relationship with Catholics.
- 1314
- Jews expelled from Halle (Saale)[118]
- 1318
- Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, a Persian Jewish convert to Islam was executed on fake charges of poisoning Öljeitü and for several days crowds carried his head around his native city of Tabriz, chanting "This is the head of the Jew who abused the name of God; may God's curse be upon him!"
- 1320
- 152 Jews massacred in Castelsarrasin, France.[116]
- 1320
- Shepherds' Crusade attacks the Jews of 120 localities in southwest France.
- 1321
- King Henry II of Castile forces Jews to wear Yellow badge.
- 1321
- Jews in central France accused of ordering lepers to poison wells. After massacre of est. 5,000 Jews, King Philip V admits they were innocent.
- 1328
- 5,000 Jews are massacred and their houses are burned down following anti-Jewish preaching by a Franciscan friar from Estella, near Pamplona. That same years, the Jews of Navarre choose to burn their homes and synagogues and drown their children rather than be forcibly converted.[123]
- 1328
- Jewish martyr Aaron ben Zerah, along with his wife and four of his sons are executed.
- 1336
- Armleder persecutions against Jews in Franconia and Alsace led by lawless German bands, the Armleder under the highwayman Arnold von Uissigheim. Roughly 1500 Jews are killed.
- 1337-1338
- Pogroms over host desecration across Bavaria, Austria, and Bohemia. The Jews are accused of stealing the bread of the Eucharist and trying to burn it. In Wolfsberg, Carinthia, over 70 Jews are burned at the stake and the entire Jewish community is destroyed.[129][130]
- 1344
- The citizens of Speyer ask the King's permission to confiscate the houses of the Jews for the cities benefit – he grants their request.[131]
- 1348
- European Jews are blamed for the plague in the Black Death persecutions. Charge laid to the Jews that they poisoned the wells. Massacres spread throughout Spain, France, Germany and Austria. More than 200 Jewish communities destroyed by violence. Many communities have been expelled and settle down in Poland.
- 1349
- Basel: 600 Jews burned at the stake, 140 children forcibly baptized, the remaining city's Jews expelled. The city synagogue is turned into a church and the Jewish cemetery is destroyed.
- 1349
- The Erfurt massacre was a massacre of around 3,000 Jews as a result of Black Death Jewish persecutions
- 1349
- The entire Jewish population of Speyer is destroyed. All Jews are either killed, converted, or fled. All their property and assets was confiscated. Part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.
- 1349
- 600 Jews are burned at the stake and the entire Jewish community of Zurich is annihilated as a part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.
- 1349
- The Jewish community of Worms is completely destroyed as a result of the Black Death Jewish persecutions. Hundreds of Jews set fire to their homes to avoid the oncoming torture. Their property was seized by the locals.
- 1349
- Jews of Berlin are expelled and many are killed as a part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.[132]
- 1349
- Jews of Breslau are expelled as part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.[119] The city claims all property and synagogues, while the Emperor was given the cemetery and all Jewish debts. 60 Jews are murdered.
- 1349
- The Jewish quarter of Cologne is destroyed by an angry mob, and most of the community is killed. All of their property was split up between the ransackers. It was part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.[133]
- 1349
- The Strasbourg massacre was a part of the Black Death persecutions, where several hundred Jews were publicly burned to death, and the rest of them were expelled. It was one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history.
- 1349
- The Jews of Halle (Saale) are attacked.[134]
- 24 August 1349
- 6,000 Jews are burned to death in Mainz as a part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions. When the angry mob charged, the Jews initially fought back, killing around 200 of their attackers.[135][136]
- 1350
- Brussels Jewish community is decimated after they are blamed for the Plague.
- 1352
- Church officials order the expulsion of Jews from Bulgaria for "heretical activity."
- 1359
- Charles V of France allows Jews to return for a period of 20 years in order to pay ransom for his father John II of France, imprisoned in England. The period is later extended beyond the 20 years.
- 1360
- Jews expelled from Hungary by Louis I of Hungary.
- 1360
- Furious with a pogrom against Castilian Jews in Miranda de Ebro, Peter of Castile publicly boils one of the perpetrators, roasts another, and executes others with an axe.
- 1360
- Sephardic Jew Samuel ben Meir Abulafia is arrested and tortured to death in prison for no apparent reason. His lands are confiscated by the king.[137]
- 1365
- Jews of Metz are expelled after their presence is cited as the cause of lightning strikes which destroyed twenty-two houses.[138]
- 1367
- Host desecration trials are held against the Jews of Barcelona. They were initiated by the crown prince Don Juan of Aragon.
- 1367
- No fewer than 1600 homes belonging to conversos are destroyed and many conversos are killed in Toledo.
- 1368
- The Synod of Lavour prohibits the sale or transfer of Church property to Jews.[98]
- 1370
- The entire Jewish population of Brussels is massacred over allegations of host desecration. It was an end of the Hebrew community in Brussels. The event was commemorated by local Christians as the Sacrament of Miracle.[139]
- 1377
- Another Host desecration trial is held against Jews in Teruel and Huesca. The person behind it, as with the previous trial, is the crown prince Don Juan of Aragon. Many Jews are tortured and burned alive publicly.[141]
- 1382
- 16 Jews are murdered in Paris the Mailotin Riots after the Harelle.
- 1384
- 200 Jews are killed in Noerdlingen and the community ceases to exist.[142]
- 1385
- Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor, arrests the Jews from the Swabian League and confiscates their property.[143]
- 1385
- John of Castile reinforces previous anti-Jewish legislation.
- 1389
- 18 March, a Jewish boy is accused of plotting against a priest. The mob slaughters approx. 3,000 of Prague's Jews, destroys the city's synagogue and Jewish cemetery. Wenceslaus insists that the responsibility lay with the Jews for going outside during Holy Week.
- 1391
- Anti-Jewish riots led by Ferrand Martinez erupt in Seville.
- 1391
- Led by Ferrand Martinez, countless massacres devastate the Sephardic Jewish community, especially in Castile, Valencia, Catalonia and Aragon. The Jewish quarter in Barcelona is completely destroyed. By the end of the pogroms, at least 10,000 Jews are murdered and thousands more are forcibly converted.
- 1391
- Pogrom against the Jews of Toledo on the Seventeenth of Tammuz. Jewish martyrs Israel Alnaqua and Judah ben Asher died at the stake together.
- 1391
- Over 250 Jews are massacred by a mob in Valencia.
- 1391
- All Jewish inhabitants of Palma, Majorca are either converted or killed.
- 1391
- More than 400 Jews are massacred in Barcelona.
- 1392
- Jews expelled from Bern, Switzerland. Although between 1408 and 1427 Jews were again residing in the city, the only Jews to appear in Bern subsequently were transients, chiefly physicians and cattle dealers
- 1392
- The Jews of Damascus are accused by Muslims of setting fire to the central mosque. Although there was no evidence presented, one Jew was burned alive, the leaders of the community were tortured, and the local synagogue was appropriated into a mosque.[121]
- 1392
- Sicilian Jews are forced to live in Ghettos and severe persecution breaks out in Erice, Catania and Syracuse.[144]
- 1394
- 3 November, Charles VI of France expels all Jews from France.
- 1397
- Jewish ghettos of Radgona and Ptuj in Slovenia are set on fire by an anonymous mob.
- 1399
- A Christian woman is accused of stealing hosts and giving them to Jews for the purpose of desecration. Thirteen members of the Jewish community of Posen, along with the woman are all tortured and burned alive slowly. This story, however, does not appear until the latter half of the 14th century.[145] The community is then forced to pay a special tax every year until the 18th century.
- 1399
- 80 Jews are murdered in Prague after a converted Jew named Peter accuses them of denigrating Christianity. A number of Jews are also jailed, including Yom-Tov Lipmann-Muhlhausen.
Fifteenth century
[edit]- 1401
- Two Jews are burned to death for an alleged host desecration in Glogau.[146][147]
- 1404
- Many members of the Jewish community of Salzburg and Hallein is burned alive on charged of host desecration.[148]
- 1407
- Blood libel accusations against the Jews of Kraków led by a fanatic priest result in anti-Jewish riots.[149]
- 1411
- Oppressive legislation against Jews in Spain as an outcome of the preaching of the Dominican friar Vicente Ferrer.
- 1413
- Disputation of Tortosa, Spain, staged by the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, is followed by forced mass conversions.
- 1418
- All Jews living in Trier are expelled.[150]
- 1421
- Persecutions of Jews in Vienna, known as Wiener Gesera (Vienna Edict), confiscation of their possessions, and forced conversion of Jewish children. 270 Jews burned at stake. and all Viennese Jews are expelled following persecution.
- 1422
- Pope Martin V issues a Bull reminding Christians that Christianity was derived from Judaism and warns the friars not to incite against the Jews. The Bull was withdrawn the following year on allegations that the Jews of Rome attained it by fraud.
- 1424
- Jews are expelled and banned from Cologne.[153]
- 1430
- Pogrom in Aix-en-Provence breaks out in which 9 Jews are killed, many more are injured and 74 are forcibly converted.[158]
- 1434
- Council of Basel, Sessio XIX, forbids Jews to obtain academic degrees and to act as agents in the conclusion of contracts between Christians.[98]
- 1435
- Jews are expelled from Speyer.[160]
- 1436
- Jews of Zurich are expelled.[152]
- 1438
- Jewish inhabitants of Düsseldorf are expelled.[161]
- 1442
- Jews are expelled from Upper Bavaria.[163]
- 1447
- Casimir IV renews all the rights of Jews of Poland and makes his charter one of the most liberal in Europe. He revokes it in 1454 at the insistence of Bishop Zbigniew.
- 1449
- The Statute of Toledo introduces the rule of purity of blood discriminating Conversos. Pope Nicholas V condemns it.
- 1450
- Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria expels all Jews who reject baptism.
- 1453
- Around 40 Jews in Breslau are burned at the stake on charges of host desecration, while the head Rabbi hung himself to avoid the torture. Jewish children under 7 were stolen and forcibly baptized. The few Jews remaining were banished from Breslau.[165]
- 1456
- Pope Caliextus III issues a papal bull which prohibits Jews from testifying against Christians, but permits Christians to testify against a Jew.
- 1463
- Pope Nicholas V authorizes the establishment of the Inquisition to investigate heresy among the Marranos. See also Crypto-Judaism.
- 1464
- Over 30 Jews in Cracow are killed by an angry mob.[167]
- 1465
- The Moroccan revolt against the Marinid dynasty, accusations against one Jewish Vizier lead to a massacre of the entire Jewish population of Fes.
- 1468
- Many Jewish homes and plundered and a number are killed during anti-Jewish in Posen.[169]
- 1468
- Sultan Qaitbay forces Jews of Cairo to pay 75,000 gold pieces or be expelled. This severely impoverished the local Jewish community.[170]
- 1473
- Massacres of Marranos of Valladolid, Cordova, Segovia, Ciudad Real, Spain
- 1474
- On Assumption day 15 August 1474, Christians wreaked brutal havoc on the Jewish dwellers of the Cartellone area of Modica. It was the first and most horrible massacre of Sicilian Jews. During the evening a number of Christians slaughtered about 360 Jews causing a total and fierce devastation in La Giudecca. They ran through the streets chanting: "Hurrah for Mary! Death to the Jews!" (Viva Maria! Morte ai Giudei!).[172]
- 1475
- A student of the preacher Giovanni da Capistrano, Franciscan Bernardine of Feltre, accuses the Jews in murdering an infant, Simon. The entire community is arrested, 15 leaders are burned at the stake, the rest are expelled. In 1588, Pope Sixtus V confirmed Simon's cultus. Saint Simon was considered a martyr and patron of kidnap and torture victims for almost 500 years. In 1965, Pope Paul VI declared the episode a fraud, and decanonized Simon's sainthood.
- 1481
- The Spanish Inquisition is instituted.[173]
- 1484
- Pogrom against the Jewish section of Arles. A number of Jews are killed and 50 men are forced to convert.
- 1487–1504
- Bishop Gennady exposes the heresy of Zhidovstvuyushchiye (Judaizers) in Eastern Orthodoxy of Muscovy.
- 1490
- Tomás de Torquemada burns 6,000 volumes of Jewish manuscripts in Salamanca.
- 1491
- The blood libel in La Guardia, Spain, where the alleged victim Holy Child of La Guardia became revered as a saint.
- 1491
- Muhammad al-Maghili orders the expulsion and murder of the Jewish community in Tlemcen.[citation needed]
- 1492
- The Jewish population of Tuat is massacred in a pogrom inspired by the preacher al-Maghili.[175][176]
- 1492
- Ferdinand II and Isabella issue General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain: approx. 200,000. Some return to the Land of Israel. As many localities and entire countries expel their Jewish citizens (after robbing them), and others deny them entrance, the legend of the Wandering Jew, a condemned harbinger of calamity, gains popularity.
- 1492
- Jews of Mecklenburg, Germany are accused of stabbing a consecrated wafer. 27 Jews are burned, including two women. The spot is still called the Judenberg. All the Jews are expelled from the Duchy.[177]
- 1492
- Askia Mohammad I decrees that all Jews must convert to Islam, leave or be killed. Judaism becomes illegal in Mali. This was based on the advice of Muhammad al-Maghili.[178] The region of Timbuktu had previously been tolerant of other religions before Askia got into power.
- 1493
- John II of Portugal deports several hundred Jewish children to the colony of São Tomé, where most of them die.
- 1493
- Expulsion from Sicily: approx. 37,000.
- 1493-97
- The Jews in Persia and Afghanistan were forced into mellahs.[179] They were not permitted to have any businesses outside the walls of the mellah.[180]
- 1494
- Jews of Thurgau attacked
- 1494
- 16 Jews are burned at the stake after a blood libel in Trnava.
- 1494
- After a fire destroys the Jewish quarter of Cracow, the Polish king Jan I Olbracht transfers the Jews to Kazimierz, which would become the first Polish ghetto. Jews were confined to the ghetto until 1868.
- 1495
- Jews in Lithuania are expelled and their property is seized. They were allowed to return 8 years later.[182]
- 1495
- The Spanish conquer Naples and the Jews are officially expelled, though the order is not carried out.[184]
- 1496
- Forced conversion and expulsion of Jews from Portugal. This included many who fled Spain four years earlier.
- 1497
- Entire Jewish community of Graz is expelled.
- 1497
- Manuel I of Portugal decrees that all Jews must convert or leave Portugal without their children.
- 1498
- Prince Alexander of Lithuania forces most of the Jews to forfeit their property or convert. The main motivation is to cancel the debts the nobles owe to the Jews. Within a short time trade grinds to a halt and the Prince invites the Jews back in.
- 1499
- Jews of Nuremberg are expelled.
- 1499
- Jews are banished from Verona. The Jews who were money lenders were replaced with Christian usurers who oppressed the poor so bad that the Jews were very shortly called to return.[186]
- 1499
- All New Christians are prohibited from leaving Portugal, even those who were forcibly baptized.[187]
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