Kish, Very Ancient City Now In Iraq With the Jews Who Lived There: Black or White; Jewish or Muslim?

Nadene Goldfoot                                                    

  Kish was an ancient town between the Tigris and Euphrates River.  This would be in today's Iraq, which originally was called Mesopotamia.  Explanation: While both rivers originate in Turkey and flow through parts of Syria, the majority of their course and where they meet lies within Iraq.  It's NE of the ancient city of Babylon.  

There is chatter as to the race of the people of this area.  Some evidence shows that they were Black and  that the Sumerians were a North African people who migrated from the Green Sahara into the Middle East and were responsible for the spread of farming in the Middle East.  They refer to the Natufians.  The Natufians were a Neolithic hunter-gatherer culture that lived in the Levant region of Western Asia from about 15,000 to 11,500 years ago, and being Black:                    They say this is how some Jews got their curly hair. 

 Berbers had light skin.

Many had brown, not black skin, as pictured on walls. 

Others, such as our Jewish history,  say Jews are Semitic or Caucasian.  My comment is that some Iraqis could have some Jewish genes as well, for many Jews lived in this land, so fellahs, you might be fighting your cousin if you attack the IDF !!! And to think that the Arabs have fought Israel because they are not Muslims!!! Well, Judaism was only about 3,000 + years before Islam, you know. Islam was born with Mohammad after he  died in 632 CE.   Look at these dates.  

                                                          Saul, 1st king of Israel

Kish (Hebrew: קיש Qīš) was also  the father of the first king of the Israelites, Saul. (c.1030-1010 BCE) (1 Chronicles 12:1) of the 11th century BCE of the tribe of Benjamin.   We have strong evidence through DNA that genes show the Semite/Caucasian history. 

According to current genetic research, there is no substantial evidence in ancient DNA to support the presence of "Black Jews" within the J1 haplogroup, which is primarily associated with populations from the Middle East and North Africa, showing a strong connection to the historical Jewish ancestry; however, it's important to remember that genetic diversity exists within Jewish populations, and some admixture with other groups may be present in certain lineages , we have the story of the Queen of Sheba (1 Kings-10)comingfrom Ethiopia and Jews have returned to Israel from there recently in 20th century.  According to current genetic research, while Ethiopian Jews, also known as Beta Israel, do show some DNA evidence of Middle Eastern ancestry, which is shared with other Jewish populations, their genetic makeup is primarily of East African origin, indicating a significant mixture with the local Ethiopian population, and therefore cannot definitively prove their Jewish descent solely through DNA analysis;. 

 Saul had been chosen to be king by the prophet, Samuel when the Philistines and Ammonites were attacking Israel. Jews from Kish, Mesopotamia, would be considered part of the Semitic race, specifically classified as Mizrahi Jews, which refers to Jewish communities from the Middle East. The term, Semitic People, includes a group of people from the Middle East who share linguistic ancestry, including Jews, Arabs, Akkadians, and Phoenicians.  

When King of Assyria, Shalmaneser III (860-825 BCE reign)  fought against Israel's King Ahab (876-853 BCE reign)  and her alliance of Damascus and Hamath and others in Karkar in Syria in 854 and 853 BCE, and returned home unsuccessful.  Later, he ravaged Hamath and received tribute from King Jehu of Israel (842-814 reign BCE) .  His shoes have platforms to make him taller.  

                                Samaria (Shomron) was the capital of the Northern kingdom of Israel founded in 880 BCE by King Omri on a hill bought from Shemer (I Kings 16-24).   The site, 7 miles NW of Shechem (Nablus) was on an elevation on a wide countryside of 25 acres.  King Ahab of Israel had built the "ivory house).  It withstood the siege of they Syrians but fell in 721 BCE to Sargon II of Assyria who resettled it with Cutheans;  who intermingled with the remnants of the former population and were the ancestors of the Samaritans.                                         

                                                     Sargon II

King Sargon of ( Assyria) or Akkad,(721-712 BCE)  the founder of the Akkadian Empire, came from the area near Kish, called Azupiranu according to a much later Neo-Assyrian text purporting to be an autobiography of Sargon  who seized the throne of Shalmaneser III during his siege of Samaria. 

When King of Assyria, Shalmaneser IV (728 BCE reign)/722 BCE reign) he fought against the cities of  Sidon, Tyre, and Acre. In his day they were interested in titles:  Shalmaneser, strong king, king of Assyria, son of Adad-nirari, strong king, king of the Universe, king of Assyria, son of Shamshi-Adad, king of the Four Quarters.  Shalmaneser IV was the son and successor of Adad-nirari III (r. 811–783 BCE), inheriting the throne upon his father's death in 783 BC. The accession of Shalmaneser IV marks the beginning of an obscure period in Assyrian history, from which little information survives.  It must have been a peaceful era.  

 King Hoshea on the left wearing a kipa on his head, both men are barefoot.  

 Hoshea, king of Israel (732-724 BCE), last king of the kingdom of Israel, revolted against Shalmaneser, but fell into his hands. Hoshea ascended the throne with Assyrian help, but his kingdom was confined to the surroundings of Mt. Ephraim.  He finally rebelled against Assyria and was put in prison by Shalmaneser who then besieged and captured Samaria.   Shalmaneser died during the siege of Samaria.

Looks like a newer hat/crown he's wearing, and something like a watch on his right wrist.  His long hair is caught up in a hairnet.  

King Shalmaneser V had taken the land by annexing it and the deported 27,290 Israelites to Assyria and Media, and had replaced them with Syrian and Babylonian prisoners.   Sargon later also exiled many of its people.  

Here's a map of Eretz Yisrael after the fall of Israel in 721 BCE  that shows the dominions of Assyria and other regions:  Eretz Yisrael was not called Palestine until 135 C E.when the Romans fought the Jews led by Bar Kokhba for 3 previous years.  

In 721 BCE, Assyria attacked  the 10 northern tribes of Israel.  We remember Sargon, King of Assyria (721-712 BCE)  because in 720 BCE, he defeated a military alliance that included the remnants of the Israelites of Samaria which was  part of Judea.  He had many victories during his reign.  Even though he had been so successful, he was assassinated  and succeeded by Sennacherib King of Assyria (705-681 BCE) son of Sargon II.  When the king of Eretz Yisrael, led by Hezekiah, rose in revolt, Sennacherib invaded Judah in 701 BCE, 
 captured 46 cities but not Jerusalem, and took many prisoners.  A plague broke out in his camp, maybe a virus like the flu which compelled his retreat.  According to one story, Sennacherib led 2 campaigns against Judah;  the 1st resulted in Hezekiah's surrender, while the 2nd, when the latter withheld his tribute, was cut short by this plague!  

    May 15, 2013:  Ibrahim Yussef Shaleh, leader of Iraq's Jewish community  and another : During Shavuot, Iraqi Jews commemorated the 72nd anniversary of the “Farhud” – the riots that took place on Shavuot, June 1-2, 1941. In the riots reminiscent of Kristallnacht in Germany, 179 Jews were murdered, hundreds more wounded and much Jewish property looted.

The memory of the riots remains fresh in the minds of Iraqi Jews.

                                                 Revolt of Rashid Ali in 1941

 Jews continued to live in Iraq. They had little choice.   

                                                      Update

Operation Ezra & Nehemiah, also known as Operation Ali Baba, was the airlift of more than 120,000 Jews from Iraq to Israel shortly after the founding of the Jewish state.

Iraq received their independence from Turkey in 1932 and persecution of Jews living there began. Hundreds of Baghdad Jews were killed and wounded in a pogrom during the revolt of Rashid Ali in 1941--an important year of Nazi persecution of Jews in Europe with WWII.  Iraqi Jews remaining were rescued by Israel in their OPERATION EZRA and NEHEMIAH flights.  By 1948, the end of the war, 123,500 Jews had reached Israel and safety.  There were those not able to be rescued who were subject to severe restrictions, especially after the Six -Day War.  The treatment of Iraqi Jews led to international protests.  

By 1991, there were  150 Jews living in Bagdad where they had one synagogue they could still use.  As of 2022, there are fewer than five Jewish citizens in federal Iraq. In the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) of Iraq, there are possibly between 100 and 250 Jewish people. However, most Jewish people in Iraq do not openly practice their religion due to fear of violence or persecution.  

Iraq has one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world, but many of its cultural sites are in disrepair. The Jewish Cultural Heritage Initiative reported that almost 90% of Jewish cultural sites in Iraq are beyond repair or in severe disrepair. However, some efforts have been made to preserve Jewish heritage, such as the preservation of the tomb of the Jewish minor prophet Nahum in Alqosh.

Resource:

Youtube presentation:  Shocking Evidence: Sumarian Origin, reference of Black heads (hair), meaning Cushite origin-Black, going back to 13,000 BC.  Nafutians mentioned; 

***Youtube presentation of Mysterious Egypt and DNA

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia

The Moshiach Messiah From King David's Line

Nadene Goldfoot                                     

David, King of Israel was born in about 1030 BCE. in Bethlehem to Jesse and the daughter of Ithra.  Jesse's ancestors were:  

                  King David:  Youngest son  of Jesse.  At age 25 he became the armor-bearer for King Saul.  His son was friend of King Saul's son, Jonathan.  David fought against the Philistines. 

 He married Saul's daughter, Michal.  Saul became very jealous of David, and it was so serious that it drove David to seek refuge with King of Gath-Achish.  David returned to Israel when Saul and his sons were killed in battle.  David was such a favored son of Israel that people still sing songs about him today;  Dah-vid-Melech Yisrael, khie, Khie, Vik ......

Judah, 4th  of the 12 sons of  Jacob.  From Judah came: Perez and Zerah (twins), Hezron, Ram or Arom, Amminadab, Nahshon, Boaz and Elimelach and Salma or Salmon, and Obed (father of Jesse).  I figure that they are all carrying the J1 haplotype of the Cohen line of Jews which came from Aaron, brother of Moses.  

From Jesse, who was the grandson of Ruth and Boaz and lived in Bethleham,  came Abigail, Zeruiah, Eliab born about 1010 BCE, Shimea, Nethanel, Raddai, Ozem, and David-our King of Israel (1010-970 BCE) .  He moved to Moab for a time out of fear of Saul.                                               

  Israel's first king, King Saul, selected and blessed by the prophet, Samuel.  Saul was from the tribe of Benjamin and was the son of Kish.  Kish's father was Bela- Abiel of tribe of Benjamin.  

• 1 Samuel 9:1-3 Now there was a man of Benjamin, whose name was Kish, the son of Abiel, the son of Zeror, the son of Bechorath, the son of Aphiah, a Benjamite, a mighty man of power. 2 And he had a son, whose name was Saul, a choice young man, and a goodly: and there was not among the children of Israel a goodlier person than he: from his shoulders and upward he was higher than any of the people. 3 And the asses of Kish Saul's father were lost. And Kish said to Saul his son, Take now one of the servants with thee, and arise, go seek the asses.

David's 1st wife was Michal Eglah born about 1040 BCE.  .  Michal was Saul's youngest daughter.  She helped David escape Saul's jealousy.  Saul then married her to another man when he returned to Judah.  She died childless. Saul’s sons were Jonathan, Ishvi and Malki-Shua. The name of his older daughter was Merab, and that of the younger was Michal.  His wife’s name was Ahinoam daughter of Ahimaaz. 

 He later married Abigail-his 2nd wife who had Daniel Chileab 2nd son and Adonijah;   Bathsheba (Solomon's mother) and also mother of Shammua and Shobab, Maachah from Geshur who had 3rd child, Absalom,  Merab, and  Haggith (mother of Adonijah the Fourth Son).  Adonijah claimed the throne and had support from Joab and Abiathur, but didn't get it as Solomon did.  He later wanted to marry Abishag, David's concubine, and Solomon saw this as a political move to take the throne, so had him killed.  (1King 1-2).  Solomon took the throne before David had died.  

Solomon's children were  Rehoboam, 1st king of Judah after Solomon died  It's said that Solomon had 1,000 wives in his harem and many more concubines.  Most of the people carrying DNA from Solomon must come come from his many wives.  One main wife was Naamah the Ammonite--mother of Rehoboam, the next king.  After he became king, the kingdom split into 2 with only Judah, Simeon and most of Benjamin remaining loyal to the Solomon line because of the tax business and working conditions of being forced labor.  Shishak of Egypt invaded at this weak time, seeing his opportunity.  

The kings of Judah were first guided by Rehoboam (933-917 BCE) who carried out his father's tax wishes to finish the Temple. 

Abijam (917-915 BCE)  2 years

Asa (915-875 BCE)  40 years

Jehoshaphat (875-851 BCE)  24 years

Jehoram (851-844 BCE)  7 years

Ahaziah (844-843 BCE)  1 year

Athalia, Queen (843-837 BCE)  6 years

Joash (837-798 BCE  39 years

Amaziah  (798-780 BCE)  2 years

Azariah [Uzziah] 780-740 BCE  40 years

Jotham (740-735 BCE  5 years

Ahaz (735-720 BCE  15 years

Hezekiah (720-692 BCE  28 years

Manasseh (692-638 BCE  54 years; took the throne at age 12, worst king they ever had;  had cancelled his fathers' reforms,  brought back pagan practices, put many to death that were monotheists;  paid tribute to Assyrian rulers, was a captive in Babylon; said that Assyrian pressure caused his pagan practices

Amon (638-637 BCE  1 year

Josiah (637-608 BCE  29 years

Jehoahaz (608 BCE  

Jehoiakim (608-598 BCE  10 years

Jehoiachin (598-597 BCE  1 year

Zedekiah (597-586 BCE  11 years

Including Rehoboam, there are 347 years of rule over Judah by Solomon's descendants.  All these kings should be carrying the J1 haplogroup as their male descendants should also be carrying.  

I must have left out many names of a king's children, but this gives us the idea.  

Anyone declaring to be the Moshiach Messiah today should have J1, the Cohen gene.  

The Messiah in Judaism (Hebrew: מָשִׁיחַ, romanized: māšīaḥ) is a savior and liberator figure in Jewish eschatology, who is believed to be the future redeemer of the Jewish people. The concept of messianism originated in Judaism, and in the Hebrew Bible a messiah is a king or High Priest of Israel traditionally anointed with holy anointing oil. However, messiahs were not exclusively Jewish, as the Hebrew Bible refers to Cyrus the Great, king of the first Persian empire, as a messiah for his decree to rebuild the Jerusalem Temple.

Cyrus II 529 BCE-was the king of Persia, ironically today's Iran. In 538 BCE he granted permission to the Jews in his country to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their Temple.  These Jewish exiles regarded him as a Divine agent.  It's also said that he is the son of Queen Esther, the Jewish Queen married to king Ahashueros of Persia.  

In Jewish eschatology, the Messiah is a future Jewish king from the Davidic line, who is expected to be anointed with holy anointing oil and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age and world to come. The Messiah is often referred to as "King Messiah" (Hebrew: מלך משיח, romanized: melekh mashiach) or malka meshiḥa in Aramaic.

Jewish messianism gave birth to Christianity, which started as a Second Temple period messianic Jewish sect or religious movement.

Resource:

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia

Family Tree DNA Co.in Houston, Texas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism

      

Proving Israel's Legitimacy to the World Over and Over

 Nadene Goldfoot                                    

     Temple Mount on Mt. Moriah in Jerusalem,  place where our first and second Temple had stood, then destroyed by Romans in 70 CE who built a Roman Temple over the site.  The Muslims then built a mosque over the Roman  Temple.  Moshe Dayan looked around saw several mosques here, and gave Jordan the responsibility to care for the site.  So now Jews cannot pray here, but only at the Western wall (wailing wall).  I found my cousin, Stanley Goldfoot on Dor v'Dor Street in Jerusalem and we visited.                       

       Tel Aviv's sea front has been developed as a major tourist area.                                              

   Haifa, I lived at the Mercaz ha Klitta for new immigrants, arriving September 1980.  

            Safed, where I lived  and taught English at the junior high from 1981 to November 20, 1985 after living in Haifa for my first 10 months.                           

• Are you aware that Israel, now only 74 years of age, is a senior 

• citizen—older than 2/3 of all the world’s nations! (Yet it's the only 

• country whose legitimacy is attacked!)  

• This is its 2nd  birthing!                                           

• 
  King Saul of the tribe of Benjamin with David of the tribe of Judah,  his armor-bearer and musician, soothing him with his harp-playing.  

• The 1st state of Israel that became an empire was by King Saul 

• over 3,000 years ago that lasted until King Solomon died in 920 

• BCE causing a civil war under his son, Rehoboam, who continued 

• ruling the southern portion that was the largest of Judah until the 

• Assyrians attacked and conquered the northern section,  Israel,  in 

• 721 BCE.  

The extent of the Promised Land reached the Pelusium arm of the Nile Delta River, the Gulf of Elath, and the Euphrates River opposite the city of Aleppo in the East.  It included most of Syria and altogether covered about 58,000 square miles.  This entire area was ocupied by the Israelites under David and Solomon as told in (I Kings 5:4).                                                        

The Jewish National Home under the British Mandate covered only the area West of the Jordan River excluding part of the Upper Galilee North of the ladder of Tyre which was given to Lebanon. 

The southern Negev beyond the Rafiah-Gulf of Elath line had been handed over by the Turkish government to Egypt for administration in 1906.  

The UN resolution of November 29, 1947 recommended the establishment of a Jewish state in the larger part of the mandated area of Western Palestine, although still with a complex frontier.  

The armistice agreements of 1949 left Israel with 8,000 sq. miles---a larger area than envisioned, although still with complicated borders.

After the 1967 Six Day War Israel  was in occupation of all of Judea and Samaria, the Golan Heights, and the Sinai up to the Suez Canal.  

• Kings of the early period were Saul, David, Solomon.  The people had wanted a king.  Before Saul, they were ruled by Judges, like a head chieftain  in the many areas.  

• From then on, Israel was ruled by Jeroboam of the tribe of Ephraim who was Solomon's superintendent of forced labor;  Nadab, Baasha, Elah, Zimri and or Omri;  Ahab, Ahaziah, Jehoram,, Jehu, Jehoahaz, Jehoash, Jeroboam, Zecharia, Shallum, Menahem, Pekahiah, Pekah, and finally Hoshea in 730-721 BCE.  

• From then on, Judah was ruled by Rehoboam-Solomon's son; Asbijam,, Asa, Jehoshaphat, Jehoram, Ahaziah, Aathaliah, Joash, Amaziah, Azariah, Jothan, Ahaz, Hezekia; Manasseh, Amon, Josiah, Jehoahaz Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin, and finally Zedekiah from 597 to 586 BCE.  

• Judah had carried on until it was attacked by the Babylonians in 597 BCE and 586 BCE, but most returned by 538 BCE to carry on.

  
  
  

• Judah carried on  until it was occupied and destroyed by Rome in 70 CE by burning down Jerusalem and the 2nd Temple of Solomon. 

•  We Jews of the world come from the tribe of 

• Judah, and some of Benjamin and Simeon who had clung 

• together.  

This 2nd birth of Israel  was after WWI in 1918 where Jews attended many meetings with the heads of state in the world at the League of Nations Conferences, where they voted that they again become a state.  This took place for their birthday on May 14, 1948. At the time, Israel was freed from the 30 year mandate that Great Britain held from the aftermath of WWII.  Israel had to wait for 1,848 years to regain their own land.   

People were praying 3 times a day for 1,848 years for this to happen.  The land was held from 70 CE on by many empires.  First, of course, were the Romans, then the Sasanian Empire (Persians);  Rashiduns (Muslims in 637;   Umayyads of 660, Abbasids of 747, Fatimids of 969, Seljuks (Turks of 1971, Crusaders by 1095, Crusaders/Ayyubids; Mamluks of 1291;  and the Ottoman Empire by 1517.                                          

   Hitler starting WWII is meeting with the Arab Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti who has been leading his followers against Emir Feisal, who will later become King of Syria and Iraq.  The Grand Mufti wanted Hitler's help in getting rid of the Jews.  The irony of this story is that Great Britain's Jewish representative, Sir Herbert Louis Samuels, Britain's first High Commissioner for Palestine,  had selected Husseini for this position.  Emir Feisal (1885- 1933) became king of Iraq from 1921 and was the eldest son of Hussein, sherif of Mecca.  He is the one who led the Arab "rising" against Turkey (1916-18) of the Ottoman Empire and was designated king of Syria. 

               Dr. Chaim Weizmann and Emir Feisal at a meeting

 Feisal was at first sympathetic to Zionism from which he hoped to receive aid in building his future kingdom.  He reached an agreement on mutual aid with Dr. Weizmann in Transjordan in 1918 and Paris in 1919, conditional on the implementation of British promises to the Arabs.  When he was expulsed by France from Syria in 1920 along with the Arab leaders, he became hostile towards Zionism. What changed his mind most likely were the threats of Husseini.   

World War I put an end to the Ottomans who were on the Axis (German) side of the war and they lost. The Germans lost WWII as well.   

Here is a sampling of states born after Israel:  

Forty-Nine (49) of the  new states are from Africa. 

Libya's birthday is December 24, 1951 when it was freed from France and UK

Madagascar's birthday is October 14, 1958 when it was freed from France.  

South Africa's birthday is May 3, 1961 when it was also freed from UK

Algeria's birthday is July 3, 1962 and is freed from France.

Angola's birthday is November 11, 1975 when it was freed from Portugal.    

From Americas:

Jamaica's birthday is August 6, 1962 when it was freed from UK

Bahamas's birthday is January 7, 1964 when it was also able to govern itself, waited till July 10, 1973 to be free of UK

Belize's birthday is September 21, 1981 when it was also freed from UK

From Asia

Syria's birthday is September 28, 1961 when it was freed from French mandate.  

Bangledash's birthday is March 26, 1971 when it was freed from Pakistan, which was born just before Israel. 

Bahrain's birthday is August 15, 1971 when it was freed from UK

United Arab Emirates's birthday is December 2, 1971 when it was freed from UK

Iran's birthday is February 11, 1979, used to be Persia

China's birthday is December 4, 1982, from ancient days 

Armenia's birthday is September 21, 1991, 2nd revival when it was freed from  Soviet Union

Golda Meir and  others announced Israel's birth on May 14, 1948;  accepted by League of Nations and United Nations.  A few minutes after the announcement, Jews were attacked and into war, their War of Independence that actually started on November 29, 1947 when Arabs responded with violence to the UN Resolution on Palestine, and lasted until the signing of the Armistice Agreements in 1949.  By the end of 1948, Israel had 872,000 Jews and non-Jews for a population.  Jews made up 758,702 of the total.  

From Europe

Germany's birthday is May 23, 1949, 3rd revival from Rhineland days, after starting WWI & WWII.  After all, Germany had entered Poland on September 1, 1939 as the start of WWII.  It ended on September 2, 1945;  a Six Year War. This was their 2nd beginning.

                      Werner on right holding his 2nd girl;  they had 5 girls eventually.  He got out of Germany on May 4,1939, perhaps last Jew out.  

 It seemed like forever to me; my whole childhood, from the time I was 5 till I was 11;  kindergarten till  the 6th grade, and I was safe in the USA. My Uncle Werner married my Aunt Hammie on September 1, 1939.  He had left Germany in May of that year and my great uncle Max sponsored him.  I was the flower girl at their wedding in our synagogue.   

I remember our 2 newspapers and all they ever wrote about was the war, and I remember cutting out jokes from the Saturday Evening Post magazine and making joke books for the soldiers; the army songs, army movies, and the big thing of collecting newspapers for the paper drive when we brought stacks of newspapers to school and weighed them. There was a prize for those who brought the most. Our parents bought savings bonds and they had food rations books.   I remember almost not getting a bicycle as they were so scarce.  As a child, we were so well protected from the horrors of this war, but now I know. We had a WWII, and Israel was created by the League of Nations and the United Nations by May 14, 1948.  

From Australia/Oceania

Fiji's birthday is October 10, 1970 when it was freed from United Kingdom

Marshall Islands's birthday is May 1, 1979 with free association with USA.  

From Transcontinental States

Cyprus's birthday is August 16, 1960 when it was freed from UK.  

                                          

  The proof of Israel's existence and  history are found not only in the bible  but in the digs going on by archaeologists in the area and the rest of the Middle East.  One is verifying the other.  This is something that Iranian Ayatollas need to read since they deny Israel's existence.  

Extremely rare Judean quarter-shekel coin repatriated to Israel from the USA

The coin, minted in 69 C.E. during the Great Jewish Revolt against Rome, is valued at more than $1 million • "This coin is evidence of the eternal bond between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel," says Israeli ambassador to the United Nations.

Resource:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Palestine_region