Herod's Dynasty/Rulers From 47 BCE to 100 CE

 Nadene Gokldfoot                                         

List of Herodian rulers (47 BCE – 100 CE)

• 1. Antipater the Idumaean (Procurator of Judaea) 47–44 BCE
• 👨     2   Herod the Great
  • Governor of Galilee 47–44 BCE
  • Tetrarch of Galilee 44–40 BCE
  • Elected king of all Judaea by the Roman Senate 40 BCE, reigned 37–4 BCE
  • 👨  2    Phasael (Governor of Jerusalem) 47–40 BCE
• Pheroras (Governor of Perea) 20–5 BCE
• Herod Archelaus (Ethnarch of Judaea) 4 BCE – 6 CE
• Herod Antipas (Tetrarch of Galilee) 4 BCE – 39 CE
• Philip the Tetrarch (Tetrarch of Batanaea) 4 BCE – 34 CE
• Salome I (Tetrach of Jabneh) 4 BCE – 10 CE
• Tigranes V of Armenia (King of Armenia) 6–12 CE
• 👦        3. Herod Agrippa
  • Grandson of Herod the Great (son of Aristobulus)
  • King of Batanaea 37–41 CE
  • King of Galilee 40–41 CE
  • King of all Judaea 41–44 CE, previously Judaea (Roman province), gifted to him by Claudius, and reinstated as a province after his death.
• Herod of Chalcis (King of Chalcis) 41–48 CE
• 👿                     4. Herod Agrippa II
  • Son of Agrippa I
  • Tetrarch of Chalcis 48–53 CE
  • King of Batanaea 53–100 CE
•       Helped Titus in siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE
• 👦                                5. Aristobulus  V of Chalcis
  • King of Armenia Minor 55–72 CE
  • Tetrarch of Chalcis 57–92 CE
  •  a son of Herod of Chalcis and his first wife Mariamne. Herod of Chalcis, ruler of Chalcis in Iturea, was a grandson of Herod the Great through his father, Aristobulus IV.
• Tigranes VI of Armenia (King of Armenia) 58–61 CE
•  also known as Tigran VI or by his Roman name Gaius Julius Tigranes was a Herodian Prince and served as a Roman Client King of Armenia in the 1st century. He was the child born to Alexander by an unnamed wife.
• Gaius Julius Alexander (King of Cetis) 58–72 CE
•  a Herodian Prince who lived in the 1st century and 2nd century in the Roman Empire. Alexander was of Jewish, Nabataean, Edomite, Greek, Armenian and Persian ancestry. He was the son of the Herodian Prince, later king Tigranes VI of Armenia and his wife Opgalli.
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In Eretz Yisrael in the beginning was  a small area called Edom AKA Idumea/Mount Seir.  It was a mountainous land and easily fortified and was very fertile.  Edom lay South of the Dead Sea and bordered on the Red Sea at Elath and Ezion Gaeber.  The Edomites were Semites, traditionally descendants of Esau, son of Isaac and twin brother of Jacob, (Gen 36:1) and lived by hunting.  

During the time of the Hasmonean ruler John Hyrcanus (134–104 BCE), Judea conquered Edom (Idumea) and forced the Edomites to convert to Judaism.

The Edomites were gradually integrated into the Judean nation, and some of them reached high-ranking positions. In the days of Alexander Jannaeus, the Edomite Antipas, was appointed governor of Edom. His son Antipater, father of Herod the Great, was the chief adviser to Hasmonean Hyrcanus II and managed to establish a good relationship with the Roman Republic, who at that time (63 BCE) extended their influence over the region, following conquest of Syria and intervention in a civil war in Judea.

Julius Caesar appointed Antipater to be procurator of Judea in 47 BCE and he appointed his sons Phasael and Herod to be governors of Jerusalem and Galilee respectively. Antipater was murdered in 43 BCE; however, his sons managed to hold the reins of power and were elevated to the rank of tetrarchs in 41 BCE by Mark Antony.

The Herodian dynasty was a royal dynasty of Idumaean (Edomite) descent, ruling the Herodian Kingdom and later the Herodian Tetrarchy, as a vassal state of the Roman Empire. The Herodian dynasty began with Herod the Great, who assumed the throne of Judea, with Roman support, bringing down the century long Hasmonean Kingdom. 

His kingdom lasted until his death in 4 BCE, when it was divided between his sons as a Tetrarchy, which lasted for about 10 years. Most of those tetrarchies, including Judea proper, were incorporated into Judaea Province from 6 CE, though limited Herodian de facto kingship continued until Agrippa I's death in 44 CE and nominal title of kingship continued until 92 CE, when the last Herodian monarch, Agrippa II, died and Rome assumed full power over his de jure domain.

In 40 BCE, the Parthians invaded the eastern Roman provinces and managed to drive the Romans out of many areas. In Judea, the Hasmonean dynasty was restored under king Antigonus as a pro-Parthian monarch.

 Herod the Great, the son of Antipater the Idumean and Cypros (possibly of Nabataean descent), managed to escape to Rome. After convincing the Roman Senate of his sincere intentions in favor of Romans he eventually was announced as king of the Jews by the Roman Senate. Despite his announcement as king of the whole of Judea, Herod did not fully conquer it until 37 BCE. He subsequently ruled the Herodian kingdom as a vassal king for 34 years, crushing the opposition while also initiating huge building projects, including the harbor at Caesarea Maritima, the plaza surrounded by retaining walls at the Temple Mount, the Masada and the Herodium, among other fortresses and public works. Herod ruled Judea until 4 BCE; at his death, his kingdom was divided among his three sons as a tetrarchy.

          Family tree of the Herodian dynasty

Main article: Herodian dynasty

Antipater the Idumaean procurator of Judea

1.Doris 2.Mariamne I 3.Mariamne II 4.Malthace

Herod I the Great king of Judea

5.Cleopatra of Jerusalem 6.Pallas 7.Phaidra 8.Elpis

Phasael governor of Jerusalem

(1) Antipater heir of Judaea

(2) Alexander I prince of Judea

(2) Aristobulus IV prince of Judea

(3) Herod II Philip prince of Judea

(4) Herod Archelaus ethnarch of Judea, Idumea

(4) Herod Antipas tetrarch of Galilea & Perea

(5) Philip the Tetrarch of Iturea & Trachonitis

Tigranes V of Armenia

Alexander II prince of Judea

Herod Agrippa I king of Judea

Herod V ruler of Chalcis

Aristobulus Minor prince of Judea

Tigranes VI of Armenia

Herod Agrippa II king of Judea

Aristobulus ruler of Chalcis

Gaius Julius Alexander ruler of Cilicia

Gaius Julius Agrippa quaestor of Asia

Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus proconsul of Asia

Lucius Julius Gainius Fabius Agrippa gymnasiarch

Resource:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Chalcis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_dynasty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodians

https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7605-herodians

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Alexander

Dr and Professor Benzion Netanyahu AKA Mileikowsky, Descendant of the Vilna Gaon of Jewish History

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                    

Benzion Netanyahu (Hebrew: בֶּנְצִיּוֹן נְתַנְיָהוּ‎, IPA: [ˈbentsijon netanˈjahu]; born Benzion Mileikowsky; March 25, 1910 – April 30, 2012) 

He was bornin Warsaw, Miasto Warezawa, Mazowlieckie, Poland and died in Jerusalem at age 102. buried in Har MaMenuchot Cemetery.                                      

He was an Israeli historian. He served as Professor of History at Cornell University. A scholar of Judaic history, he was also an activist in the Revisionist Zionism movement, who lobbied in the United States to support the creation of the Jewish state. His field of expertise was the history of the Jews in Spain. He was an editor of the Hebrew Encyclopedia and Ze'ev Jabotinsky's personal secretary. Netanyahu was the father of current Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Yonatan Netanyahu, ex-commander of Sayeret Matkal, as well as Iddo Netanyahu, a physician, author and playwright.

                                               

  Young Benzion Netanayahu at work

                                                   

Benzion Mileikowsky (later Netanyahu) was born in Warsaw in partitioned Poland which was under Russian control, to Sarah (Lurie) and the writer and Zionist activist Rabbi Nathan Mileikowsky (1879-1935) . Nathan was a rabbi who toured Europe and the United States, making speeches supporting Zionism. After Nathan took the family to Mandate Palestine (aliyah) in 1920, the family name eventually was changed to Netanyahu. After living in Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and Safed, the family settled in Jerusalem. Rabbi Nathan had been a noted activist in Khovewvei Tzion, the pre-political Zionist movement, and was the paternal grandfather of Israeli Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu.  Natan Milikovsky was born in the small Lithuanian village of Krevo to Tzvi Milikovsky, who claimed descent from the Gaon of Vilna, as is recorded by Tidhar: 186.  

Discussions between the author of the book, Eliahu's Branches-by Chaim Freedman, and Benzion Netanyahu and his Uncle Saadiah Milikovsky, respectively, have yet to establish the nature of the descent.  Yet both recall their father stating ssson a number of occasions that he was definitely a descendant of the Gaon and not just some sort of relative.  Tsvi Milikovsky and his wife also settled in Eretz Yisrael, but their tombstone inscriptions in Jerusalem do not assist in solving this mystery.  (p. 568)                              

Benzion Netanyahu studied in the teachers' seminary and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Although his father was a rabbi, Benzion was secular. His younger brother, mathematician Elisha Netanyahu, became Dean of Sciences at the Technion. It was a common practice for Zionist immigrants at the time to adopt a Hebrew name. Nathan Mileikowsky began signing some of the articles he wrote "Netanyahu," the Hebrew version of his first name, and his son adopted this as his family name. He also used the pen name "Nitay."

In 1944, Netanyahu married Tzila/Cila Segal, whom he met during his studies in Palestine. The couple had three sons —Yonatan (1946–76), former commander of Sayeret Matkal, who was killed in action leading Operation Entebbe; Benjamin, (b. 1949), Israeli Prime Minister (1996–99, 2009–present); and Iddo (b. 1952), an Israeli physician, author and playwright. The family lived on Haportzim Street in the Jerusalem neighborhood of Katamon. Netanyahu's wife Tzila died in 2000.                                       

Tzila (Cela; née Segal). Cela was born in 1912 in Petah Tikva, then in Ottoman Palestine, now Israel. Her parents emigrated to Minneapolis in the United States. He is related to Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna (the Vilna Gaon) on his paternal side, one of the most important rabbis in our Jewish history.  My DNA matches up with 22 Segals on FTDNA ranging from 2nd to 5th cousins, so I suppose we are related to Tzila's side of his family.  

Benzion Netanyahu studied medieval history at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. During his studies, Netanyahu became active in Revisionist Zionism, a movement of people who had split from their mainstream Zionist counterparts, believing those in the mainstream were too conciliatory to the British authorities governing Palestine, and espousing a more militant, right-wing version of Jewish nationalism than the one advocated by the Labour Zionists who led Israel in its early years. The revisionists were led by Jabotinsky, whose belief in the necessity of an “iron wall” between Israel and its Arab neighbors had influenced Israeli politics since the 1930s. Netanyahu became a close friend to Abba Ahimeir.                                

Benzion Netanyahu was co-editor of Betar, a Hebrew monthly (1933–1934), then editor of the Revisionist Zionist daily newspaper Ha-Yarden in Jerusalem (1934–1935). until the British Mandate authorities ordered the paper to cease publication.  He was editor at the Zionist Political Library, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1935–1940.

In 1940, Netanyahu went to New York to be secretary to Jabotinsky, who was seeking to build American support for his militant New Zionists. Jabotinsky died the same year, and Netanyahu became executive director of the New Zionist Organization of America, the political rival of the more moderate Zionist Organization of America. He held the post until 1948.

As executive director, Netanyahu was one of the Revisionist movement's leaders in the United States during World War II. At the same time, he pursued his PhD at Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning in Philadelphia (now the Center for Advanced Judaic Studies at the University of Pennsylvania), writing his dissertation on Isaac Abrabanel (1437–1508), a Jewish scholar and statesman who opposed the banishment of Jews from Spain.

Netanyahu believed in Greater Israel. When the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was published (November 29, 1947), he joined others who signed a petition against the plan. The petition was published in The New York Times. During that time, he was active in engaging with Congress members in Washington, D.C..

In 1949, he returned to Israel, where he tried to start a political career but failed. Relentlessly hawkish, he believed that the "vast majority of Israeli Arabs would choose to exterminate us if they had the option to do so". In his younger days, he had been strongly in favour of the idea of Arab transfer out of Palestine. (It was a common practice in those days and later on-Muslims in

 India is one example moved to Pakistan).

                                                         

            There's love in the eyes of this father for his son

In 2009, he told Maariv that "The tendency to conflict is the essence of the Arab. He is an enemy by essence. His personality won't allow him to compromise. It doesn't matter what kind of resistance he will meet, what price he will pay. His existence is one of perpetual war."

Having previously struggled to fit into Israeli academia without success, perhaps due to a combination of personal and political reasons, Netanyahu nonetheless continued his academic activities upon his return to Israel. Though he still was not able to become a member of the academic faculty of the Hebrew University, his mentor, Joseph Klausner, recommended him to be one of the editors of the “Encyclopaedia Hebraica” in Hebrew; and upon Klausner's death, Netanyahu became chief editor, in tandem with professor Yeshayahu Leibowitz.

He returned to Dropsie College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, first as professor of Hebrew language and literature and chairman of the department (1957–1966); then as professor of medieval Jewish history and Hebrew literature (1966–1968). Subsequently, he moved first to University of Denver as professor of Hebraic studies, (1968–1971), then returned to New York in order to edit a Jewish encyclopedia. Eventually he took a position at Cornell University as professor of Judaic studies and chairman of the department of Semitic languages and literature, from 1971–1975. Following the death of his son Yonatan during the Entebbe hostage rescue operation in 1976, he and his family returned to Israel. At the time of his death, Netanyahu was a member of the Academy for Fine Arts and a professor emeritus at Cornell University.                   

Continuing his interest in Medieval Spanish Jewry, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain and Portugal, Netanyahu wrote a book about Isaac Abrabanel and essays on the Spanish Inquisition and the Marranos. He developed a theory according to which the Marranos converted to Christianity, not under compulsion, but out of a desire to integrate into Christian society. However, as New Christians they continued to be persecuted due to racism, and not purely for religious reasons, as was previously believed. He argued that what was new in the 15th century was the Spanish monarchy’s practice of defining Jews not religiously, but racially, by the principle of limpieza de sangre, purity of blood; which served as a model for 20th-century racial theories. Netanyahu rejected the idea that the Marranos lived double lives, claiming that this theory arose from Inquisition documents.

Netanyahu is perhaps best known for his magnum opus, Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain. His publisher and friend Jason Epstein wrote of the book:

The 1,400-page work of scholarship overturned  centuries of misunderstanding, and predictably it was faintly praised and in a few cases angrily denounced or simply ignored by a threatened scholarly establishment. Dispassionate scholars soon prevailed, and today Benzion’s brilliant revisionist achievement towers over the field of Inquisition studies.

His obituary in The New York Times stated: "Though praised for its insights, the book was also criticized as having ignored standard sources and interpretations. Not a few reviewers noted that it seemed to look at long-ago cases of anti-Semitism through the rear-view mirror of the Holocaust." Indeed, quite generally, Netanyahu regarded Jewish history as "a history of holocausts." "Origins" led Netanyahu into a scholarly dispute with Yitzhak Baer. Baer, following earlier views, considered the Anusim (forced converts to Christianity) to be a case of "Kiddush Hashem" (sanctification of the name [of God]: i.e., dying or risking oneself to preserve the name of God). According to Baer, therefore, the converts chose to live a double life, with some level of risk, while retaining their original faith. Netanyahu, in contrast, challenged the belief that the accusations of the Inquisition were true, and considered the majority of converts to be "Mitbolelim" (Cultural assimilationists), and willing converts to Christianity, claiming that the small number of forced converts who did not truly adhere to their new religion were used by the Inquisition as propaganda to allege a broader resistance movement. According to Netanyahu, Christian society had actually never accepted the new converts, for reasons of racial envy.

                                               

Netanyahu was a member of the American Academy for Jewish Research, the Institute for Advanced Religious Studies and the American Zionist Emergency Council. In the 1960s, Netanyahu contributed to two more major reference books in English: the “Encyclopedia Judaica” and “The World History of the Jewish People.”

Awarded Doctorate Honoris Causa by the University of Valladolid (Spain) in 2001.

Resource:

Book: Eliyahu's Branches by Chaim Freedman

https://jewishbubba.blogspot.com/2021/05/benjamin-netanyahu-outstanding-prime.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzion_Netanyahu

https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/when-netanyahu-s-father-adopted-the-view-of-arabs-as-savages-1.6244840

https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/159031213/benzion-netanyahu