How Our Ancestors Developed: Comparing the Story of Noah to Today's DNA Findings

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                   

                          The three sons of Noah-We come from Shem.

I'm sitting pretty.  I admire and respect our history as told in the Torah, told to us by Moses who wrote it almost 3,000 years ago.  Knowing, as the teacher I am, that DNA is a brand new science and that we are just finding out more about ourselves, I am in awe at the similarities in our two resources.

Take for instance, the story of Noah, which is told to us by Moses.  We've discovered that clay tiles also tell a most similar story, found in Elba, an ancient city in Mesopotamia, near Ur, where Abraham was said to have come from.  Noah's story tells us that a man named Eber was the ancestor of both Abraham and Joktan.  I already knew that Abraham's father was Terah, as told in Genesis with Abraham.    Abraham was the ancestor of the Jewish people and Joktan was the ancestor of the Arabs.  

         

Arabs will also tell you that Esau, twin brother of Isaac, is the father of the Arabs.  They were not identical twins, and Esau was born first, but Jacob and their mother, Rebecca, managed to cheat Esau out of his rights as a first son.  It was so close-twins, only a matter of minutes.  The birth-right was a big deal, a way of deciding who inherited the father's rights and property.  It was to go to only one son in those days.  Esau, a hunter, and Jacob, the farmer and cook, continued through life with this deception that Esau could not overlook.  It is a way of explaining the problems we have today with the Palestinians, a 3,000 year old incident that hasn't been pardoned till about 3 years ago with the Abrahamic Accords signed with 4 new Arab states now, along with Egypt and Jordan.  Only back then, how did Moses know there would continue to be problems?  Well, we know.  G-d knew.  It's mind-blowing.  

The Abraham Accords are a series of treaties normalizing diplomatic relations between Israel, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco, facilitated by the U.S. Administration[1] between August and December, 2020. In the span of five short months, these four Arab states joined Egypt and Jordan in making peace with Israel. The agreements were called “The Abraham Accords” in honor of Abraham - the patriarch of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Here our connection goes back to Eber.  Eber was a great-grandson of Noah's son Shem and the father of Peleg, born when Eber was 34 years old, and of Joktan. He was the son of Shelah, a distant ancestor of Abraham. According to the Hebrew Bible, Eber died at the age of 464.  This is all found in Genesis, the table of nations, that explains all our connections to each other.  The Arabs are the distant cousins of the Jewish people no matter which reference you use.

70 Nations are said to have come from these 3 sons.  There were 80 descendants of Noah (Song of songs 6:8) include the 74 named in the Tanakh chart 1/2028 (including both Nimrod and Pelishtim) as well as Peleg's son Reu, his son Nahor, his son Terah, his sons Nahor and Haran. (Some omit Nimrod from the count of 70 and instead include Pelishtim (Philistines). 

What I know from DNA is that both males carry the J1, the Y haplotype, that Jews refer to as the Cohen gene. 3-Research shows that (J1) haplogroup makes about 72% of Yemen people, 34% of UAE people, 58% of Qatari people, 50% of Iraq people, 55% of Palestinian Arabs, 48% of Oman People, 34% of Tunisian, and 35% of Algerian. Rest of these countries populations is a mixture of Haplogroups. It's the gene that Aaron, brother of Moses, carried.  They Y haplogroup goes from father to son, on down the line, and has for these past 3,000 with only a few mutations that happen naturally.  

Where and when did the J1 start?  1-(J1) Haplogroup is believed to have been generated some 10,000 years ago south of the Levant and in the heart of the Arabian Peninsula (Source is National Geographic Genetic Project)

I'm Jewish.  My Jewish father's Y haplogroup is one of the others, Q, (QBZ67) to be exact.  I had seen that some Arabs also carry this,  in Marsh Arabs who are known as the descendants of ancient Sumerians. Approximately 2.5% (4/157: 3 Q*, 1 Q-M346) of males in Saudi Arabia belong to haplogroup.  Then they came from Sumer, site of the earliest known civilization, located in the southernmost part of Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in the area that later became Babylonia and is now southern Iraq, from around Baghdad to the Persian Gulf.  Well of course;  Abraham was from Ur practically on the Euphrates River. What I found was Haplogroup Q is found predominantly in Central Siberia, Central Asia and among Native Americans. Approximately 90% of pre-Columbian Native Americans belonged to haplogroup Q, and all descend from the branch Q1a2a1 (L54), including various subclades of Q1a2a1a1 (M3) and Q1a2a1a2 (Z780). In Europe haplogroup Q is found chiefly in southern Sweden (5%), among Ashkenazi Jews (5%), and is various isolated pockets in central and Eastern Europe such as the Rhône-Alpes region of France, southern Sicily, southern Croatia, northern Serbia, parts of Poland and Ukraine. Šarić et al. (2013) also found 6.1% of haplogroup Q out of 412 samples from the island of Hvar in southern Croatia (accompanied by 2% of East Asian mtDNA haplogroup F).

• Q1b1a (L245): found in the Middle East, among the Jews, in Central Europe and in Sicily
• Q1b1a1 (L272.1): found in Sicily (probably Phoenician
• In a report published elsewhere, we recently showed that Jews and Palestinian Arabs share a large portion of their Y chromosomes, suggesting a common ancestry (Nebel et al. 2000). Surprisingly, in the present study, Jews were found to be even closer to populations in the northern part of the Middle East than to several Arab populations. It is worth mentioning that, on the basis of protein polymorphisms, most Jewish populations cluster very closely with Iraqis (Livshits et al. 1991) and that the latter, in turn, cluster very closely with Kurds (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994). These findings are consistent with known cultural links that existed among populations in the Fertile Crescent in early history.

One must remember that Iraq is the land of Mesopotamia, with Sumer, Babylon, Ur-home of Abraham.   

We are said to be the closest to the Kurds in DNA.  

Some Western Jews belong to Q-M378 as well. Q-M378's subbranch Q-L245's subclades Q-Y2200 and Q-YP1035 are the only varieties of haplogroup Q that are found in Ashkenazi Jews. Citizen scientists found that some Sephardic Jews carry different subclades of Q-L245, including Q-BZ3900, Q-YP745, and Q-YP1237.

                                         

Resource:

http://goldfoot_genealogy.blogspot.com/2019/04/the-y-haplogroup-movements-of-people.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_the_Near_East

http://jewishbubba.blogspot.com/2017/03/pashtos-of-afghanistan-and-pakistan-and.html

https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/arabian-ydna-j1-project/about/results#:~:text=3%2DResearch%20shows%20that%20(J1,is%20a%20mixture%20of%20Haplogroups.

Tanakh, Stone Edition

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia

Family Tree DNA

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Elam, Conqueror of Ur of Biblical Days and Sargon Who Conquered Elam Part VIII

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                   

                                                 Babylonian and Persian Empires

Elam (/ˈiːləm/;^[1] עֵילָם‎ ‘Elam) in the Hebrew Bible (Genesis 10:22, Ezra 4:9) is said to be one of the sons of Shem, the son of Noah. The name is also used (as in Akkadian) for the ancient country of Elam in what is now southern Iran, whose people the Hebrews believed to be the offspring of Elam, son of Shem (Genesis 10:22). This implies that the Elamites were considered Semites by the Hebrews. Their language was not one of the Semitic languages, but is considered a linguistic isolate.                                                                 

Elam was an ancient state east of Babylonia  (the modern Khuzistan)l.  It's capital was Susa, the same Shushan of the Book of Esther.                                 

A king of Elam living a little before Abraham was Eparti II, king of Anshan, Susa, Sukkalmah and reigned in 1973 BCE.  He was married to the daughter of the king of Isin in this same year who was king of Idden-Dagan.                                   

Elam (the nation) is also mentioned in Genesis 14, describing an ancient war in the time of Abraham, involving Chedorlaomer, the king of Elam at that time.  This king and 3 confederates attacked the kings of S Canaan in the neighborhood of the Dead Sea and was in turn defeated by Abraham!  (Gen 14).  (The name Chedorlaomer is associated with familiar Elamite components, such as kudur, meaning "servant", and Lagamar, who was a high goddess in the Elamite pantheon. The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia stated that, apart from the fact that Chedorlaomer can be identified as a proper Elamite compound, all else is matter of controversy and "the records give only the rather negative result that from Babylonian and Elamite documents nothing definite has been learned of Chedorlaomer.")

After warring against the cities of the Plain at the Battle of Siddim, King Chedorlaomer went to Sodom and Gomorrah to collect bounty. At Sodom, amongst the spoils of war, he took Lot and his entire household captive. When Lot's uncle, Abram received news of what happened, he assembled a battle unit of three hundred and eighteen men who pursued the Elamite forces north of Damascus to Hobah. Abram and one of his divisions defeated Chedorlaomer.(Genesis 14:11–17) While the King James Version , verse 17 is translated the Hebrew word in question is "וַיַּכֵּם" in verse 17 as slaughtered (Genesis 14:17), Young's Literal Translation uses the term smiting (Genesis 14:17)

Elamites much later participated in Sennacherib's siege of Jerusalem in 704 BCE.(Is.22:6). Ashurbanipal transferred part of the population of Elamites to Samaria after 639 BCE (Ezra 4:9-10).

Jews may have lived in Elam from the period of the Babylonian Exile (597 BCE-538 BCE) (Isaiah 11:11) Under Persian rule, their number were considerable; they were still of importance several centuries later and remained significant in and after the Geonic Period.  

The prophecies of the Book of Isaiah (11:11, 21:2, 22:6) and the Book of Jeremiah (25:25) also mention Elam. The last part of Jeremiah 49 is an apocalyptic oracle against Elam which states that Elam will be scattered to the four winds of the earth, but "will be, in the end of days, that I will return their captivity," a prophecy self-dated to the first year of Zedekiah (597 BC).

The Book of Jubilees may reflect ancient tradition when it mentions a son (or daughter, in some versions) of 'Elam named "Susan", whose daughter Rasuaya married Arpachshad, progenitor of another branch of Shemites. Shushan (or Susa) was the ancient capital of the Elamite Empire. (Dan. 8:2) This is where Queen Esther lived which was the capital of Persia.  (The Book of Jubilees, sometimes called Lesser Genesis, is an ancient Jewish religious work of 50 chapters, considered canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church as well as Beta Israel, where it is known as the Book of Division).

Elam is mentioned in the book, Ur of the Chaldees by Woolley, p. 166, in that  the archaeologists found in their excavation of Ur that a chamber  had been broken open and looted by the Elamites.   

                                                                 

It is in Ur that the Ziggurat, a huge structure, was found.  The Ziggurat is a peculiar feature of Mesopotamian architecture, also found in ancient Elam.  Archaeologists are not sure if the ziggurats of the Ur III period were of a new religious concept or buildings found raised by the Ur-Nammu in some of his cities were just the final stage of a long architectural development, which they think is more likely.  

On page 129 is mentioned that the 3rd Dynasty of Ur happened in 2112-2004 BCE.  To my calculations, Abraham lived in the 2nd millennium BCE, to be specific, about 1948 BCE.  

Christian and Jewish time tables are not quite the same as Jews have used the moon and others use the sun for times.  I'm looking for  cause to make Abraham's father, Terah and all the others pick up and leave Ur from which they had lived.  It is said in the Torah  that they had come to Canaan from the East, and that Ur of the Chaldees is where they had lived.  Could it have been an invasion of the Elamites who came from today's Iran?  Could they have come causing life to be unbearable, and that's when they left, possibly escaping a life of slavery to the Elamites?  

The Elamites forces had broken into Ur  and sacked the temples.  They destroyed the offerings of ancient kings that were  stored there.  The temples were rebuilt, but with the broken stone ex votos  nothing could be done, so the fragments were collected, and because they were holy and so could not be treated as mere rubbish, buried under the new pavements of the shrines to which they had belonged.  That's how they were found by the archaeologists.  

                                                             

Items were found in Ur that had belonged to Sargon of Akkad in this  3rd Dynasty dig.  "Sargon of Akkad, also known as Sargon the Great, was the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC. He is sometimes identified as the first person in recorded history to rule over an empire."  

So this was an invader of Ur previously before Abraham's time.  His empire is thought to have included most of Mesopotamia, parts of the Levant, besides incursions into Hurrite and Elamite territory, ruling from his (archaeologically as yet unidentified) capital, Akkad (also Agade).

They found vases dedicated to  his son, Rimush which was treasure selected from the king's share of the booty of Elam after the king of all had smitten Elam and Barakhsi. Could this imply it was Sargon?  Woolley's men turned up a bowl that was carved with a demon and animals is in a style which might be native to Elam or some other part of SW Iran .  They thought that this showed a pious regard for the temples of Ur by kings of the Akkadian dynasty.  Manishtushu was Rimush's successor at Ur, and dedicated to the god, Enlil.  Enlil, Mesopotamian god of the atmosphere and a member of the triad of gods completed by Anu (Sumerian: An) and Ea (Enki). Enlil meant Lord Wind: both the hurricane and the gentle winds of spring were thought of as the breath issuing from his mouth and eventually as his word or command.                                                     

The last great king of the dynasty was Naram-Sin, and this was discovered by finding similar copies of statue inscriptions and by vessel and mace head  fragments bearing his name.  Everything bore names that was manufactured. 

Sargon also claims in his inscriptions that he is "Sargon, king of the world, conqueror of Elam and Parahshum", the two major polities to the east of Sumer.

 He also names various rulers of the east whom he vanquished, such as "Luh-uh-ish-an, son of Hishibrasini, king of Elam", king of Elam" or " Sidga'u, general of Parahshum", who later also appears in an inscription by Rimush.

Sargon triumphed over 34 cities in total. Ships from Meluhha, Magan and Dilmun, rode at anchor in his capital of Akkad.

He entertained a court or standing army of 5,400 men who "ate bread daily before him."

Resource: 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Elam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Elam

Ur Of The Chaldees, a revised nd updated edition of Sir Leonard Woolley's Excavations at Ur by PRS Moorey

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia -Elam

Were Jews Originally Non-Semitic Elamites of Babylonia?

Nadene Goldfoot                                            

Before Abraham was born, his father, Terah,  had been in the traveling crowd of the Ivrim  from the East who had settled in Ur, now a part of Iraq.  Coming from the East, they must have come from the area of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Who were these people?  We call them Hebrews today.  They spoke Hebrew.  Were they from Babylonia, also called the land of Shinar or of the Kasdim (Chaldees)?  It was looked upon as the cradle of humanity and the scene of man's first revolt against G-d with the Tower of Babel.  Many biblical stories have a parallel in Babylonian literature such as the FLOOD.  Abraham was born in UR, a symbol of pagan tyranny, city of idols, made by Terah, Abraham's father.
                                                                             

Terah, Abram's father

In Genesis 14: 13, Abram was called Abram, the Ivri, spelled from right to left with an ayan, vet, and raishעִברִי, meaning-the other side.  Literally, the rabbis say this means the other side of the Euphrates River.  The name also means that he was a descendant of Eber.  Only Abraham's descendants are called "Ivrim" for they alone spoke Hebrew, which was Eber's language.  His other descendants spoke Aramaic, and are called Arameans.  Abram was one  who lived in the plains of Mamre, the Amorite, the brother of Eshcol and the brother of Aner who were Abram's allies.  HEBREW written in Hebrew looks like this:  עִברִית.  The letters, reading from right to left, are: ayin, vet, raish and to make it plural, a yud and a tuv. The first letters spell out Ivri.   


                                                                             

The Tel el Amarna tablets is an Arabic name of the site of the capital of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV of Middle Egypt.  In 1887, many cuneiform tablets were discovered there including letters from kings in Asia Minor from the archives of Amenhotep III of 1413-1377 BCE and Amenhotep IV of 1377-1361 BCE.   Other letters were found later.  Of special interest were several scores of letters from vassal kings in Canaan like the kings of Ascalon (Ashkelon) , Acre, Jerusalem, Megiddo, Sidon, Gebal, etc.  These complain of the disorder happening in the country following the invasion of the HABIRU.  We believe this referred to the Hebrews.  The disorder was the frequent wars among Pharaoh's vassal kings, and the letters requested Egyptian assistance.
                                                                             

 Almost all the letters were written in Akkadian.  A few lines were written in Hurrian and Hittite, and some have words in Canannite.  It figures correctly that Joshua had arrived.  
                                                                               

Akkadian was a Semitic language, formerly known as Assyrian owing to the prevalence of Akkadian inscriptions in the cuneiform script found in Asssyria.   Akkadians were the first people to use it in writing.  It was a spoken langue from the 4th millennium BCE and served as the language of diplomacy and commerce throughout the Middle East until the Greek conquest.  It resembles Hebrew and Aramaic in structure, phonology and vocabulary but is different from them in the verb formations, in the use of tenses, syntax and in the fact that its gutturals lost their distinctive character.  

 His people were called Habiru for a reason.  
"Habiru or Apiru (Egyptian: ˁpr.w) was the name given by various Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Ugaritic sources (dated, roughly, between 1800 BC and 1100 BC) to a group of people living as nomadic invaders in areas of the Fertile Crescent from Northeastern Mesopotamia and Iran to the borders of ... Egypt in Canaan.    This sounds more like the Assyrian areas.  
                                                                               

Egyptian mural of slaves making bricks for building
 in c1700 BCE-1300 BCE

                                                                                 

Much later Assyrians leading away the 10 tribes as slaves in 722
and 721 BCE back to Assyria again. 

Habiru was the name used for  mercenaries or slaves, and was used in the Tel el-Amarna tables and in other documents of the 15th and 14th centuries BCE.  Many scholars are emphatic that Habiru is identical with Ivri (Hebrews) and some believe that the reference in the Tel el-Amarna tablets to the threat of the habiru to Canaanite cities alludes to one of the stages in the Israelite conquest of Canaan.  So we have a difference of dates here.  Abram lived in the 2nd millennium BCE or 2000 BCE and Joshua and the slaves from Egypt lived later and arrived in Canaan in about 1271 BCE, about 800 years difference, but both were referring to these Hebrew speakers, descendants of the first group.  How history repeats!
                                                                        "Hebrew, along with Moabite and Phoenician, belong to the Canaanite branch of Semitic languages.  Hebrew was spoken in Canaan before Joshua ever arrived with the 650,000 slaves from Egypt.  The Tel el Amarna Letters prove that Hebrew was spoken in Eretz Yisrael before the Israelite conquest.  Pre-exilic biblical Hebrew was a standardized literary language with distinct idioms for prose and poetry, full-sounding, rich in vocabulary and rhetorical devices.  It borrowed many words from surrounding languages".  

Elam was an ancient state of Babylonia, where the modern state of Khuzistan is today.  It's on the map above. It was on part of the SW Iranian plateau and included the river valley around Susa and the highlands beyond.  Elamite is an unknown language but Elam might have meant "THE LORD-COUNTRY.' In Mesopotamian it would be translated as "THE HEIGHTS."  In Akkadian etymology, it would be related to elu, meaning "HIGH."  Today, it's part of Iran since Susa is the Shushan of the Book of Esther, and the capital of Iran, and Iran not too long ago was called Persia, its ancient name.  Persians are not Arabs.  They are a different people.  It's hard to tell what kinds of people were in Elan since populations change frequently depending on who a country is making war with and taking prisoners. Persians or Iranians as they are now called, are not Semites or even Arabs.
                                                                           

Elam was connected closely with Mesopotamia for this is where they got their raw materials of wood, stone and metals.  It served as a route for getting precious metals and stones like lapis lazuli, the blue stone prized by the Mesopotamians which were brought from Afghanistan.  Elamites raided the valleys of the Diyala and the Tigris.  Elam ruled Sumer for a time.  The kings of the 3rd dynasty of Ur in Mesopotamia annexed Elam, and Susa became a seat of Sumerian governors.  Could it be that Ur was bringing back Elamites to live with them?  We know that Terah was an idol maker and that Abraham knew all along as a child that they were not gods but just statues made of clay by his father.

Being non-Semitic, the Elamites are classed by the Bible as children of Shem (Gen. 10:22).  Was Terah an Elamite?  I know that according to DNA, my father's DNA haplogroup of Q1b1a or Q-L245 came from Ur, Iraq most likely 2,000 years ago, This branch makes up only 5% of the Jewish population today.   Other places they could have come from were  Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and possibly southern Saudi Arabia.  Iraq is the location of Ur, where Abraham and Sarah came from.  They left, seeking their own land that would become free of idol worship with Abraham's leadership.

About half of present day Jews find they are haplogroup J1 and J2, which is called the Cohen gene, and many are Cohens in the synagogue.  This is the largest Jewish haplogroup, and we know it came from Moses and Aaron.  Other haplogroups such as E, I and R are found.

A very long time ago at the beginning of the 19th century BCE just after Abraham was born, there was an independent Elamite royal dynasty who reigned in Anshan in the uplands and Susa on the plain.  Elam had a lot of influence that covered a wide area, and had trading expeditions where they carried raw materials from their lands of Elam as far as Hazor in Canaan.  By the middle of the 18th century BCE, Elam was consolidated under the rule of Kutir-Nahhunte I, whose reign was during the same period of Hammurabi of Babylon and with his son, Samsu-iluna.  From about this time on and thoughout the whole period, Babylonian influence is noticed by the use of Akkadian as the written language of economic and cultural life.  Hammerabi (1728-1686 BCE)  had laws similar to our 10 Commandments.  It's penalties for breaking his legal code was more severe than in the 10 Commandments and its political nature is based on custom and obedience to the king's will instead of being like the 10 Commandments which depends on its appeal to the human conscience.   Both seem to have arisen in the Mesopotamian culture with the 10 Commandments coming from G-d,  given to the people by Moses.                                                                                

Twins, Esau and Jacob, with Esau leaving their father, Isaac  to join the Arabs.  Both are usually called Semites.  

What is a Semite?  Are Jews Semites being Elamites were not?  "The term Semitic people or semitic cultures (from the biblical "Shem",Hebrew: שם‎),  was a historical term for the people or cultures who speak or spoke the Semitic languages. "  a member of any of the peoples who speak or spoke a Semitic language, including in particular the Jews and Arabs with  Semitic languages of: Arabic, Hebrew (Tiberian), Syriac, Ge'ez, and Akkadian.."The racial or ethnic use of the term, together with the parallel terms Hamitic and Japhetic, is now obsolete.  The term also came to describe the extended Semitic religions and ethnicities, as well as the history of these varied cultures as associated by close geographic and linguistic distribution.  Was it that Abraham was an Elamite? 
                                                     

Abram, later called Abraham

Abraham's people came from Shem, one of the 3 sons of Noah.  From him came the nations of Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad and Aram.  Arpachshad was the father of Eber and ancestor of Abraham.  People that speak language akin to Hebrew are called Semitic people and their languages are Semitic languages.  According to the experts, we did not come from Elam, then. Eber is not shown on the map because a whole group of Semitic people and tribes came out of him which included the Israelites who are therefore, according to the general opinion, called the Hebrews.   The title of the Israelites comes from Jacob, grandson of Abraham who had a name change to Israel due to something that happened to him when he was traveling home.  He had been gone from his father's house for 20 years and was returning with property he had accumulated.  He struggled as if wrestling  with a heavenly emissary, angel,  and overcame this angel, then being given the name Israel.  It was a name of accomplishment, overcoming a struggle-in his heart or mind.  He's buried in the Cave at Hebron.
Descendants of Shem

1   Shem
. 2   Elam
. 2   Asshur
. 2   Arpachshad b: in 2 years after flood
..... 3   Shelah
......... 4   Eber
............. 5   Peleg-Abraham
................. 6   Reu
..................... 7   Serug
........................... +Milcah
......................... 8   Nahor I
............................... +Iyoska
............................ 9   Terah b: in Ur of Chaldees, Sumeria, Mesopotamia Iraq
................................ 10   [1] Abram-Abraham
...................................... +Sarai-Sarah
................................ *2nd Wife of [1] Abram-Abraham:
...................................... +Hagar
................................ *3rd Wife of [1] Abram-Abraham:
...................................... +Keturah


Resource:  https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0006_0_05716.html
http://jewishfactsfromportland.blogspot.com/2010/01/jewish-genes-what-haplogroup-could-they.html
The New Standard Jewish encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_people
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/hebrews.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habiru