Why We Spoke In Many Languages At Time of Ivrim Slavery in Egypt Part I on Slavery: DEVELOPMENT OF SEMITES AND SLAVERY

 Nadene Goldfoot                                            

What enables us to speak and gives us the power of languages? 

 

The human larynx is much lower, relative to cervical vertebrae, than that of our ancestors and other primates. The descent of the larynx, the theory held, was what elongated our vocal tract and enabled modern humans to begin making the contrasting vowel sounds that were the early building blocks of language.

When mankind went from hunters to gatherers and became farmers, they were living in tribes, which are family groups all related.  Tribes eventually grew larger into clans and clans into villages and towns, of course.  We intermarry with people close by, sharing our genes with each other.

There are a few reasons why monkeys do not talk like humans. One reason is that monkeys have a different type of larynx, or voice box, than humans. The larynx in monkeys is located higher in the throat, which makes it difficult for them to produce the same range of sounds that humans can. Additionally, the neural pathways and language centers in the brain of monkeys are not as developed as they are in humans. Humans have evolved over time to have a unique ability to learn and use complex languages, while monkeys have not.  We have developed a specialized intelligence.  

This helps to develop a language, since we are sharing the same genes, and that creates the size and development of the human larynx.  That's why people of England have a different twang from people in the USA, both speaking English.  It sounds different. Most likely the larynx has changed. 

    Not knowing the language, Moses meets the daughters of Jethro in Midian, the local priest and their flock of sheep and falls in love with Zipporah, who later gave him 2 sons, Gershom and Eliezer.  They managed to communicate.   

        Moses, born and raised in Egypt, had fled to Midian after killing an overseer of slaves because of his cruelty.  Midian, unknown to him, had some lovely women.  Midianites were a Bedouin tribe related to Abraham (Gen.25:2) who traveled in Caravans with incense from Gilead to Egypt and later to other countries; and closely connected to the Israelites.  As usual, in later history the Midianites become enemies of Israel by fighting against them with the Moabites (Num.21:29).  From 2nd Temple times, the Land of Midian was thought to be located in NW Arabia.  Knowledge gets confused.                              

What's good to know is that every man is born with a  tag as to what tribe he came from called his Y haplogroup.  J1 is very common for Jews that are the descendants of Aaron, brother of Moses, and there were a lot of them.  Muslims are also found to with J1 as their haplogroup, with the usual slightly different tag ending on their title, showing that they are a little different from Aaron's descendants, but from the same original source.  I love, just love it when science is so specific in its findings and connects with our oral and written history found in the Torah.  It just strengthens the Torah 100%.                                   

Knowing this, and now knowing that a Semite is a person who speaks Hebrew, Arabic or a related other languages, shows how they differentiate from others in a land they may have entered.  It's like having a certain different color of skin; something to identify by.  That's why some people of Spanish blood can roll their rrrrrs, and semites have sounds in the bottom of their throats, a Khhh sound and why it's hard for me to reproduce in my throat.  You larynx has to make changes.  

The same thing happened when senior-aged Jacob and his family of 70,  who were referred to as the Hebrews, or Ivrim,  went into Egypt, needing to find relief from the drought they were suffering from in Canaan, hoping they had received the blessed rain.  Unknown to them, Jacob's beloved son, Joseph had made it there when his brothers sold him to a passing caravan, and he had risen to the top, becoming the #2 man under the pharaoh.  The pyramids were already built by this time.                                                     

With Joseph's help, Jacob, his father,  led the group of 70 from Canaan to Goshen, the northern area of Egypt to live in with their sheep at about that time.  Abram was born during the 2nd millennium in about 1948 BCE, and genealogy takes us then to Jacob.      

Did the Ivrim speak the same language as the Egyptians?  Arabic is a Semitic language.  Another source said, "The Semitic Hebrew of Ancient Israel and the Semitic Afro-Asiatic but not Semitic Late Egyptian language were distantly related, but not enough for direct communication.

Ancient Egyptians spoke Egyptian. Obviously, the Ivrim had to learn and to speak Egyptian as well.  Egypt's official language is Modern Standard Arabic, which is used in most written documents and schools.

In the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Middle East, people of different languages sometimes used Akkadian as a Lingua Franca.

Akkad, in the Babylonian period, was the northern region of the valley between the Euphrates and the Tigris, which contained Babylon, Sipopar, and other important cities.  The Ancient city of Babylonia mentioned in Gen 10:10 was the residence of Sargon the Great.  The earliest Semitic language that has been suggested as a common source is Akkadian, an extinct dialect that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and Egypt [i].

In conclusion, Hebrew is the more ancient language but Arabic has preserved much more of its linguistic roots, however, both of them share a common origin.  They are both Semitic languages.  

    Coming from Canaan;  Moving into Goshen of Egypt with blessing of pharaoh because of Joseph's position.  They were Semites, speakers of Hebrew language- It is thought of in other resources like the Egyptians themselves that they were the Hyksos people who ruled Egypt from 1720 BCE to 1580 BCE and during this period, the Children of Israel entered the country and were favorably treated;  the period of bondage is believed to have begun after the expulsion of the Hyksos.  Hyksos is an Egyptian word meaning "rulers of the foreign lands";  Each people wrote their own history; and this seems to mesh with each other. Jewish and non-Jews history is always off in terms of dates.  We have Moses  from 1391 BCE to 1271 BCE, a much later date.  Jewish dates go with the history Moses wrote about.   

They loved Goshen, and stayed longer than they had planned, thriving and growing and having many children to the point where the next pharaoh was worried that they would soon dominate the land.  The worry was so great that they all were made slaves of Egypt.

           Slaves at Necropolis :  Necropolis, in archaeology, is an extensive and elaborate burial place of an ancient city. The locations of necropolises in ancient Egypt were varied; many were situated across the Nile River opposite the towns, as was western Thebes. The necropolis was typically outside the city proper in the Mediterranean world and often consisted of several cemeteries used over several centuries.  Cemetery diggers and workers, maybe even on preparing burial sites for new royal family members.  

Slavery was the way of life in those days used for manual laborers.  There were no appliances or artificial power sources except people and animals.  People could do things that animals couldn't so they were useful if under control.  People had been working so hard to improve their lot in life, and it had been a slow process, especially in building towns for human protection from wild animals  and in agriculture to feed them all.  

Notice how the 2 storage cities are located in Goshen, home of Ivrim.  

Slaves had no days off, nor any time off.  They were slaves 24 hours each day. The Israelites had entered Goshen and from then till Moses came along at age 80 to free them had been 500 years.  Perhaps out of that time they were free men for 100 years or so;  I hope so.  They were used to build the storage cities of , Pithom and Ramses.” These storage cities are not simply coterminous with Pithom and Rameses, since these two cities had a variety of buildings that included stone temples for who?  

 Joseph, who became a viceroy appointed by the pharaoh,  had saved the day by telling his pharaoh how to feed the people during a draught and how much to store and that it had to serve 7 years.  What's exciting is how this man, taken to prison and doomed to slavery, was listened to by Potiphar, the chief of Pharaoh's household when Joseph heard him ask an explanation about the dream he had.  The explanation reached the Pharaoh.  To top off the story, Potiphar's sexy wife wanted to have relations with Joseph who refused, and she then falsely accused him of rape to get even.  Who said the Bible is boring?  It told of people acting like those of today.                                         

     Fighting the Amaleks, constant enemies of the Jewish people as they had attacked the Exodus people from Egypt.  

Did slavery benefit the Ivrim?  No, not at all.  It kept them at a standstill in developing their minds for at least 400 years!  for 400 years their minds were in the survival mode only.  Oh, they no doubt thought of all the things wrong with slavery and how they wouldn't treat people like animals.  It helped to develop Moses's form of the 613 Laws who came along much later.  They were still under the care of another, Moses, as it was, who led them to freedom.  Until then, they found they had to follow his directions or die in the wilderness.  Moses knew how to survive, not them.  He had made it to Egypt at the age of 80, and now was leading them back to their ancestral homeland of Canaan, land of stories they had been told. It will take him 40 years to harden these people into a force that could stand on their own;  40 years of changing and adding what they had lost during the 400 years of slavery.      

Resource:

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/human-ancestors-may-have-evolved-physical-ability-speak-more-25-million-years-ago-180973759/#:~:text=The%20human%20larynx%20is%20much,early%20building%20blocks%20of%20language.

Book:  The new Standard Jewish Encyclopedia

https://landioustravel.com/egypt/necropolises-ancient-egypt/

https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/history-ideas/2020/04/what-were-the-israelites-building-in-egypt/#:~:text=And%20they%20built%20for%20Pharaoh,buildings%20that%20included%20stone%20temples.

https://www.getquranic.com/which-is-older-arabic-or-hebrew/#:~:text=In%20conclusion%2C%20Hebrew%20is%20the,them%20share%20a%20common%20ancestor.

The Semites: Where Did They Come From? How They Are Different From Others

Nadene Goldfoot                                               

                  Terah and Abram looking over the land at Haran, Abram's brother's Home, near the Euphrates River.  

Abraham was the youngest one of 3 important sons of Terah the Ivrite, son of Nahor I;     Nahor II, Haran, and Abram whose ancestry stretched back to Noah of the Great Flood.  He, Nahor and Terah lived in the large and ancient city of Ur of the Chaldees/Kasdim people where Terah was an idol maker and they lived near their shop.  One day Abram, for he was first named Abram, had a realization that idols  were nothing but molded clay and that there was but one god.  He had been alone in the shop as a boy, minding it, and had stumbled into one of the idols, the moon god, Nanna, breaking it.  When his father returned and saw the mess, he was angry, of course, and asked Abram what had been going on.  Quick to think, Abram blamed one of the idols for pushing over that one, relieving himself of the blame.  Terah laughed as his ingenuity and realized also that their belief was poppy-cock!  He had a whole pantheon of gods in his shop.  What would he ever do with them all.  Maybe have a sale?  He had so many that Abram couldn't walk without knocking one over!

Abram was a large boy, with big feet.  Surely he'd grow into them one day.  They had a talk and Abram told him of his dreams about a singular G-d.  They decided to leave Ur and all the pantheon of gods and goddesses and move out West where there were no large cities so that Abram could bring up a family that believed in only one powerful all-inclusive G-d.  They made plans for their future.  By the time they left, Abram had married his niece, Sarai, daughter of his brother, Haran II, who was so beautiful.  

By following the Euphrates River northward, they could reach Haran where Abram's brother had lived.  From there they could take Haran's son, Lot with them, since Haran had recently died in Ur on a visit.  It was Terah's job to take over Haran's fatherly responsibilities now as grandfather.  The trail from there went westward and then south to Canaan, their goal.  It was a good  month's journey to Haran.

After reaching Haran, Terah found a woman to his liking and remarried and had many more children, girls as well as boys, and died in Haran.  So did Nahor, who had married Milcah and had 8 children. Abram and Sarah had Isaac.  Terah died there in the year 2083 BCE., having lived there 205 years,  when Isaac was 35.    Terah had been born in 1883 BCE, by Akkadian math, which would have been about 70 years old by our time.  This caused Abram and Sarah to decide that now was the time to push on and follow Abram's dream of living alone, away from idol-worshippers and their pantheon of gods, for he felt that he must tell others who would listen about his thoughts of how the world was created and how it revolved.  Abram was 75 years old when he left Haran.                                               

Life had been good to Abram as he accumulated much wealth by living in Haran.  He left with all of it.  

By 24 years from their time of leaving Haran, their names would be changed from Abram to Abraham, and Sarai to Sarah because of events that would happen.  

We get to verse 14 in Genesis where Abram is like a general, fighting against Kings like Amraphel of Shinar,  living there.  A fugitive told Abram, the Ivri/  which meant "THE OTHER SIDE"  In other words, the other side of the Euphrates River.  ...that Lot had been taken captive, and Abram took his 318 men with him to rescue Lot. We see that Abram was brave in battle. 

 Figuratively, at this point he was on the other side of a moral and spiritual divide from the people of the world at that point, as all were practicing polytheism of some type or other.  

The name meant that he was a descendant of EBER.  Only Abraham's descendants are called THE IVRIM in the Bible, as they spoke Hebrew, distinguishing them from other people.  

 Eber was the grandson of SHEM, one of 3 sons of Noah.  His descendants form a group of Semitic peoples and tribes, including the Israelites who are therefore, called HEBREWS.  Peoples speaking languages akin to Hebrew are accordingly called Semitic peoples and their languages are Semitic languages.  Being a Semite is language based, not racist-based.  According to the Bible, the nations of Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad and Aram were from Shem.  Eber's father was Arpachshad, one of the sons of Shem.                                                  

In tracing where this Hebrew-speaking clan came from, I find that Arpachshad, ancestor of the Hebrews, is applied as a name to a region- perhaps a province in the vicinity of Mosul, Iraq. 

The area in which Mosul lies was an integral part of Assyria from as early as the 25th century BCE. After the Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 BC), which united all of the peoples of Mesopotamia under one rule, Mosul again became a continuous part of Assyria proper from circa 2050 BCE through to the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire between 612 and 599 BCE. 

Mosul remained within the geopolitical province of Assyria for a further thirteen centuries (as a part of Achaemenid Assyria, Seleucid Syria, Roman Assyria and Sasanian Asōristān) until the early Muslim conquests of the mid-7th century. After the Muslim conquests, the region saw a gradual influx of Muslim Arab, Kurdish and Turkic peoples, although the indigenous Assyrians continue to use the name Athura for the ecclesiastical province.

                                                                      

      Read right to left:  

  Hebrew belongs to the Canaanite group of languages. Canaanite languages are a branch of the Northwest Semitic family of languages.  Today we have more than 330 million people across much of West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Malta, in small pockets in the Caucasus as well as in often large immigrant and expatriate communities in North America, Europe and Australasia speaking the Semitic languages, previously also named Syro-Arabian languages, which are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family originating in the Middle East. The terminology was first used in the 1780s by members of the Göttingen School of History, who derived the name from Shem, one of the three sons of Noah in the Book of Genesis.

 According to Avraham Ben-Yosef, Hebrew flourished as a spoken language in the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah during the period from about 1200 to 586 BCE. Scholars debate the degree to which Hebrew was a spoken vernacular in ancient times following the Babylonian exile when the predominant international language in the region was Old Aramaic.   Hebrew has been used by all Jews in their synagogues, but was almost lost to us as a spoken language until Jews who were returning in the 1880s to Palestine took up the mantle of speaking this almost dead language.  

Hebrew has been revived several times as a literary language, most significantly by the Haskalah (Enlightenment) movement of early and mid-19th-century Germany. In the early 19th century, a form of spoken Hebrew had emerged in the markets of Jerusalem between Jews of different linguistic backgrounds to communicate for commercial purposes. This Hebrew dialect was to a certain extent a pidgin.                                  

 Near the end of that century the Jewish activist Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, owing to the ideology of the national revival (שיבת ציון, Shivat Tziyon, later Zionism), began reviving Hebrew as a modern spoken language. Eventually, as a result of the local movement he created, but more significantly as a result of the new groups of immigrants known under the name of the Second Aliyah, it replaced a score of languages spoken by Jews at that time. Those languages were Jewish dialects of local languages, including Judaeo-Spanish (also called "Judezmo" and "Ladino"), Yiddish, Judeo-Arabic and Bukhori (Tajiki), or local languages spoken in the Jewish diaspora such as Russian, Persian and Arabic.  Yiddish, spoken by Eliezer, was a mixture of Hebrew, German and possibly a little Russian/Eastern European.  

Abraham spoke Hebrew.  His neighbors and customers spoke Sumerian.   His family was most likely distinguishable from others in Ur by his accent. He must have been bi-lingual if not tri-lingual.   Sumerian (𒅴𒂠 EME.G̃IR₁₅ "native tongue") is the language of ancient Sumer and a language isolate that was spoken in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). During the 3rd millennium BC, an intimate cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians and the Semitic-speaking Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism. The influence of Sumerian and the East Semitic language Akkadian on each other is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a substantial scale to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence. This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium BC as a Sprachbund.  Abraham was born in 1948 BCE.                      

          Left: Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform syllabary, used by early Akkadian rulers.          Right:Seal of Akkadian Empire ruler Naram-Sin (reversed for readability), c. 2250 BC. The name of Naram-Sin (Akkadian: 𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪: ^DNa-ra-am ^DSîn, Sîn being written 𒂗𒍪 EN.ZU), appears vertically in the right column. British Museum.

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language around 2000 BC (the exact dating being subject to debate),but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Akkadian-speaking Mesopotamian states such as Assyria and Babylonia until the 1st century AD. Thereafter it was likely forgotten until the 19th century, when Assyriologists began deciphering the cuneiform inscriptions and excavated tablets left by these speakers.

                                                    

       Hebrew, Arabic and English signs throughout Israel

 Arabic is a Semitic language and therefore shares similarities with other Semitic languages, such as Aramaic and Hebrew. In terms of writing, several languages use the Arabic alphabet, such as Persian/Farsi, Urdu, Pashto and Kurdish.  This happens to vet the Torah, that tells us that Abram first took Sarai's Egyptian hand-maiden, Hagar as wife to produce his first child, since Sarai had been barren.  At that time they were living in a tent, so must have been on the outskirts of Ur.  Ishmael was born. 

 The goal of this story was to stress the relationship between the Israelites and Ishmaelites and to account for the nomadic nature of the Ishmaelites.  Today, Israel's occupants know both languages, and many can include English as well.  It's nothing for many to be mult-lingual, Hebrew Arabic, French, English, etc.  

Resource:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language

  

  

Jews and Israel: Misconceptions Corrected

Nadene Goldfoot                                             

Jews originated long ago with Abraham, his son Isaac, and Abram's grandson, Jacob.  These are our 3 main men.  Abram had an epiphany, realizing back in 2,000 BCE that there was but one G-d in the Universe, a completely different understanding from the people around him including his own father, Terah.  This was over 4,000 years ago, when Egypt was the main country in the world.  Abram lived close by in Ur, today's Iraq.  He and his people had been refugees into that city from back East around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the land of another major country-Assyria.  We can only imagine the horrors that drove this cavalcade of people to Ur.  It's not told to us in the Bible.  Ivrim sounds like Hebrew.  They spoke Hebrew.  In Hebrew, the b and v are the same letter; a bet and a vet.  English from of Hebrew, Ivrim, shows us it comes from either a descendant of Eber, grandson of Shem, or a person who comes from the other side of the River-Euphrates.  Abraham is called THE HEBREW in (Gen. 14:13) and the term was later sometimes used with Israelites (Exod. 9:1).  Habiru and Hebrew should be the same word. His name changed from Abram to Abraham when he reached a level of understanding that was much higher, a reward rather like a college degree.  
                                                                           

Reading the Torah is part of our faith
Written by Moses

We call our faith THE JEWISH FAITH.  Jew comes from the Old French word giu, and the German word Jud which both come from the Roman's Latin language Judaeus which comes from Yehudah or Judah.  The Hebrew language has no J sound.  They use the Y, the yud.
 People often use "Jew" as a verb instead of what it is; a proper noun.  As a verb,it is used perjoratively, nastily, which I do not like at all. 
                                                                             

Moses seeing a burning bush that was not consumed by its fire.
Then he heard a voice.  

They weren't called Jews then.  First, they were the Ivrim, then the Israelites; then the Judeans, and THEN the Jews, from the name of their state, Judah.  Moses never was mentioned, like his followers were never the Mosesites.  He didn't even want people to know where he was buried as he didn't want to be worshipped.  He felt he was just the radio receiver and he just shared what he was told to share.
                                                                               

Egypt: "In 3150 BCE the First Dynasty appeared in Egypt with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by the king Menes (c. 3150 BCE, now believed to be Narmer)."  Moses was a Jewish baby hidden in the Nile riverbanks in a little reed basket by his mother because the pharaoh had a fear of being killed by some Jewish renegade so had all the boy babies of a certain age killed.  Moses was saved by the Pharaoh's daughter, brought up in the court, and returned to the pharaoh's descendant at age 80 to release all slaves into his care.
                                                                           

All slaves included the clan of Jacob-AKA Israel, and OTHERS.  Egypt had taken captives not only the Jews, who had been allowed to live as shepherds in a section of Egypt until they had multiplied so well that their numbers frightened the pharaoh.  He truly was a paranoid pharaoh, always thinking of being killed by someone, and indeed, this did happen a lot to pharaohs.  Moses freed everyone.  He didn't ask to see their passport.  
                                                                             

My own father most likely descended from others, being his DNA (the blessing of being born in today's scientific age) shows that his Y or male line of haplogroup is Q; specifically QBZ67, a very Jewish line, being on 5% of Jews today.  Remnants are even found around Ur!  The most common one comes from Moses's brother, Aaron, who Moses met when an adult.  Moses only had 2 sons who died in their teens, so never did produce a line, but Aaron did.  He had lots of sons.  They had the Y haplogroup of J1, today called the Cohen gene, as Aaron was appointed by Moses to be the 1st Cohen or priest of the some 613 laws to change their lives that he was going to share with the 600,000 some freed slaves who had been enslaved from beginning to end for 400 years.   Abraham was Moses's 3rd great grandfather.   

The Arch of Titus in Rome depicting the Jewish slaves forced to carry the items from
the Temple for the Romans-their loot in this robbery.
 In Germany our surname was
Goldfus.  There are Gentiles with this Goldfuss surname as well, different haplogroup of males.  

One of the big misconceptions people have of Ashkenazi Jews is about our connection to Europe.  Some people actually think we originated as Europeans.  We didn't.  We originated with the family of Jacob or the Israelites on the Exodus.  When the Romans occupied Jerusalem before 70 CE, they were forcing people to do their bidding or they were crucified on huge crosses.  They took slaves and took them to Rome.  This happened especially when they burned down Jerusalem and the Temple.  Jews were marched to Rome.  A few had already settled there as traders.  A reliable record of Jews living in Rome dates back to 139 BCE.  The Catacombs in Rome are also proof that Jews resided in Rome.  My DNA shows that we were connected to a big Jewish family of Rome that was well known.  From Rome, Jews were able to get to Germany and were there for several hundred years, kept out of Judah and Jerusalem by the Romans.  From Germany Jews moved north until finally they reached such places as Poland and Lithuania, seeking acceptance.  They took their Hebrew with them, which is always used in the synagogues for prayers, and in their daily language, mixed with German, became a language called Yiddish.  
                                                                                     

Cohens, the Levites directly from Aaron,
serving in the Temple 

Today we find that the Middle East is full of men carrying J1, even the J1c3d, but among the Jews, it designated those who came from Aaron and the Cohen position in a synagogue.  This shows that the Torah was relating truth of our history.  
                                                                         
I relate all this because in the USA college textbooks, I find misconceptions that Muslim writers have and want those taking a course using them to see facts that were ignored.  Maybe even today's Jews share this misconception.  What I found may be moderate ones compared to others.  I denote a tinge of jealousy.  It wasn't as bad as the textbook makes it sound.  
     1.  One was that Jews think their religion was exclusive, and that Jews were different humans from all others born on earth.  Let me count the ways they listed for us:  
         a. by birth, 
         b. heritage   
         c. the special covenant G-d made with us through Abraham and Moses, and 
         d. territory-Canaan, now called Palestine (I note they left out the name ISRAEL), without any dangers of intermarrying.  The Exodus where Moses led the slaves out of Egypt happened about 3800 years ago, perhaps about 1445 BCE.  
Here's how it all came about.  
What they think about us shows up in how they think we feel about ourselves.  
                                                                           

Jerusalem, the city of King David, allowing Christian and Muslim faiths along with
Jewish.  a state more Democratic than most Western ones today.  Moshe Dyan
actually allowed Jordan to have control over the Temple Mount after the battle
of 1967 when Israel won.  That's because the Muslims had built the mosque with the
Golden Dome over the spot where our 2nd Temple had stood.  Jews pray
at the Wall that used to be called THE WAILING WALL.  

They seem to hold it against us that our toasts often say, NEXT YEAR IN JERUSALEM.  That they don't understand that it had been our city, our capital.  They feel it's our fault that we haven't been happy in the foreign countries we have found ourselves in.  Let me say this:  from the time King David (1010-970 BCE) created Jerusalem till it was lost to the Romans who destroyed it in 70 CE, we had a country and a capital.  That was over 2,000 years.  Since then we have been living as a minority with a weird religion and people actually have looked for our horns they thought were on our heads.  Talk about misconceptions!  We lost 6 million Jews who were brutally murdered just because they were Jews when Hitler tried to kill all of us.  Others now protest that we have been replaced; no need to have us around anymore.  
                                                                          

What a loving world we are in.  And then there's the Ayatollas ready to complete the job Hitler started and almost succeeded in,  It's not a safe world.  

First, let me mention as a reminder that Abraham's very 1st son, Ishmael, born through Hagar, the Egyptian princess maid for Sarah, Abraham's wife who was his niece, had been so nasty to Sarah's son, Isaac who was born several years later, that Sarah asked that they leave their family group.  Ishmael joined up with the native population.  Later, Esau, the twin of Jacob, left the tribe and also lived among the native population, not wanting to follow Jacob's house rules.  Those house rules finally show up with Mohammad, over 2,000 years later.  

Jews found today share certain Y haplogroups over and over, but there are different ones apart from J1.  We have J1 and J2, E, R, Q, G and a few I found in the male line.  Females have other lines as they are biologically different:  K is a popular one.  Females have far less lines than males.  It's thought that there were 4 basic lines or women who were the progenitors, and they weren't Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, Leah, etc, known ones from the Bible necessarily, but at different times.  
                                                                        

Nicene Creed , in Nicaea,Turkey ( now Iznik) in 325 CE in a Christian meeting-with laws beginning to be against Jews who they saw as competitors
who are not allowed to convert others to Judaism now or soon thereafter;
The meeting mostly argued about how they viewed Jesus, and didn't
want to make him too Jewish!  

Jews tried to convert others to Judaism and succeeded with the natives of the land at first, but when Christianity came along in about 300 CE in Constantinople, that ended with the Christians stopping our reaching out since Jews were seen as competitors to Christianity.  They had the help of Rome who had overcome the Jews in 70 CE by burning down Jerusalem and the 2nd Temple.  Romans, led by Queen Helena, became the first Catholics.   
                                                                              

Producing Ergomite

I have shown that Abraham's family led us to being slaves in Egypt and being mixed in with other slaves.  Jews were all taught under Moses the same laws which included that they should live in Canaan.  According to the Torah,  they were chosen by G-d because they were a stiff-necked people.  Others were asked to follow the 10 Commandments  and everyone resisted at least one of the laws,   which is one reason that the sect-the Christians, left the group.  The Jews were the only group that accepted.  Abraham had grown out of acceptance of human sacrifice.  He didn't want his children to marry into such a people.  Do you blame him?  He believed in one G-d, and all other people believed in a pantheon of gods.  No, he wanted to raise a people that were as enlightened as he had become.  
                                                                          

Jewish Wedding and Orthodox Custom
Breaking the glass, marrying under the Chuppah (khuppah) 

By being treated as if all Jews had the cooties, it caused them to intermarry with each other in every generation, and possibly as a result, they became a very intelligent group of people.  Whatever, they are but 0.02% of the world population and have made their mark a positive one in the world in many areas, such as how to fight against terrorists, where other countries are asking them for advice; medicine, science, especially.  They work on saving lives the most while their enemies are trying to take theirs.  Maybe it's because doing good deeds has elevated their IQ level, as they were the same as all others in Ur.  Abram's father, Terah was an idol maker, and it was Abe to pointed out the fallacy of believing in idols to his father.  He was wonderful to his father, even so, as he honored him by taking him with him to live.  As for intermarriage, Muslims marry closer relatives today than Jews, who have a list of people not to intermarry with as being too close. 
                                                                      

 We have Americans from the mountains who have practiced intermarriage of relatives, such as Festus Haggen in GUNSMOKE portrayed.  Love Festus!  He's such a character!  They were too isolated a group to manage to find partners from other places which was the same problem we Jews faced very often.  
                                                                                     

For that matter, Canaan, of long ago was not just the land renamed Palestine by the Romans.  It was made up of small city-states prior to the Israelite Conquest of Joshua.  Moses (1391-1271 BCE) died and Joshua took over, leading the Israelites into Canaan.  The Israelites called the land "Eretz Yisrael (The Land of Israel) and the very northern part of it Aram-today called Syria.  From the 15th century BCE to the 13th century BCE the land we know today as Syria was called The Land of Canaan.  In a more restricted sense it was used to speak of the coast of Palestine after 135 CE.  
                                                                           

It was Abraham who had left Ur of the Chaldees and pitched his tent among the Canaanite and Philistine natives of Eretz Yisrael and then visited Egypt and returned to put his tent up in Hebron, and is only 18 miles south of Jerusalem which still exists today, taken over by the Palestinian Arabs.  It was he who had a vision of G-d who promised him that his descendants would inherit the land "from the river of Egypt (Nile) to the Euphrates,"  Where Abraham and Terah had come from. 
                                                                       

  G-d made a covenant with Abraham and tested his loyalty to him by ordering the sacrifice of Isaac (which the Muslims-who didn't exist till around Mohammad's death of 632 CE, a good 3,000 years later, was Ishmael.)  Being it's Moses  telling the story, I'm going with Isaac.  Ishmael was older than Isaac and he and his mother had already left the family to live in Egypt with possible relatives or even a wife for Ishmael.  
                                                                        

  Isaac lived all his life in Eretz Yisrael.  Being the 2nd of the patriarchs, the son of Abraham, his birth was announced by angels to his parents who had waited so long for him that Sarah had given up hope by turning over Hagar to Abraham.  He was saved from the sacrifice by Divine intervention on Mt. Moriah where it was being performed.  Isaac married Rebecca at age 40 and was  60 when the twins were born.  They were living then on the Negev Desert.  Famine drove them away to pitch their tent in the land of the Philistines along the coastline.  Isaac  was blind in his old age.  
                                                                         

Jacob blessing his 12 sons when dying

Jacob was the youngest of the twins.  He bought his twin, Esau's birthright, a very legal document in those days naming the owner as the legal leader of the tribe with special rights, and caused a riot in the family where Isaac and Rebecca were on opposite sides,  each siding with one of the twins.  The fight caused Jacob to leave the compound and flee to Haran where his Uncle Laban lived.  There he married one of his cousins, thinking it was Rachel, the youngest and prettiest, but it turned out to be Leah!  He had to work for another 7 years to marry Rachel.  When necessary, he also married their handmaids, Bilhah and Zilpah and through these 4 women he had 12 sons and 1 daughter, Dinah.  The males were the progenitors of the 12 tribes  of Jacob.  Jacob had a wrestling match with an angel and won the match,  causing his name to be  changed to Israel.  They resettled again in Canaan and were there when Rachel's son, Joseph disappeared.  The name, Jacob, has been found in Akkadian and Egyptian sources.  Jacob had moved to Egypt to be near Joseph, but when he died had insisted they move his body back to Canaan and buried in the Cave of Machpelah in Hebron which was a family tomb by now.  
                                                                               

   Moses was from the same line as Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.  Moses was of the tribe of Levi; DNA of J1.  We know this through the descendants of Aaron who were consecrated by Moses to serve in the Tabernacle and to teach people.  This was later transferred to the Temple as Priests.  They taught the Torah to the people and by doing so, inherited no land but received 48 towns with their surrounding area throughout the country and a tithe of the agricultural produce.  This didn't work out too well as the towns and money weren't always available.  Levi was the 3rd son of Jacob and Leah.  It's like believing in pie in the sky by thinking that a minority was left to believe in ancient polytheism.  Later, many would slip back into that, but not right after Joshua succeeded in taking the land.  It would happen closer to the time when the Assyrians attacked northern Israel in 721 BCE.  So from 1271 BCE to 721 BCE, the sum total of 550 years, the people were quite rightous in following the Mosaic Law of the Land.  It's had to take in the concept of that long a period of time being the USA is only 242 years old from 1776 to 2018 and that seems like forever!  Just look how clothing and science has changed since then.  Look what the USA has accomplished! Israel lasted more  as a righteous land than double the age of the USA!   
                                                                           

Joshua leading the Exodus into Canaan 

The natives of Canaan who were alive after the entrance of the Exodus led by Joshua immersed themselves with the Israelites by intermarriage.  Most have been defeated by the army of Joshua, however, who could fight when attacked.   As for any minority left in the land, they were soon converted to the prevailing religion of the land, Judaism.  None of the ancient names of tribes exist anymore.  That tells you something.  Only Jews remain of the ancient people.  If the textbook is trying to make of point of the Palestinians being one of the ancient tribes, forget it.  Read instead, FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL by Joan Peters and find out where they came from.  There has not been a country of Palestine, only our Eretz Yisael renamed by the angry Romans in 135 CE.  Both Jews and Arabs were called Palestinians after that and all the time it was land belonging to the Ottoman Empire who had men there collecting taxes and that was about it.  They let the land fall apart, as they didn't care about it.  No one wanted any part of it except the Jews.  
                                                                                

We have stood out in this world like a sore thumb, and it is because we were true to our promise of following the Law of Moses and believe in one G-d only, no matter what in a world that believed in polytheism; many gods.  Even as Christianity swore they believed in one G-d, we keep hearing-THE FATHER, THE SON AND THE HOLY GHOST which is of a different math program, evidently, which they add up to one G-d as well, but we care not to buy into it.    Then there is Islam, also people who believe in one G-d today, and yet we've fought or are fighting today over religion as of yesterday!  The messages of all 3 religions are quite different in many aspects, the same in agreement with Judaism in others.  Christianity and Islam are concerned about when we die what will happen and we just try to avoid ever getting there, period, more concerned with the living conditions in the here and now, as it were.  
                                                                              

Roman soldiers in Judah-

Get it?  Jews are Middle Easterners who have had 2/3rd of their people displaced with 1/3 who are the Mizrachim  and had never left the area.  Some were able to stay, some hid out in Spain and got caught in the 1492 Spanish Inquisition and the rest were in Europe, trapped in the Holocaust.  The Romans were the cause of all our grief, having destroyed our Temple and city of Jerusalem.  The Jewish people have waited patiently for over 2,000 years to return, never forgetting and yearning for their homeland.  
                                                                                

Pashtuns visiting Jerusalem 

One of these days, all the missing northern Israelites will again rejoin with their southern Judean cousins and then the rabbis will be most happy, for scripture will be fulfilled.  How it's going to happen is another question for another day.  the 10 Lost Tribal members have been slowly showing up already from many parts of the globe, readily proving who their ancestors had been, wanting to live in Israel or exploring the idea.  One of the last are the Pashtuns of Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.  It's one of the surprises that bring chills down our spines in finding these tribal members who are so eager to be known to Israelis.  Anytime our Tanakh is proven to be correct and prophecies are coming true makes us FEEL ITS SPIRITUAL PRESENCE.   


Resource: College Textbook:  Middle East Past & Present by Yahya Armajani and Thomas M. Ricks, 2nd Edition, 1986, 1970 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey, p. 228-229 on Zionism
 https://jewishfactsfromportland.blogspot.com/2010/01/what-haplogroup-we-be.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed
https://amenvamen.com/jewish-wedding-traditions/#The_Chuppah