Which Monotheistic Religion of the Three Basic Ones Was First?

 Nadene Goldfoot                                               

Danny Eskow, conservative Jewish man from Brooklyn, New York.  His mother was from Reformed German-Jewish  heritage and father was a Russian-Jewish heritage taxi-driver in Brooklyn.  Danny became a high school history teacher, making Aliyah in 1980.   

                                                                         

Moses views a burning bush:  In the biblical story of Moses and the Burning Bush, God appears to Moses in a miraculous way, using a burning bush that is not consumed by fire. God reveals Himself to Moses, instructs him to lead the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt, and gives him a special name: "I AM WHO I AM". This encounter is a pivotal moment in the story of the Exodus, marking the beginning of Moses's journey as God's chosen leader.         

  Judaism was the first of the three monotheistic religions.  Abraham broke the pattern of believing in a polytheistic religion which his father was brought up in. Abram, as he was named, was born sometime around 1948 BCE in the 2nd millennium BCE (before the common era). That was 4,000 years ago.  Jews were living in Egypt when the Pharaoh enslaved them for 400 years until Moses (1391 BCE-1271 BCE)  came along and led them for 40 years on the Exodus back to their homeland of Judah.  That was 3,296 years ago.

Judaism continues as a religion. The Romans tried to put an end to it by burning down Solomon's Temple and its city of Jerusalem in 70 CE,  when they had starting killing off the Jews by starvation, then by capturing and torturing them along with Christians and taking them as slaves to Rome.  Not all Jews lived in Jerusalem, however, and the rest were hiding out in other further away towns, villages, and cities in Judaea. Israel has been reborn on May 14, 1948.  Judea and Samaria (called West Bank by Jordan) were a part of the original Israel along with 11 other tribal lands.  Israel originally was Jacob who wrestled with an angel, and in winning was named Israel; thus the 12 tribes of Israel.  Our history is also part of Judaism as anything else.  

  

    Christianity was born out of Judaism since his followers worshipped a Jewish man born in Bethlehem, in the land of Judah. 

12 Apostles' supper with Jesus during Passover, a Jewish holiday.  The Apostles' supper during Passover, known as the Last Supper, is a significant event in Christianity. It's believed to have been a Passover Seder, a ritual Jewish meal commemorating the Israelites' liberation from Egypt. During this meal, Jesus shared the first communion with his disciples, symbolizing his body and blood, according to the Bible. Three of the first four books of the New Testament (known as the Gospels) identify the Last Supper as a Passover meal.6 There would have been lamb, matzah, and bitter herbs. There were cups; the Gospels tell of two, but we know that many Mishnaic traditions go back to earlier times, so we can reasonably suppose that there were four. In any event, the presence of “cups” shows that traditions had already accrued beyond the bare essentials mandated in the Exodus for the Passover observance.  All this information was said to be written by the  4 Gospel writers of the Gospels New Testament)  some 75 to 200 years later after the fact. It is not found anywhere in Jewish history.  

If there were four cups used in the first century, then the Gospel account in Luke appears to begin with the kiddush, “the first cup” He took a cup, and when he had given thanks he said, “Take this, and divide it among yourselves.” (Luke 22:17) The writer, John, was the hardest commenter of the Jewish people.  

 Since Jews of this history write that he died at age 37, historians have the calendar used by most people today start with his birth.  They believe this man, Jesus, who was speaking in public groups of his beliefs, was a rabbi.  Jesus was crucified by the Romans who had overcome Judah, calling Judaea, joining the many thousands that had been punished thusly for  a sundry of minor actions by the Romans.  Jesus was written about almost 100 years later and more by the 4 gospels as having risen from the grave in a cave to give hope to all those who had followed him.  At first it was against the law to be a Christian by the Romans;  and then they all followed. So the year of 1 CE  or 37 CE would be the beginning of Christianity, taken over by the Romans. That was about 2,000 years ago. 

Muslims have the Kaaba, a shrine in Mecca that they strive to visit as often as possible, as it is the holiest site in Islam.  'the Honored Ka'ba'), is a stone building at the center of Islam's most important mosque and holiest site, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.  It is  located near the center of the Great Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and considered by Muslims everywhere to be the most sacred spot on Earth. Muslims orient themselves toward this small shrine during the five daily prayers, bury their dead facing its meridian, and cherish the ambition of visiting it on pilgrimage, or hajj, in accord with the command set out in the Qurʾān, their book.

Islam was created through a 3rd man, Mohammed, who was born in Mecca, Arabia about 570 CE and died in 632 and had become a prophet of Islam to his people.  All Muslims aspire to undertake the hajj, or the annual pilgrimage, to the Kaaba once in their life if they are able. Prayer five times a day and the hajj are two of the five pillars of Islam, the most fundamental principles of the faith. 

Mohammed was influenced by Judaism and dependent on Christianity in espousing his new religion. When about 40, he became concerned about the day of Judgement that he had heard about. Mohammed connected to Abraham as being the descendant of  Ishmael, son of Hagar and Abraham and Jacob's  twin brother, Esau.   He had also heard Jewish rabbis speak outside their tents in Medina, Arabia  of the lessons from Judaism. Islam came along about 1,393 years ago.  

 Buddhism originated in India around the 5th century BCE, with Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) being the key figure in its development. Siddhartha Gautama, who was born in Lumbini, modern-day Nepal, is traditionally believed to have lived from 563 to 483 BCE. His teachings, focused on the path to enlightenment and liberation from suffering, laid the foundation for Buddhism. This would have taken place just before Islam.  Buddhism itself started sometime in the fifth century BCE. We now think that the Buddha, who founded the religion, died sometime toward the year 400 BCE. As Buddhism developed, it spread beyond India. A number of different schools emerged.

Resource:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kaaba-shrine-Mecca-Saudi-Arabia

Stone Edition of Old Testament:

https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%203&version=NIV

https://jewsforjesus.org/learn/was-jesus-last-supper-a-passover-seder

Update: 7:29am on 5/4/25

 

Muslim Brotherhood and PLO's Hamas: What You should Know About

Nadene Goldfoot                                                  

                                 Muslim Brotherhood on the offense 

    Bank of the Nile River in Cairo today, Egypt where Pharaohs go back 6,000 years 

We of the West first heard of the Muslim Brotherhood as some Islamic organization in Egypt that was outlawed, and being a Muslim group, had no idea why.  Here's why. But first, one needs to know this:  

After Islam entered Egypt under the leadership of the noble companion Amr ibn Al-As in the year 640 CE/AD, Egypt soon became Umm Al-Dunya .  Islam lit the candles of institution and learning, which was matched by none, so they think.   It was the  beacon of Muslim scholarship and achievement.                        

      Camel Caravans 

 Mohammed (570-632) who developed Islam, had been in touch with Jewish "preachers" who would be outside the tents in Medina telling the story of our Jewish beginnings and how we believed.  Mohammed lived in Medina (Yathrib) in Arabia, where he encountered a significant Jewish population, after migrating there from Mecca; this is where he interacted with Jewish tribes like the Banu Qaynuqa, Banu Nadir, and Banu Qurayza, establishing a pact with them known as the Constitution of Medina.   

According to the Bible, the Israelites lived in Egypt for 430 years. This is based on a passage in Exodus 12:40. Explanation  The Bible's Book of Exodus attempts to ground the exodus in history. The Septuagint (LXX) [70] --A Greek translation of "Bible" records a variation of the verse, stating that the Israelites lived in Egypt and Canaan for 430 years.    70 Jewish scholars were held to translate the bible for them.    

 At any rate, he thought it would be nice if his people also were also a people of the book; but he changed morality quite different  to fit his ideas.  

Mohammed thought he could convince Jews to become Muslims, and they refused.

These bad experiences with the Jews of Medina changed Muhammad’s view of Jews. He had hoped that they would all become Muslims, or that they’d at least assimilate enough that it wouldn’t matter. When he came to Medina, the Muslims had been facing Jerusalem to pray, to emphasize their Abrahamic origin. But after the Bani Qaynuqa siege, there was a revelation that now they should face Mecca, which Abraham had also established. That became the qibla, the prayer direction, from them on. Muhammad hadn’t declared all Jews to be evil, far from it. But he had realized that they did not view his new faith as either the same as theirs or better. They began to stand out among his enemies as the ones that would never give in, and they could work to undermine him. He began to see the Jews as a fifth column, an enemy in their midst.                           

The same thing happened with Judaism and its leadership with Moses  during the Exodus (1579 BCE ) that they knew nothing about, evidently.  This also reminds me of the studious rabbis of Worms in Germany, where Jews arrived in the 10th century after 70 CE when  Rome occupied and burned down Jerusalem along with their Temple of Solomon, a structure of religious life in Judaea/Judea.                

  Worms, being in the Rhineland of Germany, housed many Jewish communities after arriving there, and rabbis would gather together and hold classes, seminars, debates, and come to understand the 613 law of Moses much better in a more unified way.                                                                         

Many religious and political leaders were either born or worked from Egypt, including the likes of Imaam Ash-Shafi, Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani, At-Tahawi, Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi and, more recently, Shaykh Rashid Rida and Shaykh Hasan Al-Banna, founder of the al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn movement.

Hassan Ahmed Abd al-Rahman Muhammed al-Banna ( 14 October 1906 – 12 February 1949), known as Hassan al-Banna was an Egyptian schoolteacher and Imam, best known for founding the Muslim Brotherhood, a political party, and  in 1928, one of the largest and most influential global Islamist movements, and for his putative martyrdom at the hands of the Egyptian government.  Al-Banna's teachings spread far beyond Egypt, influencing various Islamist movements from charitable organizations to political parties.  

His religious/belief system was the basis of his party, like how Israel started being a Jewish state.  However,  At age 12 Hassan al-Banna joined the Society for Moral Behaviour, thus demonstrating at an early age the deep concern for religious affairs that characterized his entire life.                                          

January 1, 1922;  Distinguished visitors  eating near the tomb of King Tut

Egypt's independence movement in the early 20s: The 1920s were colored by a wave of anti-colonial resistance and nationalist sentiment that sought to confront British rule and shake the imperial yoke.  You see, the history of Egypt under the British lasted from 1882, when it was occupied by British forces during the Anglo-Egyptian War, until 1956 after the Suez Crisis, when the last British forces withdrew in accordance with the Anglo-Egyptian agreement of 1954.  

                          January 1, 1900

The Brits had also been awarded the 30 year mandate to rule over Palestine in which during that time, they promised the Jewish contingent who met many times with them to make much of Palestine a Jewish holding to be the Jewish Homeland.  They must have hated themselves for that as they then discovered oil in Arabia and so also made promised to the Saudis, making the Prince Feisal II  the king of Iraq and the king of Syria at another point in time. 

                                     Feisal I of Iraq

Feisal Ibn Hussein (1885-1933) was king of Iraq from 1921.  He was the oldest son of Hussein, sherif of Mecca, appointed by a Jewish ambassador of Britain ironically.  He led the Arabs against Turkey (Ottoman Empire who had held Middle East for 400 years) or (This Islamic-run superpower ruled large areas of the Middle East, Eastern Europe and North Africa for more than 600 years.. ) 

 Faisal II ; 2 May 1935 – 14 July 1958) was the last King of Iraq. He reigned from 4 April 1939 until July 1958, when he was killed during the 14 July Revolution. This regicide marked the end of the thirty-seven-year-old Hashemite monarchy in Iraq, which then became a republic.

"The British signed the Treaty of Darin in 1915 with Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, also known as Ibn Saud, which made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate. The treaty also acknowledged the rights of Abdulaziz's sons to rule. In 1932, Abdulaziz unified the Kingdom of Hejaz and the Kingdom of Nejd into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He was proclaimed king (malik) of Hejaz in 1926, and raised Nejd to a kingdom in 1927."

In 1923 he enrolled at the Dār al-ʿUlūm, a teacher-training school in Cairo, which maintained a traditional religious and social outlook.

 In 1927 he was assigned to teach Arabic in a primary school in the city of Ismailia (al-Ismāʿīliyyah), near the Suez Canal, which was a focal point for the foreign economic and military occupation of Egypt. There he witnessed scenes that acutely distressed him and many other Muslims. 

In March 1928, with six workers from a British camp labour force, he created the Society of the Muslim Brothers (Arabic: al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn), which aimed at a rejuvenation of Islam.

Al-Banna considered Islam to be a comprehensive system of life, with the Quran and Sunnah as the only acceptable constitution. He called for Islamization of the state, the economy, and society. His idea for all was complete immersion in Islam, interpreted in his way, no doubt.  

 He declared that establishing a just society required development of institutions and progressive taxation, and elaborated an Islamic fiscal theory where zakat would be reserved for social expenditure in order to reduce inequality. 

Al-Banna's ideology involved criticism of Western materialism, British imperialism, and the traditionalism of the Egyptian ulema. He appealed to Egyptian and pan-Arab patriotism but rejected Arab nationalism and regarded all Muslims as members of a single nation-community.

So, the Muslim Brotherhood is a Sunni Islamist religious, political, and social movement, becoming terrorists, with adherents estimated to number between 2 and 2.5 million.

              Former Egypt President Mohamed Morsi, (8 August 1951 – 17 June 2019) 

was an Egyptian politician, engineer, and professor who was the fifth president of Egypt, from 2012 to 2013, when General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi removed him from office in a coup d'état after protests in June. An Islamist affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood organization, Morsi led the Freedom and Justice Party from 2011 to 2012.

Within months of the coup against Morsi, Egypt's President, the Egyptian military took several measures to undermine the Muslim Brotherhood—banning it in September 2013 and declaring it a terrorist organization in December. These efforts corresponded to a view of the Brotherhood’s power as being concentrated in an elite cadre that made strategic decisions and passed them on to the wider organization through top-down communication. The military-backed regime assumed that if this pyramidal setup was debilitated, the strains on the Brotherhood would lead to its disintegration.                                                  

At the same time, Yasser Arafat was born in Cairo, Egypt in 1929.  He organized another group called the PLO, the Palestine Liberation Organization.   He attended Cairo University, evidently the hotbed of change, like in the USA.  He founded FATAH in 1959 as a political movement,   formally the Palestinian National Liberation Movement.  It also  is a Palestinian nationalist and social democratic political party. It is the largest faction of the confederated multi-party Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the second-largest party in the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC).  

Mahmoud Abbas, the President of the Palestinian Authority, is the chairman of Fatah. Another year and he'll be 90 years old.  From Fatah has sprung a smaller group more fanatic and that is HAMAS.  The Islamic Resistance Movement, abbreviated Hamas is a Palestinian nationalist Sunni Islamist political organization with a military wing, the Qassam Brigades. It has governed the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip since 2007.                                                                          

It is now 2025 and Donald Trump is President of the USA, stating that they must beremoved and that a nice piece of real estate in either Jordan or Egypt would be a good place for them, which is being denied by those presidents in charge.  Trumpseems to have taken  control of the Middle East and this is like music to Israel's earswho have been fighting against Hamas ever since its birth.  No other president hasoffered so much help to Israel in its dealings with people who deny their presence. In fact, the countries involved had a meeting in Khartoum, Sudan, Africa after the 1967 War when Israel won  against the mighty band of nations' attacks and even gained land in the defense of theirs, and they decided they would never make peace with Israel, stating this withtheir 3 NO, No, Nos.  Trump was there when the Abraham Accords came about.  I'm afraid that the Arabs thought this would be the ticket to having a  Palestine Statebut that's not going to happen.  After Oct 7th, all the world can see what Hamasallows and is capable of.  They are worse than murderers.  They have standardsto live by that are worse than the animal kingdom.  

Resource:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt#:~:text=In%20Egypt%2C%20the%20Muslim%20Brotherhood,between%202%20and%202.5%20million.

Abraham, His Descendants Involved in Abrahamic Accords and Iran's Hatred

 Nadene Goldfoot                                         

Green area is Mesopotamia (now Iraq)  and orange is Egypt.  in 1948 BCE.

Purple is Hittite land.

During the 2nd millennium BCE, almost 4,000 years ago in about 1948 BCE, Abram, later called Abraham, son of Terah, was born in Ur of the Chaldees tribe near the Euphrates River of Mesopotamia.  His family had been shepherds, but after moving into the big city of Ur and living in a house, his father became an idol-maker. 

Notice the Nile Delta (Land of Goshen) , where Israelites will live later.  Jacob, Abraham's grandson,  will meet the pharaoh who tell them they can live there as shepherds.  

Terah's brother was Haran.  Haran had a son, Lot, who decided to travel with his Uncle's family. So did Sarai, Lot's sister.   They all would travel to his town of Haran that had become a trading town of NW Mesopotamia where Lot and Sarai lived  and pick them up.  The town had become a moon cult center that they didn't like. (see below)    Before they left, Abram and Sarai married.  Haran had moved to Ur with the family and stayed.  He died in Ur.  

  The whole family moved to Canaan and Abram pitched his tent there  among the Canaanites and Philistines of the land.  They visited Egypt and returned to live in Hebron. 

      Population along Tigris and Euphrates River battles Each little town had its own king; thus towns of Elam and Shinar among many. Chedorlaomer and 3  other confederates fought the kings of southern Canaan of the Dead Sea and were defeated by Abraham.   

He fought a battle to rescue his nephew, Lot from the kidnapping by King Chedorlaomer  of Elam;  King Amraphel  of Shinar and their allies. The Elamites grew in size, nevertheless by 704 BCE with the siege of Jerusalem, less talked about by Sennacherib.                                           

He had a vision of G-d who promised him that his descendants would inherit the land "from the river of Egypt to the Euphrates," and he made a covenant with G-d, and G-d tested his loyalty by ordering the sacrifice of Isaac, Abraham's one and only son by Sarai of which he stopped before the act was completed.

The vision spoke of all his descendants and Sarai was barren still, so he took her handmaiden, Hagar and she became the mother of Ishmael.  After that, Sarai became pregnant, though quite old and was the mother of Isaac.  

Hagar, a young woman,  lored it over Sarai, the much older woman and first wife and close relative,  that she was the first mother. Ishmael, years apart from Isaac, was cruel to his new brother, teasing him.  Abram had had enough and separated them; taking Hagar back to her people, to  Egypt.  

Paran was in the desert of the Negev.  The Israelites walk through this area after they had left Mt. Sinai.  It became the home of Ishmael.  It was a wilderness then.  

Isaac was the father of Jacob who was the father of the 12 tribes of Israel.  Ishmael became the father of  the Arab people, which would mean Saudi Arabia.  Ishmael made his home in Paran.   Ishmael and Isaac joined together in burying their father, Abraham when the time came.  Altogether, Abraham lived 175 years. 

    Over the cave is this structure of today.  

Then Abraham breathed his last and died at a good old age, an old man and full of years; and he was gathered to his people in the field Abraham had bought from the Hittites in  the cave of Machpelah, in the (now) West Bank city of Hebron, is the burial place of the Matriarchs and Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Sarah, Rebecca, and Leah. According to Jewish mystical tradition, it's also the entrance to the Garden of Eden where Adam and Eve are buried  There Abraham was buried with his wife Sarah. 

All this is recorded in the Torah, the 5 books of Moses under Genesis, the first of the books.  Moses was the Prince of Egypt whose birth-mother was a Jewish woman who saved her infant by hiding him in the bull-rushes along the bank of the river which the Pharaoh's daughter found and rescued, pretending he was her baby. 

The Arabs of Saudi Arabia conquered the land of Mesopotamia/Iraq in  in 637,  where Jews were living then who had helped the Arabs  with the conquering of the Sassanid  persecution.  Then, after the Arab occupation, the Jews were expelled and they found shelter in Kufa.  Iraq became independent in 1932.  

Mohammed (570-632),  the prophet of Islam when a young man accompanied the trade caravans of Mecca and met Jews and Christians.  He called the Jews the people of the Book, and also wanted a book for his people.  At age 40, he turned to deeper beliefs of his about God.  He learned about the Christian belief in Jesus.  He concluded that all holy books were copies of one in heaven, distorted by the messengers.  His mission then was to correct them.  He could not read or write so had to depend on others to do that for him.  He even married a Jewish girl, Safiya.  In fact, during his life, the Prophet Muhammad (570-632) married 12 different wives among whom were two Jewish women: Rayhana bint Zayd and Safiya bint Huyayy. These two women were widows whose husbands had been killed in wars with Muslims in Arabia.

Finally, today, under the work of President Trump, the children Hagar by  Abraham have come together to meet, get to know and work together instead of making war with each other against Sarah's children, the issue of Isaac, the children of Jacob.  All this time they have resented and made war with them since Israel's 2nd creation on May 14, 1948.  The Jews had accepted land that had been taken away from them before it was even issued to them after WWI  until 10% was left of it, but even this tiny piece was not acceptable to their distant cousins as they were not following Mohammad but were followers of Moses who wrote the information for all to read and to understand.

Abraham Accords were signed by Israel and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain on September 15, 2020; August 13, 2020, concerned only Israel and the United Arab Emirates; then Israel and Bahrain on September 11, 2020.  In December 2020, the Israel–Morocco normalization agreement was signed.   On January 6, 2021, following up on the Israel–Sudan normalization agreement (signed in October 2020), the government of Sudan signed the "Abraham Accords Declaration" in Khartoum.  

At the signing, U.S. President Donald Trump said five nations could soon follow, including Saudi Arabia, although analysts believed that Sudan and Oman were more likely candidates in the short term. On September 23, 2020, US Ambassador to the United Nations Kelly Craft said that a new country would recognize Israel "in the next day or two." 

Instead, by 2021, Palestinians Arabs of Hamas, backed and funded by Iran,  were meeting and planning the total destruction of Israel, of which the major attack took place this year on October 7th, this being day 17 of the "War."  A surpise attack during a window of peaceful co-existence-as peaceful as surmised with Hamas, consisted of para-gliders from the sky, boats from the sea and land invasion that even included motorcycle bikers accompanied with the millions of rockets they had stored for the occasion.

Prime Minister of Great Britain, Rishi Sunak met today. The leaders agreed that the loss of innocent lives in Israel and Gaza over the last two weeks has been horrific. They underscored the need to avoid any further escalation in the region and agreed to coordinate action on this front. 

The Prime Minister and Crown Prince agreed on the pressing need for humanitarian access into Gaza to provide vital water, food and medicine. The Prime Minister outlined the steps the UK has taken to address the increasingly urgent humanitarian situation, including announcing £10 million of further aid.  USA's Biden has said he wants billions to go to Ukraine and Israel now.  23 trucks have now entered with these.  

Iran's competition, both religiously with their Shi'a interpretation is with Saudi Arabia with their Sunni interpretation of Islam.  It's a battle between the Ayatollahs of Iran and the Sheiks, King Salman and his son Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salmon. 

Iran had fought an 8 year war with Iraq.  The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. It began with the Iraqi invasion of Iran and lasted for eight years, until the acceptance of United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 by both sides. My husband and I had made aliyah in 1980  Many others from Russia were also new olim then. As of 2011, Iraq is listed as a state with both Shi'a/Sunni followers, but listed as a secular state.    In September 1980, Iraqi forces launched a full-scale invasion of neighboring Iran, beginning the Iran-Iraq War. Fueled by territorial, religious and political disputes between the two nations, the conflict ended in an effective stalemate and a cease-fire nearly eight years later, after more than half a million soldiers and civilians had been killed.

Saudi Arabia's joining the Accords must have flown out the window. Their good plans of unity are disturbed.  

 I believe they had been very close, but now everything is on hold, especially the lives of Israelis, who are either fighters or in bomb shelters. Even the extreme Orthodox men, who study in yeshivas, are volunteering in IDF if not involved in study or much needed jobs. Those in the Diaspora are flying back to their units.                           

All region of the orange area;  Sumer of Sumeria, belonging to southern Babylonia, including  Ur on the Euphrates River.  

Moon cult:  In Akkad the people called the moon god as Nannar. He was known as Sin in Sumer. His consort was Ningal and their children were Shamash and Ishtar. The latter was the goddess of the planet Venus. She was also the goddess of fertility, sexual love and war. During the reign of Nabudinus, the last king of Babylon, he attempted to replace Marduk, the sun god and the chief of god of the pantheon, with Sin.  Sin was regarded as the father of the gods and creator of all things. His emblem was the crescent moon, the horns of a great bull and the number 30 which correspond to the lunar month. Sin and his children Shamash and Ishtar were triad of deities. A festivity of Sin was celebrated with the sighting of the new moon.

The moon deity can be male or female and was called different names in several places. The moon goddess was called by the Greeks as either Artemis or Selene, while the Romans called her Diana or Luna. In Arabia the moon god was called Hubal who was supreme of the 360 gods. The common symbol of those gods or goddesses was the crescent moon.

Resource:

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia

https://repository.globethics.net/handle/20.500.12424/180342#:~:text=During%20his%20life%2C%20the%20Prophet,wars%20with%20Muslims%20in%20Arabia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War#:~:text=The%20Iran%E2%80%93Iraq%20War%20was,Resolution%20598%20by%20both%20sides.

https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/iran-iraq-war