Looking Back: Anti Semitism in the 80's In Portland, Oregon

 Nadene Goldfoot                                            

During the 1980s, Portland experienced a visible rise in white supremacist and neo-Nazi activity, marked by the mainstreaming of racist skinhead groups, violent hate crimes, and deep-seated extremist organizing.  At the same time, Individual Israelis, such as Jewish educators and families, moved to Portland during the 1980s, while the city concurrently welcomed large waves of Southeast Asian, Soviet, and Ethiopian refugees.  

White Supremacist Networks: The Pacific Northwest and Portland became hubs for racist skinhead factions and organizations like White Aryan Resistance:  White Aryan Resistance (WAR) is a legacy white supremacist and neo-Nazi organization founded in 1983 by former Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon Tom Metzger. The group targeted young racist skinheads to promote neo-Nazi and anti-Semitic ideologies, eventually becoming inactive following a devastating $12.5 million civil rights lawsuit in 1990. (WAR). 
Shifting Housing: As economic pressures mounted, many Black
 families began moving outward toward East Portland and 
nearby Gresham in search of affordable homeownership.                                           

       Seraw was born October 21, 1960 In the early hours of Nov. 13, 1988, three white men brutally beat a young Black man. He died later that day.  
The Seraw Murder: In November 1988, Ethiopian student Mulugeta Seraw was beaten to death in Portland by members of a racist skinhead group called East Side White Pride, bringing national attention to the violent extremist pipeline active in the city. 
The murder of Ethiopian immigrant Mulugeta Seraw by neo-Nazi skinheads shocked Portland, but white supremacist violence had been roiling the city’s counterculture for years before the killing.  The hard-right ecosystem in 1970s Oregon laid the groundwork for the violent neo-Nazi skinhead movements that became highly visible in Portland during the 1980s.
In the 1980s, Black people in Portland, Oregon, centered their lives heavily in the Northeast Albina district, facing systemic challenges like predatory lending, racist violence, and early displacement. At the same time, the community maintained a rich culture and strong political activism


Ideological Targeting: Local neo-Nazi and white nationalist networks frequently blended anti-Black racism with foundational anti-Semitism, blaming Jewish people and minorities for societal issues.

          Portland State U students of 1980's In the 1980s,
Portland State University grew as an urban leader, reaching an enrollment of 15,000 students, opening the College of Urban and Public Affairs, and achieving legendary athletic feats like the 1980 record-breaking football season. 


Specific academic archives or prominent public records do not document a high-profile pattern of distinct anti-Semitic acts or riots centered specifically on the Portland State University campus during the 1980s.  That will come later.  
Reed College:
  
Judaic Studies: Formally added to the religion department curriculum in 1980 through the appointment of professor Steven E. Aschheim, focusing on modern Jewish history. 
Campus Climate: The 1980s at Reed were largely defined by routine liberal arts academics, student political debates typical of the late Cold War era, and general campus life without the specific acute anti-Semitism flashpoints recorded in later eras. ,                                   



Highlighted on the VIEW today was The Lost Boys is a 1987 American comedy horror film directed by Joel Schumacher and written by Jeffrey Boam, Janice Fischer, and James Jeremias. Based on a story by Fischer and Jeremias, it follows two teenage brothers who move with their divorced mother to the fictional California town of Santa Carla, which they discover is a haven for vampires.  I guess they had it harder than Jewish boys i fitting into society.  
Resource:
Jewish Federation of Portland
Moment magazine
https://jewishportland.org/jewishreview/jr-stories/antisemitic-violence-and-oregon-past-present-and-future

Queen of Sheba Ethiopian Jews and One of the Lost Ten Tribes, The Lemba of Africa

 Nademe Goldfoot                                  

          Samaria today was northern Israel.   Samaria was the name of their capital  after the Civil War when Solomon died and then the whole area came to be called Samaria. Their last king was Hoshea (730-721 BCE) when the Assyrians had attacked. He finally rebelled against the Assyrians and was put in prison by Shalmaneser who then captured Samaria.    

Now called the West Bank by some, Judea and Samaria were separated from the tribe of Judah, parts of Benjamin and parts of Simeon when King Solomon died in 920 BCE and the northern 10 Tribes parted ways from the southern end of these three of which Judah was the largest.  They even fought a Civil War.  

Then Assyria ( name means land bathed in blood)  attacked in 721 BCE.  Assyria turns out to be today's Iraq and Syria. They were a most aggressive kingdom in the 20th century BCE and expanded rapidly from the 13th to 19th centuries.  The kings of Israel thought they were friends and had worked together, until Assyria attacked them and carried away the best of the population for their own designs. 

This caused what was later called the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.   It was when Shalmaneser III attacked Ben-Hadad II of Damascus in 853 BCE that King Ahab of Israel (876-853 BCE)  had supported them in the battle of Karkar.   Following that, King Hosea of Israel (730 to721 BCE), Israel's last king, in 726 BCE tried to throw off the yoke which led to Shalmaneser V's siege of Samaria and its capture in 721 by his successor, Sargon.  Sargon annexed the country and deported 27,290 Israelites to Assyria and Media and replaced them with Syrian and Babylonian prisoners.  This was followed up with the revolt of Ashdod that was supported by King Hezekiah of Judah (720 to 692 BCE)  that was suppressed in 715 BCE. 

We have discovered the Lemba tribe of Africa.  They have been practicing Judaism.  How can this be that a black tribe is Jewish?  They took the proper DNA test and their Y haplogroup (male line) shows that not only are they sharing Jewish genes, but those of the Cohens, the priests, J1 haplogroup.  Evidently Jewish traders went into Africa and took native wives, and now there are    Lemba tribesmen who are Jewish.  "Many of the Lemba, who number more than 50,000 people, are Christians, but they see no contradiction in professing Judaism, too. "

Dr. Parfitt visited their homes, which are in northern South Africa and Zimbabwe.  Author of "The Lost Ark Of The Covenant," Of their tradition, they reported, "''We came from the north, from a place called Senna. We left Senna, we crossed Pusela, we came to Africa and there we rebuilt Senna.'' Parfitt was in Yemen and told a Jewish leader their story.  "mentioned the Lemba tradition of Senna to the religious leader of the holy city of Tarim. The leader was surprised to hear it because, he told Dr. Parfitt, there was a nearby village called Senna." So their original people could have come from Jewish Yemen Cohenim who were traders in Africa.  

The Queen of Sheba had left her home in Ethiopia and traveled to meet King Solomon,  With her she brought frankincense, myrrh, gold and precious jewels. King Solomon had heard of Sheba and her great kingdom.     

Josh Bernstein,  of the TV program, Digging For The Truth on History.com, is an Israeli-born anthropologist with Israeli parents,  explorer, author, executive producer, survival expert and TV host whose program I watched on Youtube which was on The Quest for King Solomon's gold and frankincense.  

This documentary series travels the globe to explore and delve deeper into ancient mysteries such as the Lost Ark of the Covenant, the building of the pyramids of Egypt and the long quest for the Holy Grail. The host, Josh Bernstein, is the main explorer for the first three seasons before being replaced by Hunter Ellis.    He later appeared for one season as the host of the Discovery Channel's Into the Unknown with Josh Bernstein. He's great; evidently American raised.  

     Zimbabwe used to be southern Rhodesia.  Up north see Suez Canal, and the land along the Mediterranean Sea is unmarked but is Israel.  That's where the Lemba have been living.  

He followed the trail to see frankincense being separated from dirt, being finished off as it would have been done 3,000 years ago.  What impressed me was that anytime Josh saw people working on his subject, he would offer to do some of the work, too.  That was quite an experience, and the native people enjoyed and admired him for doing just this.  Then he tracked down where Solomon's mines were, only to find the the mine in Israel produced copper but not gold.  Maybe that's why Sheba's gift of so much gold was so appreciated.  The gold of Sheba was traced to Ophir in the Bible which turns out to be today's Axum. Axum or Aksum (pronounced: /ˈæksuːm/) is a town in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia with a population of 66,900 residents (as of 2015). It is the site of the historic capital of the Aksumite Empire, a naval and trading power that ruled the whole region from about 400 BCE into the 10th century. Solomon (961-920 BCE) was king, and alluring to Sheba, so it was ruled by Sheba during this time also, way before 400 BCE if we are to believe where her gold came from.  

In the Bible, sailors for Sheba would be gone for 3 years and return with ivory and apes along with gold, true traders.  

He had to track down where Sheba had really come from; whether it was Ethiopia or Zimbabwe (southern Rhodesia) , and it was Ethiopia.                                    

A leader of the Lemba people, wearing a prayer shawl, gathers with his fellow Jews. DNA tests have confirmed the Semitic heritage of these sub-Saharan Africans.

Jekesai Njikizana /AFP/Getty Images

The Lemba tribe has the Cohen DNA, but the Ethiopians do not yet show they have the connecting DNA to the Jewish people.   Tudor Parfitt spoke of the Lemba in his book about the Ark.  Though the Lemba may be descended from Jewish ancestors, they have not practiced Judaism for many centuries. Lately, some have wanted to shift towards mainstream Judaism. Today, many Lemba are Christians or Muslims.  Ethiopians have returned to Israel through several air lifts and many past years. They have kept up Jewish cultural practices better than most American Jews besides their personal history of genealogical connection to the Queen of Sheba. A study of Lucotte and Smets has shown, however, that the genetic father of Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews) was close to the Ethiopian non-Jewish populations. This is consistent with the theory that Beta Israel are descendants of ancient inhabitants of Ethiopia, not the Middle East. 

Resource:

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia-Queen of Sheba

https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/09/us/dna-backs-a-tribe-s-tradition-of-early-descent-from-the-jews.html#:~:text=Many%20of%20the%20Lemba%2C%20who,contradiction%20in%20professing%20Judaism%2C%20too.

youtube Digging for the Truth with Josh Bernstein

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum#:~:text=Axum%20or%20Aksum%20(pronounced%3A%20%2F,residents%20(as%20of%202015).&text=It%20is%20the%20site%20of,BCE%20into%20the%2010th%20century.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Bernstein

https://www.pbs.org/mythsandheroes/myths_four_sheba.html#:~:text=With%20her%20she%20brings%20frankincense,Sheba%20and%20her%20great%20kingdom.

https://www.anumuseum.org.il/the-myth-of-the-ten-lost-tribes-article/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term=jew%20tribes&utm_campaign=g&device=c&gclid=Cj0KCQjwyt-ZBhCNARIsAKH1175OBwAWXB0Xs1wAPb3esVcTchEeueVFvY1SJ7d2-K9K

Dr. Shalva Weil, conference in Jerusalem on Lost 10 Tribes, and Pashtuns.  Senior Researcher at The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews#:~:text=in%20one%20sample.-,Y%2DDNA%20of%20Ethiopian%20Jews,Ethiopia%2C%20not%20the%20Middle%20East.---Ethiopian Jews

Jacob and Bilhah's 1st Son Dan, But Jacob's 5th

 Nadene Goldfoot                                          

It was after Leah had given birth to Judah and she seemed to stop having children.  At this time Rachel, her sister and great love of Jacob, was envious of Leah being a mother and wanted to have a child.  She felt she was dead if she could not conceive.  That's when she decided that since she hadn't been conceiving, she must give her maidservant, Bilhah,  to Jacob and of course she conceived and had a son, Dan.  It was Rachel who named him because she owned Bilhah.  At the time when Bilhah gave birth, she had to do it while on Rachel's knees and that meant that it was Rachel whose esteem was being built up through Bilhah's children-and in this way through Rachel. It was sort of an adoption plan of the times to become a mother.  She got to experience, in a way, the pain Bilhah had experienced.    Bilhah went on to have another son by Jacob, who was Naphtali. (Gen. 30:18:  35:25-6).  In those days, motherhood was truly an occupation women wanted!   

In those days, people were a commodity to buy and sell or to give to someone as a gift.  A life was of value this way, not to be wasted, for who didn't need help in the home?  We don't know where Rachel's father, Laban, got Bilhah from, but she could have been an Egyptian. She was a commodity that came with Rachel.   Usually people who were not free came from an enemy of a distance away.  They would be treated as a member of the family.  After all, the Israelites will become slaves living in Egypt for 400 years, and will know what it is like to be ill-treated and worked to death.  That will be when Jacob, an old man and his extended family of 70 will go into Egypt during a drought period. They will find out what slavery there was like.  The Exodus itself after the 400 years, led by Moses is thought to have started in 1579-8 BCE, or around 1445 BCE.  The Exodus was at least 3,600 years ago, so Jacob's story took place almost 4,000 years ago.     

Laban, Leah and Rachel lived in the town of Haran in Aram Naharaim (Aram of the Two Rivers). Could this be the Tigris and Euphrates reference?  Then it would correstpond being close to Ur, where Abraham came from.    Aram were the Arameans, a group of Semitic tribes who had a common ancestry as the Israelite patriarchs were of Aramaic origin and maintained ties of marriage with the tribes of Aram.   Haran was a trading town of NW Mesopotamia, a center of a moon cult. It's also described as being in the NE area of Mesopotamia, the land of origin of the patriarchs.   Assyrian inscriptions from this time mention a Habiru (Hebrew) settlement  in the vicinity which could be where Abraham's father, Terah had lived.  Perhaps Bilhah came from here as well.   

Jacob worked for his uncle Laban to have Rachel as his wife, but was tricked in the wedding and found he had married his cousin, Leah instead!  Leah's younger sister was Rachel who had to wait 7 more years after Leah's wedding in order to wed her love, Jacob. 

 Jacob and Bilhah, the maidservant of Rachel who became Jacob's concubine,  was the mother of Dan.  Dan was actually Jacob's 5th son to be born to him.  In the picture above, Dan is the  little boy with a green skirt on, the tallest one.  Rachel is the lady in the middle dressed in red with Jacob.  

Rachel was Jacob's 1st and truest love, but he was forced to marry her older sister, Leah, first.  Rachel then married Jacob but couldn't conceive, and in those days, was something most important for a wife to do.  So she gave her maid to her husband to produce a son.  In this way she would get all the credit for the birth.  

On the Exodus, Dan started out in the 1st Census with 62,700 men.  In the last census they had 64,400.  with an increase of 1,700 men by the time they reached Canaan.   The tribe of Dan is portrayed as the second largest Israelite tribe (after Judah)

The Tribe of Dan, meaning, "Judge", was one of the tribes of Israel, according to the Torah. They were allocated a coastal portion of land when the people of Israel entered the Promised Land, later moving northwards.  Samson, a Danite, was a judge.   

After the conquest of Canaan, Dan was the last tribe to receive its territorial inheritance. The land originally allocated to Dan was a small enclave in the central coastal area of Canaan, between Judah, Benjamin, Ephraim and the Philistines.  Dan was allotted a portion South of Jaffa, but was thrust back into the hill country by the Amorites, only a part of the tribe remaining in the coastal region. Jaffa/Joppa/Yapho is now joined to Tel Aviv.  It's an ancient town, mentioned in Egyptian documents from the time of the  19th Egyptian dynasty of the 16th century BCE.   The Amorites were eventually annihilated or assimilated by the Israelites.  They were found on both sides of the Jordan River, especially in mountainous regions.  

The greater part of Dan was forced to migrate northward where it eventually wrested from the Phoenicians a settlement area around Laish/Dan (Judg. 18:27-9;  also mentioned in the MARI tablets) (Mari was an ancient Mesopotamian city.  Excavations in 1933-8 revealed a palace of the 18th century BCE containing a rich Akkadian library which throws valuable light on the events and conditions of life depicted in Genesis.)or Leshem (Jos. 19:47), the name of which became Dan.  The situation of the rest of the tribe grew serious after the arrival of the Philistines, despite the heroism of Samson of the tribe of Dan, son of Manoah, until the period of Saul and David.  Philistines were a Mediterranean people, originating from Asia Minor and Greek localities, reaching Canaan in various waves from the sea.  They became the worst enemy of the Israelites.  

The northern part of Dan was the site of a temple (Judg. 18:26) at which the descendants of Manasseh (or perhaps of Moses) acted as priests. I would say Moses, because priests, (Cohens, were the descendants of Aaron, the brother of Moses-J1 in DNA.   This became one of the chief cult centers in the kingdom of the tribe of Ephraim, and Jeroboam I (king from 930-910 BCE) erected in it the image of a calf to deflect worshipers from the sanctuary at Jerusalem.  That was a terrible thing to do, going against the Mosaic law completely.  He was not of the line of David, knew nothing about the Mosaic laws to do this.  

The nearby tel site of the biblical city of Dan (Laish), has been excavated by Avraham Biran.  

Dan was captured by Ben Hadad of Syria during the rule of King Baasha of Israel (from 908-885 BCE).  He had declared himself king after killing Nadab, the son of Jeroboam, and exterminating the latter's family.  He waged war on King Asa of Judah (915-875 BCE) son of Abijam in alliance with  Ben Hadad of Aran (Syria), who, however, changed sides, so that Baasha was defeated and had to cede some territory. 

Dan is prophesied to "leap from Bashan"; scholars are uncertain why this should be since the tribe did not live in the Bashan plain, east of the Jordan River, in Transjordan.  Actually, half of the tribe of Manassah were settled here.  (Deut. 33:22) This was said by Moses when blessing Dan during the Exodus:  "22Concerning Dan he said: “Dan is a lion’s cub, leaping out of Bashan.”

Jacob said of Dan in his prophesy, "Dan will avenge his people, the tribes of Israel will be united as one.  Dan will be a serpent on the highway, a viper by the path, that bites a horse's heels so its rider falls backward".  

Modern artists use the "scales of justice" to represent the Tribe of Dan due to Genesis 49:16 referencing Dan "shall achieve justice for his kindred". More traditional artists use a snake to represent Dan, based upon Genesis 49:17, "Let Dan be a serpent by the roadside, a horned viper by the path, That bites the horse's heel, so that the rider tumbles backward."

                                                                 

It seems that Samson was a perfect example of this description.  (Judg. 13-16).  He excelled in strength and courage, and his feats against the Philistines--usually for personal reasons, as he was done in by falling in love with someone outside his tribe:  the Philistinian woman, Delilah, who betrayed the secrets of his strength to her own people.  Samson ended up being mocked by the Philistines at a festival at Gaza after being held prisoner and tortured, but the story goes that his strength returned to him in his frustration and he destroyed a building and killed the entire assembly including himself by doing this.  The movie of Samson and Delilah is excellent.   

Claims of descent from Dan

Simon Magus, also known as Simon the Sorcerer and Simon the Magician, came from the village of Gitta (also spelled Getta) in Samaria, according to Justin Martyr; a site settled by the tribe of Dan according to Josephus. Justin, who was himself a 2nd-century native of Samaria, wrote that nearly all the Samaritans in his time were adherents of Simon. Surviving orthodox texts, such as those of Irenaeus, Justin Martyr, Hippolytus, and Epiphanius, regarded Simon as the source of all heresies, including Gnosticism.

Ethiopian Jews, also known as Beta Israel, claim descent from the Tribe of Dan, whose members migrated south along with members of the tribes of Gad, Asher, and Naphtali, into the Kingdom of Kush, now Ethiopia and Sudan, during the destruction of the First Temple. This position is supported by former Sephardic Chief Rabbi Ovadia Yosef. They are said to have fought with the natives.

                                               

As far as I know, no Ethiopian has shown any DNA connection to Jews-and that may be because they came from Dan-a lost tribe, but Dan should show the Y haplogroup being J1 or some branch of it (the levite branch of the Cohens from Aaron, brother of Moses.)  It could be that they were not with the group or had died out and other males had to take over the position. ". 

                                                      

The story I remember was that The Queen of Sheba had come to see Solomon for herself and tests Solomon's wisdom, asking him many questions and giving him riddles to solve. He answers to her satisfaction and then he teaches her about his unseen god and what they believe, and she becomes a follower.  She and her handmaids go back home, many of who are now pregnant.  It could be that no Cohen accompanied them back.  By coincidence, the Y line faded out.   Because the Jewish haplotypes VII and VIII are not represented in the Falasha population, we conclude that the Falasha people descended from ancient inhabitants of Ethiopia who converted to Judaism.."

 Charles Upton relates the serpent voodoo God Danbhala as derived in part from a heterodox form of Ethiopian Judaism. Hmmm.  

Resource: 

Tanakh, The Stone Edition

The New Standard Jewish encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Dan

https://www.jstor.org/stable/41465797?seq=1 (DNA)

Continued Mourning For Our Ten Lost Tribes Of 8th Century BCE

Nadene Goldfoot                                                  

 

At the last census that Moses took, Judah had 76, 500 people in his tribe, 

more than the others.  Simeon was the smallest tribe with 22, 200.  Joshua, the Exodus leader after Moses died,  directed the tribes on the land as to where they should live.  

Moses was from the tribe of Judah.  Joshua was from the tribe of  Ephraim of 32,500. 

Jews have mourned over the loss of our 2nd Temple and have a fast day of remembrance for it  The other mourning we continue to have has been for our Ten Lost Tribes of  Reuben,Simeon, Issachar, Zebulun, Gad, Asher, Dan Naphtali, Joseph and Benjamin.  The southern tribes of Levi and Judah were spared from the Assyrian attack in 721 BCE.  Our more northern 10 tribes of the 12 brothers had become captives and were taken from us.  We have never forgotten them, for at the end of times, we are to be together again.

I must explain.  Jacob, the son of Isaac, who was the son of Abraham, ultimately had 4 wives.  He married Leah first who bore Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Juah, Issachar, Zebulun and his only daughter, Dinah.  He then was able to marry his true love, Leah's sister, Rachel who bore Joseph and Benjamin.  He married Leah's handmaid Zilpah who bore  Gad and Asher.  Then he married Rachel's handmaid, Bilhah who bore Dan and Naphtali.  These 12 sons became the fathers of the 12 tribes of our history.  The  remaining tribe of Judah had always been the largest of the 12, and the remaining tribal people called themselves the Jewish people, of which we Jews are.  This is our history.  In the end, some Benjaminites and a few of the others were living in Judah at the time who survived the attack.     

Travelers, adventurers and scholars have set out looking for the Sambatyon River which has become a myth by now because beyond this river was said that the Ten Tribes of Israel lived who were exiled by the Assyrians in the 8th century BCE.  They must be living beyond this mighty river.  This river would not have been the Jordan River that divided their land that they were familiar with.  It must have been the faint memories and stories of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers of Mesopotamia.    Or maybe they had known about the "Indus" River. The Indus River is one of the main rivers of the Indo-Gangetic Plain in the Indian subcontinent. It flows through China, India, and Pakistan.    

According to the legend, the 10 tribes would have returned at once to the Holy Land following their exile if they could, but G-d had encircled them with this river.  It was said that the river, this great and terrible river seethed with wild rapids, churning great rocks and billowed up to the heavens.  It was only on the Sabbath, however, that the river rested from its fury, but our 10 Tribes couldn't cross because of their great piety and their reverence for the Day of Rest as this even happened after being with Moses on the 40 year Exodus, and they were well-schooled in followed the Laws of Moses from G-d.

                                                     

Our history of the 10 Tribes has gone on since the 8th century BCE to the 17th century CE; 27 centuries of aching for their lost cousins.  That ache has surfaced once again, especially since the re-birth lately of Israel on May 14, 1948 in remembrance of the expectation of being united again at the end of times. 

                                              

               A false messiah;  Rabbi Shabbatai Tzevi (1626-1676) born in Smyra, attracted to Kabbalah in his youth, had manic-depressive traits. A heavenly voice told him he would redeem Israel.  When in Israel in 1665 and was hailed the messiah by Nathan of Gaza, but then excommunicated by the rabbis of Jerusalem, the Harvard of Rabbinical education.  

During the 17th century CE Jews experienced a false messiah, Shabbetai Zevi who had  his own prophet, Nathan of Gaza.  Rumors were then flying that the armies of the 10 Tribes were advancing from the desert to fight the Turks.  There were other rumors that they were about to conquer Mecca.  The stories were so persistent that in 1665, the Moslems of Tunis actually cancelled their pilgrimage to their  holy city.   Other stories abounded, announcing the arrival of the legions of the Tribes or describing their kingdom somewhere in the hinterlands of Asia or Africa that have surfaced regularly since the Middle Ages.  They were heard about in the Middle East and Europe in letters written by Jews, in reports of Christian diplomats, or in occasional publications.  These legends were passed on through the generations.  In the 16th and 17th centuries, these legends were spreading messianic propaganda in the Jewish world, and also played into the political interests of the Christian European states in their struggle against the Ottoman Empire.  

The "New World" was being explored and "scientific theories began to emerge where scholars and missionaries tried to identify various tribes with the Ten Lost Tribes.  They looked at their customs to Biblical traditions. Anglo-American Protestant clergymen and scholars supported this search primarily and this trend continued into the 20th century.

Modern anthropologists have looked into the effects of the Lost Tribes and their theories upon different native groups around the world and how they are serving a political function.  This would explain the Maori Jews of New Zealand, the Ashanti Jews of West Africa, and others like them.  These were oppressed groups who were exposed to missionary activity who could identify with the 10 Lost Tribes. 

                                               

 Today is another story.  We have identified the Pashtuns of Afghanistan, Pakistan and India as some of the Lost Tribes of Israel.  A few have even visited Israel.  This is because we have had individuals and organizations continuing in the search for the Ten Lost Tribes.  At the same time, several groups in South America, Asia and Africa have identified themselves as descendants of these tribes. declaring their commitment to link their fate with the Jewish people and the State of Israel.   However, the Pashtuns, and they number greatly, continue to be content as Muslims.  

Today we have the means of identification with DNA testing.  Pashtuns have stated that they know who they are and don't need testing, but we need this verification.  So many people have declared they were among the lost 10, such as some of the British royal family which brings doubt.  

Pakistan was used for testing.  Pakistan covers a key geographic area in human history, being both part of the Indus River region that acted as one of the cradles of civilization and as a link between Western Eurasia and Eastern Asia. This region is inhabited by a number of distinct ethnic groups, the largest being the Punjabi, Pathan (Pakhtuns), Sindhi, and Baloch. 

 Afghanistan was also used in another study.  The present study addresses this lacuna by analyzing 190 Pathan males from Afghanistan using high-resolution Y-chromosome binary markers. In addition, haplotype diversity for its most common lineages (haplogroups R1a1a*-M198 and L3-M357) was estimated using a set of 15 Y-specific STR loci. The observed haplogroup distribution suggests some degree of genetic isolation of the northern population, likely due to the Hindu Kush mountain range separating it from the southern Afghans who have had greater contact with neighboring Pathans from Pakistan and migrations from the Indian subcontinent. Our study demonstrates genetic similarities between Pathans from Afghanistan and Pakistan, both of which are characterized by the predominance of haplogroup R1a1a*-M198 (>50%) and the sharing of the same modal haplotype. Furthermore, the high frequencies of R1a1a-M198 and the presence of G2c-M377 chromosomes in Pathans might represent phylogenetic signals from Khazars, a common link between Pathans and Ashkenazi groups, whereas the absence of E1b1b1a2-V13 lineage does not support their professed Greek ancestry.  

 Other returnees of Lost Tribes have been India's Bnei Menashe when 162 entered to join the 1,700 already in Israel who had been arriving over the past 15 years while there are 7,000 more wanting to immigrate to Israel.  You Tube has many segments showing this group.  

                                                        

 69 people from Ethiopia also arrived at about the same time.  They, too, have been coming in installments as soon as they can leave Ethiopia.  There are many other groups from other corners of the world who have already entered Israel.  We've been seeing THE RETURN.   

Resource: 

Letters From Beyond the Sambatyon-the myth of the ten lost tribes-edited by Simcha Shtull-Trauring

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-015-1290-1

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3449065

https://jewishbubba.blogspot.com/2015/08/pashtuns-and-jewish-redemption.html/

https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-ten-lost-tribes

https://jewishbubba.blogspot.com/2018/10/life-for-israelites-from-assyrian-days.html

https://jewishbubba.blogspot.com/2015/08/pashtuns-and-jewish-redemption.html

https://jewishbubba.blogspot.com/2019/01/possible-connection-in-dna-of-pashtuns.html

https://jewishbubba.blogspot.com/2019/01/jews-and-pashtuns-sons-of-israels.html

Tanakh (Old Testament) Stone Edition