Showing posts with label Africa. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Africa. Show all posts

Sunday, September 3, 2023

Eritreans protesting in Tel Aviv, People in Israel For Years

 Nadene Goldfoot                                         

    Eritreans from Africa today, rioting 

Eritreans made the news again.  They are still in Israel since the 2000s  but presently rioting in Tel Aviv.  “Eritrea is a military dictatorship. It’s awful there. 

Now the embassy wants to make an event that says all is fine in Eritrea,”   Witnesses of the riots said hundreds of people wearing blue shirts clashed with participants and organizers — many of them in red and yellow shirts — of a cultural event that was organized by the Eritrean embassy in Israel and was, according to the blue-clad group, supportive of the regime of President Isaias Afwerki. 

  The fight is not viewed by one as an ideological clash about what happens in Eritrea, but rather a dispute between Eritreans living in Israel on developments that could undermine their semi-official refugee status here. “If they say it’s so good in Eritrea, then everybody in Israel will ask: ‘Well, why aren’t the Eritreans going back then?’                             

  July  2023:  Happy Festival in Giessen, Eritrea and my, they do look happy, don't they?  They had decided to be counter demonstrators. They're not happy with repressive Eritrea. As Eritrea has never had a functioning constitution, no elections, no legislature and no published budget, Isaias has been the sole power in the country, controlling its judiciary and military. Hence, scholars and historians have long considered him to be a dictator, described his regime as totalitarian, by way of forced conscription; the United Nations and Amnesty International cited him for human rights violations. In 2022, Reporters Without Borders ranked Eritrea, under the government of Afewerki, second-to-last out of 180 countries in its Press Freedom Index, only scoring higher than North Korea

Isaias Afwerki (Tigrinya: ኢሳይያስ ኣፍወርቂ, pronounced [isajas afwɐrkʼi]; born 2 February 1946) is an Eritrean politician and partisan who has been the president of Eritrea since shortly after he led the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) to victory in 24 May 1991, ending the 30-year-old war for independence from .Ethiopia..Eritrea today is referred to as the North Korea of Africa.  

Here's the big problem:  "We don’t want to go back and we don’t want the Israelis to think it’s okay to send us back,” an Eritrean said.

Former prime minister Naftali Bennett already in 2018 connected support for the regime in Eritrea with the legitimacy of the asylum-seeker status of Eritreans.

I wrote about them back on September 18, 2013, "They knew Israel was a country of freedom and democracy and snuck into the country starting in the middle 2000's.  They came as undocumented workers and entered illegally through the fenced border between Israel and Egypt.  26,635 came in 2010.  By 2012 the number was 55,000. For 30 years the Eritreans had fought for their independence from Ethiopia from 1961 to 1991. There had been war between Eritrea and Ethiopia from May 1998 to June 2000.  Over 150,000 Eritreans had been killed.  69% of Eritreans are Sunni Muslims.                          

Young Eritrean woman with black wavy hair, bright red flower

Eritrea, a country on the Red Sea with ancient connections to Egypt, has  about a 6 million population.  They belong to the African Union, UN, IGAD and have observer status in the Arab League.  A neighbor state is Sudan which has 43,939,598 people of which 70% are Sunni Muslims."
Ahmed Ela, Ethiopia - February 10, 2011: A mid-aged western tourist is showing images of his camera display to a group of local children. The children  belong to the Afar people (sometimes also called "Danakil"). They are living in the Danakil Depression in the border-triangle between Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti. This is one of the most remote and most extreme regions of the world - it is the lowest point in Africa (- 155 metres/-550 ft below sea level) and one of the hottest places on Earth. Until today the majority of the Afar are still nomadic pastoralists and making their life with raising camels, goats and cattle in the desert.

To Israel, they are not "refugees" like their Jewish refugees, with certain rights to live there,  They were asylum seekers under a different status, treated humanely, given a chance to live, something they once asked of all the nations in the world and didn't get, like when World War II progressed enough to show that all Jews were to be exterminated. The world had a sundry of excuses why their ships couldn't enter their ports, the USA included.      
   Eritrean refugees as they first entered Israel.  

So Israel, drowning in their own problems being shot at from Gaza daily, from Lebanon and Syrian terrorists, allowed the Eritreans entrance, but here they still are after a good 23 years.  Their living in Israel is regulated under a government policy of temporary protection – and the State of Israel recognizes the danger to their lives if they return to their countries of origin.                                    
                     Now, a paramedic Eritrean lady, 

Eritrea is a country in East Africa.  It is bordered by Ethiopia in the south, Sudan in the west, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands.  Israel has a total area of about  22,145 sq.km (8,630 sq. miles) according to early days in the 1950s but now (includes more so has about 10,000 sq. miles), of which 21,671 sq. km is land area. Israel is some 420 km in length and about 115 km across at the widest point.
   
Eritrean protesters clash with Israeli riot police in Tel Aviv, September 2, 2023. (AP Photo/Ohad Zwigenberg)

Following a referendum in Eritrea supervised by the United Nations (dubbed UNOVER) in which the Eritrean people overwhelmingly voted for independence, Eritrea declared its independence and gained international recognition in 1993. The EPLF seized power, established a one-party state along nationalist lines and banned further political activity.  On 28 May 1993, Eritrea was admitted into the United Nations as the 182nd member state.  As of 2020, there have been no elections.  

The current population of Eritrea is 3,760,660 as of Saturday, September 2, 2023, based on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data .  It is estimated that there are about 18,000 asylum seekers from Eritrea in Israel, most of whom arrived illegally years ago by crossing Egypt's Sinai Peninsula. They say they fled danger, persecution and compulsory military conscription in one of the world's most repressive countries.  

According to data from the Population and Immigration Authority, there are currently about 25,500 asylum seekers living in Israel, mainly from Eritrea and Sudan (about 20,000 from Eritrea and about 4,000 from Sudan). In addition, according to estimates, about 8,000 children of asylum seekers are growing up in Israel, the majority of whom were born in Israel.  Sudan's country has 43,939,598 population in 2011 and had 70% of the population are  Muslims, most likely the same for Eritrea.   

Israel had rescued Jewish Ethiopians who were being attacked and killed by Ethiopians for being Jewish, and now the tables are turned.  The Eritreans  themselves, neighbors of Ethiopia, are coming to Israel and not to Saudi Arabia, I notice.  This long-standing government policy regarding asylum seekers has left them in a state of limbo – on the one hand Israel recognizes that it cannot deport asylum seekers, but at the same time it deprives them of services such as social security benefits, health insurance and other social services, thereby denying them their human rights. 

 But logic and power and change plays into this situation.  If they do this for Eritreans, then they would have to do this for Palestinians and others, and we would NOT be Israel anymore.  Israel was created for one reason, to be the go-to country for Jews who needed asylum.  Since the world was not a safe country for Jews, and they had once had their own country, they returned because now they found an open door by waiting for 30 years.  It was NOT created as all asylum seekers' paradise.  Looks like they should create their own out of their own country.  

Resource:








Saturday, May 20, 2023

When To Pull The Plug On Immigration Into Your Country

 Nadene Goldfoot                                    


We human have been migrating for various reason ever since we became human!  I suppose the grass always looked better to us on the other side of that hill or mountain or stream or river or ocean. We were made to migrate.  

Now that we are living in the future, a time we just dreamt about and find it is our generation that live in what we wrote about-that future, we find that the situation has changed.  Migrations of people are more like invasions of our privacy, our heaven.  

Back in the Bible Days, the Assyrians practiced attacking and then relocating those attacked to other places.  They did this to the 10 tribes of Jacob living in the northern section of Israel.  That, at least, was better than taking lives.  They found then that people were useful, slaves, and put them to work.  Abraham joined a group with his family of moving from the Tigris River in Mesopotamia to Egypt.  Jacob and his family of 70 moved from Canaan during a drought and also went to Egypt where the Nile River fed all. We became a moving people all over the planet.  This is shown in our DNA tests by population geneticists.  We are born in one place and die in another; becoming farmers after being hunters and gatherers, then  city folk.  

Today, there are other reasons for migrations to occur.  Usually its in the plans of the nations' leadership.  People of one skill are desired in a nation without that skill and people are asked to move there.  Or, it's in the plans to take over a nation by overloading it with people from a certain country-taking the place of a war and winning it. 

                              1836 and the Alamo in Texas 

Mexico at one time mentioned something like that-getting back Texas by overloading it with their Mexican population.  That has turned out to be true except not for that reason.  Their population has fled due to their mismanagement of people;  drug overlords taking over parts of Mexico; a high criminal element frightening the people out of Mexico.                           

              Molenbeek, an immigrant community

Belgium took in Muslims and they took over a city, Molenbeek.  It isn't like a China town, inviting to tourists.  It's not safe.    The Belgium police are afraid to enter.  Belgium has produced more jihadi fighters, per capita, than any other western European nation and is estimated to have dispatched around 520 recruits to the Islamic State cause in Syria. Even the idea of visiting the land that is home to the EU parliament is enough to inspire trepidation in some foreigners.  As Charles Michel, the Belgian prime minister, put it, "Almost every time there is a terrorist attack, there is a link with Molenbeek."Taki in the Spectator has described the district as a "no-go area" which police are too frightened to enter. 

The USA is running out of resources like water.  We pay money to have water and now private companies are trying to take that over and they will ask for higher prices.  Nothing is free, really, in the USA like education was in Syria.  I say this because I don't know what the situation in Syria is now.  California and Portland, Oregon are highly taxed so that all can have great benefits, but the taxes have come to the point where people are gasping;  they reach a point of being too high, even for them.  Gresham, Oregon just said no to more taxes for the police.  They'll have to get along on the high ones they already have.  


Conditions are bad at the border between Mexico and the USA, even with Biden as President.  We're about to face real problems and not receive our Social Security Benefits next month because of it.  We owe too much money and haven't made the dent in this debt. 

Israel, a country of migrants,  has also been faced with a migration problem.  Israel was created for Jews who have been homeless for over 2,000 years, having to migrate here and there and exist through the good will of that country that usually turned against them for being who they were.  They were 2nd class citizens at best in the Middle East lands.  In Europe they were invaded and attacked or killed in pogroms.  So Israel is the new reservoir, safety place for Jews, the only Jewish country in the world.  When others come in a migration, what do they do?  The Jewish motto is to Not do to others that which they don't want to happen to them.  In other words, the Golden Rule.  That's what Judaism is all about.  Can migration survive here ?  

As for the Jewish plight, Jews have been forced to migrate from country to country throughout too many ages.  Finally, Theodor Herzl, Jewish,  wrote a novel about their condition and what to do about it called Altneuland, which presents his Zionist ideas as embodied in a utopian Jewish state in Palestine. He was not orthodox;  reformed as much as possible who at one time recommended assimilation, and living in Uganda.   He was a Jew who was a Viennese reporter and knew what was happening to other Jews, and thinking of what to do about it.  Jews were being referred to as "The Wandering Jew."  

    2010 :Al Jezeera picture: Surprise invasion from Africa to Israel.  

 Since the detention facility was set up, Israeli immigration police have housed more than 2,500 African asylum seekers under the country’s so-called “Infiltrators Law”, which allows Israel to detain, without charge or trial, migrants who have entered the country without legal documentation.

The mainly Eritrean and Sudanese migrants left the Holot camp facility on June 27 because Israel had not processed their claims for asylum as yet.  Since the camp was set up, Israeli immigration police had placed more than 2,500 asylum seekers under what authorities call the "Infiltrators Law". That's how they entered Israel, The Africans and al Jazeera refer to the detention camp as a prison.  This is the best a small country, taken by surprise, can do for these new-country seekers who sneak in without right or reason or documentation..  Well, they may have had reason, but not having to do with Israel except maybe seeing it as an easy mark.  

The Holot Detention Center in Israel holding the Africans After their "grand surprise entrance into the country, really an invasion::  Africans called on UN and Red Cross to intervene.  Israel had arrested about 1,000 of them. 

Africans migrated and entered Israel in 2010 that became quite problematic. When they entered, the migrants ran amok, grabbing and stealing anything they saw.   They themselves chose Israel but had no reason, no connection to Israel or Jews.  

Besides that, Israel is one of the smallest teeniest countries in the world.  The South Sudanese, whose country was established in 2011 after they fled civil war in Sudan five or six years ago, will be the first to be repatriated, under an agreement between South Sudan and Israel. They number only some 1,500.

“The next stage is the removal from Israel of all the infiltrators from Eritrea and Sudan, whose number comes close to 50,000 people,” said Interior Minister Eli Yishai. Sudan happens to be the 8th most populated Muslim majority country in the world, already having 70% Muslim population. 50% of Eritreans  are Muslims and 50% Christians at this time. They were neighbors of Ethiopia, and Israel has already taken in many Ethiopians that were Jewish;  people having been attacked by Eritreans. Did they need the Ethiopians' enemies to enter Israel?  It's established to be a Jewish haven, one of a kind.  48 other Muslim majority countries welcoming Muslims were awaiting them.   “At the moment, we are permitted only to deport from Israel the citizens of South Sudan and the Ivory Coast,” the minister was quoted as saying.  “I hear those who say these infiltrators cannot be sent back, but this is an important mission ...‮‮‮‮‮‮‮‮ ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‎saying “No” is tantamount to shelving the declaration of independence, the end of the Zionist dream,” said Yishai, who heads a religious party.     As it was, charity food lines were set up in Tel Aviv in 2012 to feed them.


Israel has begun work on a long security fence along its border with Jordan, the only one of its internationally recognized frontiers currently without a physical barrier.  Newspaper reports said Netanyah had asked officials to examine whether a fence should now also be built along the boarder ith southern Jordan, in the event that migrants try to cross the narrow Gulf of Aqaba and enter Israel from the Arab kingdom.   Israel, a country of 7.8 million at that time, had almost completed a high fence along the border to deter more would-be migrants      who are brought to the frontier by Bedouin people-smugglers. Newspaper reports said Netanyahu had asked officials to examine whether a fence should now also be built along the border with southern Jordan, in the event that migrants try to cross the narrow Gulf of Aqaba and enter Israel from the Arab kingdom.  The African were job-seekers in hotels, etc.                                 

A Sudanese migrant rides his bicycle on October 25, 2020, in the southern part of Tel Aviv where thousands of them are living. (Photo by MENAHEM KAHANA / AFP)  As you can see, the plight ended up with many remaining in Israel.  

The Eritrean–Ethiopian War from 1998 to 2000 involved a major border conflict, eventually resolved in 2018. In 2020, Eritrean troops intervened in Tigray War on the side of Ethiopian central government. In April 2021, Eritrea confirmed its troops were fighting in Ethiopia.   Eritrea borders  Ethiopia in the south, Sudan in the west, and Djibouti in the southeast.  

Tell this to the world, though.  Reporters have no idea.  All they see is Israel returning Africans and not allowing them to stay because they were Africans. Their appearance was more of an invasion than a group appealing for help.   "How terrible", they write, "that Israel returns them".  

African immigration to Israel is the international movement to Israel from Africa of people that are not natives or do not possess Israeli citizenship in order to settle or reside there. This phenomenon began in the second half of the 2000s, when a large number of people from Africa entered Israel, mainly through the then-lightly fenced border between Israel and Egypt in the Sinai Peninsula. According to the data of the Israeli Interior Ministry, 26,635 people arrived illegally in this way by July 2010, and over 55,000 by January 2012. In an attempt to curb the influx, Israel constructed the Egypt–Israel barrier. Since its completion in December 2013, the barrier has almost completely stopped the immigration of Africans into Israel across the Sinai border. 

As of January 2018, according to the Population and Immigration Authority (PIBA) there were 37,288 African migrants in Israel, not including children born to migrants in Israel. Most African migrants are regarded to be legitimate asylum seekers by human rights organizations, but the Israeli government says most of them are job seeking work-migrants. There was even a group of Blacks from the USA. 



This was a different situation from the Ethiopian Jews and those few from Kenya who found they carried the Cohen gene and were Jewish.

I know of one person who is a lawyer, who traveled every  year to do his stint

 (milueem  in the IDF, and has finally moved his family and himself to Israel.   

The Palestinians want to enter Israel with their huge population that would flood the Jewish population.  Right now it's been staying at 80% Jewish and 20% Arab population.  There are 48 other Muslim majority countries that they could enter, but they are being conjoled to enter Israel.  This is the plan of a Palestinian State next door to Israel.  They want to bring in the total population into Israel; thus taking Israel.  

Israel was established by Jews  for Jews in 1947. By that time, in the 1930s Israel was still Palestine and being considered to become the Jewish Homeland.  There was a 1,467, 000 Arab population there while Jews only numbered 475,000 native Palestinians.  By 1948, there were 750,000 Jews;  the number that entered Canaan with Joshua was 601,730.  This lopsided number did present a problem, and at the time, Jews were fearful for their very lives in the world as they were living the worst of lives;  2nd class citizens under heavy duress, anti-Semitism everywhere because they wouldn't comply to the dominant religion.  Judaism itself told them where they were meant to live--and that was in Palestine (Judea and Samaria), their ancient land.                      

The Arabs, (for all were called Palestinians who lived there), were under no stress for their lives.  They just lived there, Bedouins that moved about.  Joan Peters (book-From Time Immemorial)  has made a study of their origin and found that many had recently moved there when Jews started returning and building.  They were indeed job seekers.  For example, Jews came in large groups by 1881 from eastern Europe; mostly fleeing.  Tel Aviv was founded by 1909 by Jews as a garden suburb of Jaffa. 

Yes, our migration started with the first Aliyah of 1881, over 100 years ago.  There were about 5 Aliyote at different years.   

Because Israel has the Right of Return for Jews, the Palestinian Arabs expect it also.  "The Palestinian right of return is the political position or principle that Palestinian refugees, both first-generation refugees (c. 30,000 to 50,000 people still alive as of 2012) and their descendants (c. 5 million people as of 2012), have a right to return, and a right to the property they themselves or their forebears left behind or were forced to leave in what is now Israel and the Palestinian territories (both formerly part of the British Mandate of Palestine), as part of the 1948 Palestinian exodus, a result of the 1948 Palestine war, and due to the 1967 Six-Day War. The fact is that they had their chance in 1947 and turned it down.  They turned the offer down because it didn't include every inch of Israel and held out for taking all of it.  

Today, Israel's population amounts to 9,044,541.  

With nearly 6.8 million Jews, Israel is the only Jewish-majority country and the only explicitly Jewish state.

The Arab population is about 1,957,270.  

I see the ratio between Jews and Muslims in Israel as 7: 2. not 80% to 20%.

  • The total land area is 21,640 Km2 (8,355 sq. miles), said to be about a large as  Texan rancher's driveway. Israel's area is approximately 20,770 km2 (8,019 sq mi), which includes 445 km2 (172 sq mi) of inland water. Israel stretches 424 km (263 mi) from north to south, and its width ranges from 114 km (71 mi) at its widest point to 10 km (6.2 mi) at its narrowest point.  Notice that while the population has grown, the size of the land has not.  That's why every almost must live in high rise apartment buildings, and another reason why people want to move out into Judea and Samaria where they may build homes.
  •  It has an Exclusive Economic Zone of 26,352 km2 (10,175 sq mi).
  •  At the end of 2020, the population of Israel stood at approximately 9,289,760, including 1,957,270 Arabs, representing 21.1% of the total. This figure includes almost 362,000 Arab residents of East Jerusalem who hold “permanent resident” status, but not full citizenship. Thus, the number of Arab citizens of Israel was 1,595,300 at the end of 2020, constituting some 17.2% of the total population.  To continue being a Jewish State, a refuge for Jews, this 80:20 % has been the acceptable percent of Jews and Arabs. As it is, Jews themselves run the gamut from Left to Right beliefs anyway.  Any further beliefs and Israel can not continue being a really Jewish State and maintain Judaism. It faces the fate of becoming Hellenized as it is.  Israel cannot take in anymore Muslims and remain Jewish. But is it really 80:20? 
                      Going away party at my mom's home
  • In 1980, my husband and I made aliyah to Israel from USA.  20,428 immigrants came that year.  175,000 immigrants entered in 1991.  Things were getting worse in the world for Jews.  Some 70,000 new immigrants from 95 countries made aliyah in 2022 with the assistance of the Jewish Agency and the Aliyah and Integration Ministry, the agency said in a special report published on Thursday.  
  • For that matter, the Muslims have ordained already that their land of Palestine, the new Palestine, will be devoid of Jews.  They won't be allowed in at all.  So that takes care of that. Proof of their intentions and belief system.   

Jews had a life there over 3,000 years ago that lasted until 70 CE when the Romans burned down Jerusalem and their Temple.  Jerusalem was their capital.   The Palestinians do not have this claim;  only that their Mohammad landed on his flying horse on a Temple on the Temple Mount on a trip and then they flew back to Arabia.  The Jews' claim is the whole "Old Testament."  Jerusalem is not mentioned at all in the Koran.  It's in the bible 700 times.  The League of Nations recognized this and so did the United Nations.  They gave the nod to the creation of Israel as the Jewish Homeland.  

Resource:

https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/molenbeek-belgium-no-go-zone

Tanakh, the Stone Edition

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia

From Time Immemorial by Joan Peters

Fact About Israel from Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem

https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-israel-africans/out-of-israel-back-to-africa-idUKBRE85B0J420120612

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country#:~:text=With%20nearly%206.8%20million%20Jews,the%20only%20explicitly%20Jewish%20state.

The Innocents Abroad by Mark Twain, p. 186, 203

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Israel



Sunday, March 5, 2023

Our Ancestors So Long Ago: Neanderthal, Denisovian: All Found in a Kebara Cave in Israel

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                


                         Neanderthal Remains in Kebara, Israel 

Kebara, paleoanthropological site on Mount Carmel in northern Israel that has yielded a trove of Neanderthal bones and associated artifacts.

The Kebara cave was occupied by humans and various other animals from the Middle Paleolithic Period (approximately 200,000 to 40,000 years ago) through the Upper Paleolithic Period (about 40,000 to 10,000 years ago). The more-recent Upper Paleolithic and Holocene levels of the site, known as the Kebaran and Natufian levels, were excavated in the 1930s. They contained a series of human burials plus a number of partially cremated remains. The Middle Paleolithic levels were excavated in the 1960s and 1980s. They are exceptionally rich in archaeological remains, including multiple layers of large flat hearths, Middle Paleolithic tools, and animal bones, in addition to two infant skeletons, a young adult skeleton (known as Kebara 2) that dates to about 60,000 years ago, and fragments of many more individuals. The infant and adult skeletons were clearly interred intentionally, although burial pits could not be discerned. Of the fragile fragmentary infant fossils, only their teeth indicate that they were Neanderthals.              

We have 5 basic  senses for reasons of staying alive.  They help to alert us of our surroundings and danger.  Sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing.  Animals are born with these same senses as well, with far better abilities than ours to make up for our ability to reason far better than they. A dog's sense of hearing and smell are so much better than ours; no wonder they are man's best friend.   These senses helped our primitive ancestors to stay alive and improve within each century of life.  Neuroscientists are well aware that we are a bundle of senses. Many would argue that we have anywhere between 22 and 33 different senses. Some animals of today have senses we don't have such as polarized light.  Polarized light is one – many animals, including insects and birds, use polarized light to decide which direction to go in. 

Neanderthal, (Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens neanderthalensis), also spelled Neandertal, member of a group of archaic humans who emerged at least 200,000 years ago during the Pleistocene Epoch (about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago) and were replaced or assimilated by early modern human populations (Homo sapiens) between 35,000 and perhaps 24,000 years ago.  

Compared with modern humans, Neanderthals had a more robust build and proportionally shorter limbs. Researchers often explain these features as adaptations to conserve heat in a cold climate, but they may also have been adaptations for sprinting in the warmer, forested landscape that Neanderthals often inhabited. Nonetheless, they had cold-specific adaptations, such as specialised body-fat storage enlarged nose to warm air (although the nose could have been caused by genetic drift). Average Neanderthal men stood around 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) and women 153 cm (5 ft 0 in) tall, similar to pre-industrial modern humans. The braincases of Neanderthal men and women averaged about 1,600 cm3 (98 cu in) and 1,300 cm3 (79 cu in) respectively, which is considerably larger than the modern human average. The Neanderthal skull was more elongated and had smaller parietal lobes and cerebellum, while the Neanderthal brain was larger in the temporal, occipital, and cerebellar regions, indicating differences in brain development between the two species.

Approximately 20 percent of Neanderthal DNA survives in modern humans; however, a single human has an average of around 2% Neanderthal DNA overall with some countries and backgrounds having a maximum of 3% per human. (I have 2% according to DNA testing with 23&Me.) 

                                               
                                


Modern human genes involved in making keratin, a protein constituent of skin, hair, and nails, contain high levels of introgression. For example, the genes of approximately 66% of East Asians contain a POUF23L variant introgressed from Neanderthals, while 70% of Europeans possess an introgressed allele of BNC2. Neanderthal variants affect the risk of developing several diseases, including lupus, biliary cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, type 2 diabetes, and SARS-CoV-2. The allele of MC1R linked to red hair in Neanderthals is not found in Europeans, but is present in Taiwanese Aborigines at a frequency of 70% and at moderately high frequencies in other East Asian populations; hence, there is no evidence Neanderthals had red hair.  (King David was mentioned in Torah to be a gingy-having red hair-so no Neanderthal in him? ).  While interbreeding is viewed as the most parsimonious interpretation of these genetic findings, the 2010 research of five present-day humans from different parts of the world does not rule out an alternative scenario, in which the source population of several non-African modern humans was more closely related than other Africans to Neanderthals because of ancient genetic divisions within early Hominoids.

Le Moustier Neanderthal skull reconstruction, Neues Museum Berlin[23]

Research since 2010 refined the picture of interbreeding between Neanderthals, Denisovans, and anatomically modern humans. Interbreeding appears asymmetrically among the ancestors of modern-day humans, and this may explain differing frequencies of Neanderthal-specific DNA in the genomes of modern humans.


Denisovans are a new find of humanoids..  Denisovans apparently interbred with modern humans, with the highest percentages (roughly 5%) occurring in Melanesians, Aboriginal Australians, and Filipino Negritos. This distribution suggests that there were Denisovan populations across Eurasia, the Philippines, and New Guinea and/or Australia, but this is unconfirmable. Introgression into modern humans may have occurred as recently as 30,000 years ago in New Guinea, which, if correct, might indicate this population persisted as late as 14,500 years ago. There is also evidence of interbreeding with the Altai Neanderthal population, with about 17% of the Denisovan genome from Denisova Cave deriving from them. A first-generation hybrid nicknamed "Denny" was discovered with a Denisovan father and a Neanderthal mother. Additionally, 4% of the Denisovan genome comes from an unknown archaic human species which diverged from modern humans over one million years ago.

In 2014, researchers introduced a novel method based on epigenetics—a set of molecular knobs that can turn gene expression up or down—to analyze gene regulation in long-extinct hominins. One such knob is a chemical modification called methylation, which silences gene expression. In methylated DNA, one nucleotide, cytosine, degrades over thousands of years into a different end product than usual. By tracking that degradation in an ancient genome, scientists can create a methylation "map.

                Liran Carmel(Hebrew: לירן כרמל, born August 7, 1971) is an Israeli scientist, professor of computational biology at the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Carmel is the Snyder Granadar Chair for Genetics, and is the 2021 Massry Prize laureate for his studies in the field of ancient DNA.  Carmel was born and raised in Israel. He studied for a B.Sc. in physics in the Academic Atuda, and served in the military as a physicist in Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd. During his military service, he obtained his M.Sc. degree in quantum mechanics at the Technion - Israel institute of technology, under the supervision of Ady Mann. After his military service, Carmel completed his Ph.D. degree in mathematics and computer science at the Weizmann Institute of Science, under the supervision of David Harel. In his Ph.D. Carmel developed algorithms for odor coding and digitization, and was head of the algorithms team in a company that developed means for computerized odor transmission. In 2004, Carmel went to the United States for postdoctoral studies at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, where he specialized in molecular evolution in the research group of Eugene Koonin.
Dr. David Gokhman:  
When it comes to genetic adaptations, humans are unique. Though these adaptations came with advantages like the ability to walk upright and complex brains, they also brought with them many human-specific diseases—Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, and more. To understand why these adaptations came at such a high price, Dr. David Gokhman, who recently joined the Department of Molecular Genetics, is searching for the adaptations that set humans apart, by comparing human genes to those of two close relatives—the extinct Neanderthal and Denisovan species, and the great apes. Dr. David Gokhman completed his BSc, magna cum laude, in 2011 at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, with a major in biology and a minor in chemistry. He also earned his MSc (2012) and PhD (2018) degrees in the Department of Genetics at the Hebrew University. He conducted postdoctoral research at Stanford University, and joined the faculty of the Weizmann Institute in 2021. Dr. Gokhman’s awards and recognitions include the Mochrik Prize for outstanding students in 2014, the Dan David Young Researcher Award in 2017, and the Hans Wiener Prize for best doctoral thesis, in 2018. His research earned the title of “Breakthrough of the Year” both in Archaeology magazine in 2014, and in Science magazine in 2019 (people’s choice). He also made The Marker magazine’s “40 Under 40” list in 2020. Before attending Hebrew University, Dr. Gokhman worked as the head of the data mining team at the Prime Minister’s Office, and was the recipient of the Israel Defense Prize for exceptional technological breakthroughs in 2008.

"Liran Carmel and David Gokhman, geneticists at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and their colleagues applied this method to DNA in the girl's pinkie from Denisova Cave. They compared the girl's methylation map with similar maps of modern humans, Neanderthals, and chimpanzees, focusing on areas where the degree of methylation differed by more than 50%.The method can't provide exact body measurements. "We can say [Denisovans had] longer fingers [than modern humans for example], but we cannot say 2 millimeters longer," Carmel explains. In total, the researchers discovered 56 Denisovan anatomical features that may have differed from humans or Neanderthals, 34 of them in the skull. As expected, the Denisovan girl looked fairly similar to a Neanderthal, with a similarly flat cranium, protruding lower jaw, and sloping forehead, the researchers report this week in Cell.Yet she also had key differences. The reconstructed face was notably wider than that of a modern human or Neanderthal, and the arch of teeth along the jawbone was longer.

WASHINGTON - Next time you call someone a Neanderthal, better look in a mirror. Many of the genes that help determine most people's skin and hair are more Neanderthal than not, according to two new studies that look at the DNA fossils hidden in the modern human genome.  About 50,000 years ago, modern-day humans migrated out of Africa north to Europe and East Asia and met up with furrow-browed Neanderthals that had been in the colder climates for more than 100,000 years. Some of the two species mated. And then the Neanderthals died off as a species - except for what's left inside of us.  In some places, such as the DNA related to the skin, the genetic instructions are as much as 70 percent Neanderthal and in other places there's virtually nothing from the species that's often portrayed as brutish cavemen. 

The difference between where Neanderthal DNA is plentiful and where it's absent may help scientists understand what in our genome "makes humans human," said University of Washington genome scientist Joshua Akey, lead author of the paper in Science. After sequencing the Neanderthal genome, scientists discovered all present day non-African individuals carry some Neanderthal ancestry in their DNA. Now, researchers at Princeton University present evidence of Neanderthal ancestry in African populations too, and its origin provides new insights into human history.  When the first Neanderthal genome was sequenced, using DNA collected from ancient bones, it was accompanied by the discovery that modern humans in Asia, Europe and America inherited approximately 2% of their DNA from Neanderthals — proving humans and Neanderthals had interbred after humans left Africa. Since that study, new methods have continued to catalogue Neanderthal ancestry in non-African populations, seeking to better understand human history and the effects of Neanderthal DNA on human health and disease. A comparable catalogue of Neanderthal ancestry in African populations, however, has remained an acknowledged blind spot for the field due to technical constraints and the assumption that Neanderthals and ancestral African populations were geographically isolated from each other.

In a paper published today in the journal Cell, a team of Princeton researchers detailed a new computational method for detecting Neanderthal ancestry in the human genome. Their method, called IBDmix, enabled them for the first time to search for Neanderthal ancestry in African populations as well as non-African ones. The project was led by Joshua Akey, a professor in Princeton’s Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics (LSI). The studies mostly examined the genomes of people whose ancestors left Africa at some point.

People whose ancestors have all stayed in Africa have almost no Neanderthal DNA because there was little interbreeding.

    Benjamin Vernot: University of Washington Seattle | UW · Department of Genome Sciences

 Vernot and Akey (2015) concluded the greater quantity of Neanderthal-specific DNA in the genomes of individuals of East Asian descent (compared with those of European descent) cannot be explained by differences in selection. They suggest "two additional demographic models, involving either a second pulse of Neanderthal gene flow into the ancestors of East Asians or a dilution of Neanderthal lineages in Europeans by admixture with an unknown ancestral population" are parsimonious with their data.

Admixture occurs when individuals from two or more previously isolated populations interbreed  The previously isolated populations are referred to as ancestral or parental and the newly formed population is referred to as admixed. In non-human species, the same process is often referred to as hybridization.

We Jews are an endogamous society, having interbred withindiffering generations because of countries isolating them fromtheir population such as the ghetto system.    Ashkenazi Jews have historically been an endogamous population. Marrying within the group remains important to many Jews because endogamy is seen as one way to preserve Judaism and ensure the survival of future generations.  


Resource:

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/modern-humans-more-neanderthal-than-once-thought-studies-suggest/

https://www.britannica.com/place/Kebara

https://www.weizmann.ac.il/WeizmannCompass/sections/new-scientists/dr-david-gokhman

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liran_Carmel

https://www.britannica.com/place/Kebara

https://www.science.org/content/article/ancient-dna-puts-face-mysterious-denisovans-extinct-cousins-neanderthals

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556814/#:~:text=Admixture%20occurs%20when%20individuals%20from,often%20referred%20to%20as%20hybridization.https://www.progress.org.uk/marry-out-some-surprising-consequences-of-genetic-disease-risk-among-ashkenazi-jews/#:~:text=Ashkenazi%20Jews%20have%20historically%20been,the%20survival%20of%20future%20generations.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal_genetics