Nadene Goldfoot
The origin of the Palestinians, an ethnonational group residing in the Southern Levant, has been the focus of studies in history, linguistics and genetics, as well as nationalistic ideology and myths of shared ancestry. The Palestinian population, despite being predominantly Arab and Muslim, is not a homogeneous entity, and there is diversity within the population in terms of religious, linguistic, and cultural practices. Asked in the 1900s who they were, they answered they were Syrian Palestinians.
Today Israel must see many as terrorists, of which there are many groups. There are the 1964 PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization), 1959 Fatah (Movement for the National Liberation of Palestine), 1979 PIJ (Palestinian Islamic Jihad) 1982 Hezbollah (Party of God) 1967 PFLP ( Popular Front for The Liberation Of Palestine). Hamas was the fighting force of Fatah who broke off. There could be others. The History of Hamas is an account of the Palestinian Islamist fundamentalist socio-political organization with an associated paramilitary force, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. Hamas Ḥamās is an acronym of حركة المقاومة الاسلامية Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamat al-Islāmiyyah, meaning "Islamic Resistance Movement". What's their history in Palestine? Romans changed the name of Israel/Judah to Palestine in 135 CE, naming it for the Philistines who were an enemy of the Hebrews/Jews.
8. Asher was the 8th son of Jacob and 2nd of his mother, Zilpah-.Leah's handmaid His territory was the fertile land from W. Galilee to the South of Carmel.
(2) Naphtali was the 6th son of Jacob and the 2nd by Bilhah-Rachel's handmaid. His land was in the northern part of Canaan, including the entire Eastern coast of the Sea of Galilee and the mountains of Galilee. It was overrun by Arameans in the time of Baasha, The survivors were made up of many of the Jews living in Galilee in 2nd Temple times.
5. Issachar was the 5th son of Leah and Jacob, the 3trd largest tribe. Their land was between Mt. Tabor and the Jordan including much of the fertile Valley of Jezreel. Some people were saved from the Assyrian exile, and those men answered Hezekiah's summons to celebrate Passover in Jerusalem later on.
6. Zebulun was the 6th son of Jacob and Leah. His land was in central Canaan (the Valley of Jezreel). They were traders. Issachar the scholar was supported by this tribe.
11. Joseph was the 1st son of Jacob and Rachel. Rachel was Jacob's true love, the one he thought he was marrying in his first marriage, but she wasn't the oldest. Leah was so Jacob had to marry her first. In the wedding, Leah was disguised as Rachel and Jacob didn't know until he lifted her veil. His father in law forced him to work another 7 years to have Rachel. So Rachel couldn't get pregnant until 7 years after Leah and Jacob were married.
Manasseh was the 1st son of Joseph and Asenath. Joseph was the 11th son of Jacob and Rachel-sister of Leah. His land was the grazing land in Goshen given to him after age 18 by the Pharaoh of Egypt. Jacob blessed Joseph's 2 sons an equal portion with his own sons in the division of Canaan; in other words, land was designated for them at the same time by Joshua. The tribe of Manasseh was divided into 7 families; Machir (1) and Gilead (6 ). Half the tribe with Reuben and Gad wanted territory in Transjordan and Moses said ok as long as they help the other tribes conquer the land. This half-tribe got Gilead, Bashan and Argob. The other half after Canaan was conquered got land in the west of the country around the Valley of Jezreel. All this land was fertile.
Ephraim was the younger son of Joseph and Asenath had land in the more northern of the 2 Israelite kingdoms including the hill-country in central Palestine which was very fertile. The religious center of Shiloh was on this land. The 2 branches of the Hebrew people were said to be the House of Judah and the House of Ephraim, possibly because of the different belief they held in Jerusalem and Shiloh.
7. Gad was the son of Jacob and Zilpah-Leah's handmaid, who were settled in Gilead and Central Transjordan and developed a warlike reputation. After 732 BCE when they were attacked and exiled, it was taken over by the Ammonites.
(1) Dan was the 5th son of Jacob and Bilhah -handmaid of Rachel. They were given land south of Jaffa, but thrust back into the hill country by the Amorites so only a part of the tribe stayed in the coastal region. The larger part of Dan were forced to migrate northward and took from the Phoenicians a land around Laish/Leshem which turned into Dan. The northern part of Dan was the site of a temple where the Manasseh descendants acted as priests. It was a chief cult center of Ephraim and a calf image was erected here.
12. Benjamin was the 12th and youngest son of Jacob and the 2nd son of Rachel-Leah's sister who died in childbirth. Their land was between Ephraim and Judah which included Jerusalem. Saul, 1st king of Israel was a Benjamite. Eventually, it was partitioned between the 2.
1. Reuben was the oldest son of Jacob and Leah. He is known to have had incestuous relations with his father's concubine, Bilhah, so Jacob, angry, transferred his rights as firstborn to Joseph. The heads of the tribe were Dathan, Abiram and On and claimed the right to serve as priests but were not allowed because of this. In Canaan, they asked for and got land in Moab (Transjordania) which was fertile. Much of their land fell into the hands of the Moabites or Ammonites.
2. Simeon was the 2nd son of Jacob. They received land within the lot of Judah in 2 localities of the Negev but was of minor importance. During the reign of Hezekiah they took land of the Arab areas of Seir. Some settled in the Mountains of Ephraim. Simeon had angered Jacob with he and Levi tricked the people of Shechem, captured the town and killed all the males and took captive the women and children over Dinah, their sister, who had been raped by their king.
3. Levi was the 3rd son of Jacob and Leah. He shared with Simeon the bad reputation they had with their father, Jacob for killing the men of Shechem. Their descendants were to be scattered throughout Israel. As it was, they were to be the teachers, and would have to live with their siblings and teach their families.
4. Judah was the 4th son of Jacob and Leah but got one of the largest pieces of land because he persuaded his brothers to sell Joseph and not to kill him. He also later absorbed Simeon's land in the Negev.
So what remained through the centuries could have been descendants of the Moabites, Arameans and Ammonites as some of the Arabs. But mostly, newcomers came in from surrounding lands, as Joan Peters found out. Most of these natives were assimilated into the 12 tribes, or killed in fighting against the Hebrews.
Prince Abdullah b: 1882-d: 1951, emir, later in 1946 King of Transjordan; 2nd son of Hussein, sherif of Mecca, later king of Hejaz. His support of Britain during WWI led to his nomination of himself as ruler of Transjordan in 1923. He had a moderate attitude toward Zionism, negotiated with Chaim Weizmann in 1922. He invaded Israel anyway in 1948. He formally annexed the Arab-held part of Cis-Jordan in 1950 and proclaimed himself ruler of the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan. The Palestinian Arabs held him back from reaching an understanding with Israel, he said, and he was assassinated in Jerusalem at the instance of the Mufti, Haj Amin el-Husseini. Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia did probably have his followers with him that went to Transjordan to be under his reign.
However, Joan Peters, reporter, did a fantastic job in tracing the history of the Arabs living in Palestine. Synopsis. According to Peters, most people who call themselves Palestinians are not actually Palestinians, but instead descendants of recent immigrants from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Syria, who came to the land in waves of immigration starting in the 19th century and continuing through the period of the British Mandate. They came on the heels of the Jewish Aliyah that started in 1880 from eastern Europe of Jews escaping pogroms and moving to Palestine. These Arabs were looking for jobs.
In 1867, a young man called Samuel Langhorne Clemens set sail from New York, bound for Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.
Clemens is better known by his pen name, Mark Twain, although in 1867 he was still an obscure journalist who had somehow convinced a California newspaper to fund this spectacular trip abroad, in exchange for regular updates from different stops on his journey.
We have the record from the American Mark Twain, writer, who took a trip, an excursion to the Holy land and Egypt, the Crimea, Greece, and intermediate points of interest from Brooklyn on February 1st, 1867. For months people in America had been talking about the Holy land. The excursion was on a steamer holding 150 cabin passengers. They had a doctor with them and all the comforts. From Joppa, Jerusalem, the river Jordan, the Sea of Tiberias, Nazareth, Bethany, Bethlehem and other points of interest in the Holy land can be visited.
מארק טווין - המסע לארץ ישראל (1867): אודות הביקור בארץ | הספרניםMark Twain - The Journey to the Land of Israel (1867): About the visit to Israel: the librarians
The trip included Dan. He found that Palestine is only from 40 to 60 miles wide. He said that the state of Missouri could be split into 3 Palestines, and there would then be enough material left for part of another--possibly a whole one. Twain wrote about seeing Syrian goats eating what looked like gravel because there didn't appear to be anything else for them to eat. The shepherds that tended them were the very pictures of Joseph and his brethren, I have no doubt in the world.
They were tall, muscular, and very dark-skinned Bedouins, with inky black beards. They had firm lips, unquailing eyes, and a kingly stateliness of hearing. They wore the parti-colored half bonnet, half hood, with fringed ends falling upon their shoulders, and the full, flowing robe barred with broad black stripes--the dress one sees in all pictures of the swarthy sons of the desert. they attacked our camp last night, and I bear them no good will. they had with them the pigmy jackasses one sees all over Syria....
They had a guide. He was a retainer of the Sheik of Tiberias. He was a source of Government revenue. He was to the empire of Tiberias what the customs are to America. The Sheik imposed guards upon travelers and charged them for it. It is a lucrative source of emolument, and sometimes brings into the national treasury as much as $35 or $40 dollars a year.
One DNA study by Nebel found substantial genetic overlap among Israeli/Palestinian Arabs and Jews. Nebel proposed that "part, or perhaps the majority" of Muslim Palestinians descend from "local inhabitants, mainly Christians and Jews, who had converted after the Islamic conquest in the seventh century AD".
In a genetic study of Y-chromosomal STRs in two populations from Israel and the Palestinian Authority Area: Christian and Muslim Palestinians showed genetic differences. The majority of Palestinian Christians (31.82%) were a subclade of E1b1b, followed by G2a (11.36%), and J1 (9.09%). The majority of Palestinian Muslims were haplogroup J1 (37.82%) followed by E1b1b (19.33%), and T (5.88%). The study sample consisted of 44 Palestinian Christians and 119 Palestinian Muslims. These are also Y haplogroups found in Jews, but not T.
In recent years, genetic studies have demonstrated that, at least paternally, Jewish ethnic divisions and the Palestinians are related to each other. Genetic studies on Jews have shown that Jews and Palestinians are closer to each other than the Jews are to their host countries. At the haplogroup level, defined by the binary polymorphisms only, the Y chromosome distribution in Arabs and Jews was similar but not identical.
According to a 2010 study by Behar et al. titled "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people", Palestinians tested clustered genetically close to Bedouins, Jordanians and Saudi Arabians which was described as "consistent with a common origin in the Arabian Peninsula". In the same year a study by Atzmon and Harry Ostrer concluded that the Palestinians were, together with Bedouins, Druze and southern European groups, the closest genetic neighbors to most Jewish populations.
The Abraham Accords should be very excited to hear this.It means genetically, we are related to the Bedouins, Jordanians and Saudi Arabians,
and Druze.
Resource:
Book: The Innocents Abroad, Mark Twain
Book: From Time Immemorial by Joan Peters
Tanakh, Stone Edition
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
https://rabbidunner.com/mark-twain-visits-the-holy-land/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Peters
https://www.jpost.com/opinion/joan-peters-a-eulogy-to-an-inspiration-387168
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184
No comments:
Post a Comment