EBLA KINGDOM Next Door Neighbor To Israel And It's Affect

 Nadene Goldfoot                                        

In 1964, Italian archaeologists began to excavate a mound in northwestern Syria known as Tell Mardikh. From 1975, work concentrated on an area they called “G.” Here was discovered a palace dating to the second half of the third millennium B.C. like the year 2948 BCE, since Abraham was from the 2nd millennium and born in 1948 BCE.  

These were 1,000 years older than Abraham!  Thousands of well-preserved cuneiform tablets were found in palace G demonstrating Ebla’s close links to southern Mesopotamia, where the script had developed. In one of the palace rooms, over 14,000 tablets were excavated. The larger tablets had originally been stored on shelves but had fallen onto the floor when the palace was destroyed. The find spots of the tablets allowed the excavators to reconstruct their original position: they were stored by subject.  

The Ebla tablets of the 3rd millennium BCE found  record the cultural, economic, and political life of northern Syria. The majority of the tablets are inscribed in the local Semitic language, known today as Eblaite. Other artifacts provide evidence of Ebla's close relationship with the Mediterranean world and Egypt.  Abraham was born and lived in the 2nd millennium BCE, thought to be 1948 BCE.  

 Ebla, just north of Canaan existed 4,423 years ago.  Many ancient Hebraic names that have not been found in other Near Eastern languages have been reported to occur in similar forms in Eblaite (Adamu, H'à-wa, Jabal, Abarama, Bilhah, Ishma-el, Isûra-el, Esau, Mika-el, Saul, David). Jabal (a descendant of Cain) was the son of Lamech and Adah, and the brother of Jubal, half-brother of Tubal-cain and Naamah. He is described as the "ancestor of all who live in tents and raise livestock." That certainly describes the Israelites in Egypt living in Goshen---thus their line of ancestry.

                    Cover of Sephardic Jews' Bible יהוה in Hebrew; spelling using Yud Hey vuv Hey..in English as (YHWH),  Hawa could mean YHWH orYahweh.  Judaism considers some names of God so holy that, once written, they should not be erased: 

Also among Pettinato's claims, rituals like the release of a scape goat laden with impurities in purification rites connected with a wedding and enthronement were immediately recognized as ancient Near Eastern parallels to Hebrew practice in the first millennium, recorded in Leviticus 16. Other claims included the election of local kings, claimed to be uniquely reminiscent of practices in early Israel.                     

                                               

            What was Ebla is now Lebanon and Syria.  

Ebla was a hereditary monarchy, like Israel became, and contrary to many earlier claims, the present consensus is that "Ebla has no bearing on the Minor Prophets, the historical accuracy of the biblical Patriarchs, Yahweh worship, or Sodom and Gomorrha".  

No?  But it had cultural heredity of language and social patterns.                            

 It has been proved that Ebla was an important powerful kingdom, in the third and second millennia BC. Ebla has been considered something resembling a missing link, which now provides information on a kingdom that had important trading contacts with the Akkadians and Sumerians in Iraq, and north into Anatolia. 

Ebla the ancient city found at Tell Mardikh is one of the most important archaeological discoveries in Syria. In 1964 an Italian excavation team began to dig here and discovered this bronze age city. Ebla has been mentioned as one of the cities conquered in 2250 BC by the Akkadians from Mesopotamia under Naram Sin.

Not much is known about the people of this kingdom, although it is thought that the founders are of Amorite descent. Their language is known as Eblaic, and it was recorded on clay tablets in the Akkadian cuneiform. Ebla flourished greatly between 2400 and 2250 BC, as a trading city with a sophisticated economic and social system. It was destroyed by the Akkadians under Naram Sin in 2250 BC, and in 2000 BC was annexed into the Aleppo kingdom of Yamkhad. In 1600 BC it was conquered and heavily damaged by the Hittites. In 1450 BC it is recorded at Karnak by the Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III as a city that the Egyptians went through on their way to the Euphrates. 

The supposed Eblaite connections with the Bible are now widely dismissed as unsubstantiated. The studies on Ebla focus on the civilization of the city. The controversy cooled after much scholarly conflict as well as what some described as interference by the Syrian authorities on political grounds.  Note:  it wasn't the rabbis who ended the discourse.  This was getting interesting.  Why?

Three tablets containing almost the same text have been found. According to Pettinato, they describe an Eblaite creation hymn, and they have been translated by him as :

Lord of heaven and earth:

the earth was not, you created it,

the light of day was not, you created it,

the morning light you had not [yet] made exist.

These lines seem to have points in common both with known Sumerian creation stories and with the biblical account. 

Language from neighbors seeps into each other's language, which we call "cognates"  such as Spanish words into English- Problema – problem; Hospital – hospital Personal – personal

, TV, eema for ma (mom)  with Israel and other countries; and from language we receive ideas and customs.  Amen, Messiah/Moshiakh

Arabic and Hebrew are Semitic languages. They have a lot of common vocabulary. Here are 3 usable nouns:

Father אב أب;  (ab, av);  Motherאם أُمّ;  (um, em);  Brother אח أخ;  (aẖ)

Definition:  A millennium consists of one-thousand years. The word itself derives from the Latin word mille, meaning one-thousand. The adjective used to describe a millennium is ''millennial.'' Historians often refer to the first millennium AD as the period between 1 and 1000 AD, and the second millennium AD as the period from 1001 to 2001 AD.

Resource:

http://www.middleeast.com/ebla#:~:text=Ebla%20the%20ancient%20city%20found,from%20Mesopotamia%20under%20Naram%20Sin.

https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ebla/hd_ebla.htm#:~:text=The%20Ebla%20tablets%20record%20the,the%20Mediterranean%20world%20and%20Egypt.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#:~:text=Judaism%20considers%20some%20names%20of,%D7%90%D6%B5%D7%9C%20%D7%A9%D6%B7%D7%81%D7%93%D6%B7%D6%BC%D7%99%20(El%20Shaddai%20transl.

https://blog.busuu.com/spanish-words-in-english/#:~:text=Cognates%20are%20words%20that%20come,guess%20the%20meanings%20of%20words.

https://www.quora.com/Are-there-similar-nouns-between-Arabic-and-Hebrew-cognates-1

https://www.mezzoguild.com/learn/hebrew/vocabulary/cognates/

Being a Semite: Who's a Semite Today? What This Means

 Nadene Goldfoot                                         

               Israeli ladies whose native language is Hebrew so they are Semites and probably can speak several other languages as well; English among them.  They could have learned Arabic or French, for starters.                                        

    An IDF soldier can even be a religious Jew, and is definitely a Semite.                                     

    Arab Israelis, also Semites,  are joining the IDF-Sgt. Salah Halil (center) with other Arab members of his unit.  David Copeland / NBC News

Israelis are Semites because they speak Hebrew.  Beautiful Israeli girls decide in 2023-no more "Miss Israel Pageant".  Linor Abargil, who was crowned in 1998 and has since become a lawyer and actress while also embracing Orthodox Judaism, which places an emphasis on modest appearance for women, said in an Instagram post last week that it was time to end the contest.  

“A woman is not a body or a face and no one in the world has the right to criticize us, or to assess our weight to see if it matches what is going on in the market!” she wrote. “People change, the world changes, it is permissible to say we were wrong and move on to a world where women will continue to run the world but only because of who they are, and not because of anything else.”

Jews are Semites.  Am I a Semite?  Semite, name given in the 19th century to a member of any people who speak one of the Semitic languages, a family of languages spoken primarily in parts of western Asia and Africa. The term therefore came to include Arabs, Akkadians, Canaanites, Hebrews, some Ethiopians (including the Amhara and the Tigrayans), and Aramaean tribes. 

        Abram had to go through Babylon.  Haran is up north above Paddan-Aram.  

I was brought up when I read that Abraham came from Ur of Chaldees.  Chaldees was a tribe of Semites, so it's possible that Terah and Abram were also  Chaldeans.    Chaldeans had  entered Ur, a city whose population was not of Semites; which means they spoke a Semitic language while these people of Ur didn't.  The Semites gained the upper hand eventually, became leaders.  By the time Abram was born and raised, things had gone to pot again and he and his father, Terah and wife Sarai left for Canaan.                       

     Caravan at Haran  

They got as far as Haran.  "Terah settled with his son Abraham (at that time called Abram), his grandson Lot, and Abram's wife Sarah (at that time known as Sarai) during their planned journey from Ur Kaśdim (Ur of the Chaldees) to the Land of Canaan".  Abram lived there until he was 75 years old before continuing on to Canaan, in response to the command of God. Although Abram's nephew Lot accompanied him to Canaan, Terah and his other descendants remained in Paddan-Aram.

The earliest written records concerning Harran suggest that the city itself was founded c. 2500–2000 BC as a merchant outpost by traders from the Sumerian city of Ur. Harran was from early on associated with the Mesopotamian moon-god Nanna (later known as Sin) and soon became regarded as a sacred city of the moon.  Do you catch your breath realizing that Abram lived here until he was 75 and yet came out feeling that there was but one g-d of the universe?  I suppose he got to live in peace with people who worshipped a pantheon of gods, Nanna being the king of them all. I still love the story of Terah being an idol maker-must have done this in Haran as well as in Ur;  and Abram accidently breaking one.  Terah asked what happened and Abram answered that the idol was in a fight with the one standing next to him.  Why not? 

 Although Mesopotamia, the western coast of the Mediterranean, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Horn of Africa have all been proposed as possible sites for the prehistoric origins of Semitic-speaking populations, there remains no archaeological or scientific evidence of a common Semitic people. 

Because Semitic-speaking peoples do not share any traits aside from language, use of the term “Semite” to refer to the broad range of Semitic-speaking peoples has fallen out of favour. For this reason, some critics even encourage the removal of the hyphen in the term anti-Semitism to help dispel any pseudoscientific notions of a "Semitic race." They advocate instead for the use of antisemitism to describe the hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious or racial group.  Israelis are again speaking Hebrew, and probably a few can also speak or read some Aramaic as well. Most all male Jews in the world that have been bar-mitzvahed can read Hebrew.  I can say that Jews are from Semitic ancestors.  Many are still Semites (Hebrew speakers).  

Jacob and his 4 wives, Leah and her young sister, Rachel and their 2 handmaids-Bilhah and Zilpah,  and the 12 children.  Here, Joseph is already in Egypt while Rachel is holding Benjamin.                                   

The Bible explains how we came from the Israelites held by the Egyptians for 500 years who were from the original family of Jacob.  DNA proves this to be correct in that the Y haplogroup of J1 is said to be the Cohen gene, descendants of Aaron, brother of Moses.  So Originally, we Israelites, who take our name of Jews from our most southern tribe of Jacob, Judah, are made up of just a few Y haplogroups (male lines of Jews).  So Semites may not have a differing physical make-up, we do share genes.  

In fact, by 2500 BCE Semitic-speaking peoples had already become widely dispersed throughout western Asia. In Phoenicia they became seafarers. In Mesopotamia they blended with the civilization of Sumer. The Hebrews settled with other Semitic-speaking peoples in Canaan or Palestine which the land became after 135 CE.

Resource:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Semite

https://www.timesofisrael.com/miss-israel-beauty-pageant-canceled-after-more-than-70-years/

Israel's Nation-State Law: It Was Time To Be Said

Nadene Goldfoot                                                      

Israel is 73 years old and finally got around to write down what was known and understood by all its people.  Evidently this is legally and politically something that must be said and understood so as not to risk the chance that it might be lost to the majority of people.  

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s far-right government backed the legislation in 2018,  and was overjoyed at the law’s passing.  This means it passed in the Knessett of 120 seats, with at least 61 votes.   Netanyahu lauded the law as “a defining moment in the history of the state” — a phrase that was splashed across the front pages of Israel Hayom, the country’s most-read newspaper, which is often described as Netanyahu’s Fox News for its favorable coverage of his government.

The nation-state law that was legislated last month did indeed set off a seismic shift. The law, which legally defines Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people, forces the Jewish public in Israel and around the world to confront the identity of the state and the basic premise behind the entire Zionist enterprise: The return of the Jewish people to Zion and our responsibility for one another.

1. Israel is the historic homeland of the Jewish people, who have the unique right of national self-determination. 

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uPHaioopKM-Barbara Streisand)

                                           

        
                                                      

2. The flag and the menorah are national symbols.  The national anthem is "Hatikva."  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_9N1ldPtQ8                                                      

3. Jerusalem is the united capital of Israel.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8bSfSLKweU Jerusalem of Gold

                                                 

4. Official language is Hebrew.  Arabic has special status.

             https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzIxfKndY5A  Alphabet song                                  

5. Israel will be open to Jewish aliyah.

                                                 

    Olim  so glad to be  in Israel that they kiss the ground

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLefr1CWEkI  Adon Olam

6. Israel will work in the Diaspora to preserve the affinity between Israel and Jewish people.                  

   Jewish Community Center, Portland, Oregon

7. Israel will ensure the safety of the Jewish people and work to preserve the cultural, historical and religious heritage of Jews in the Diaspora.

     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOBjDh-Kuyw-Ofra Haza                 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fu5Cgb6Yy4Y-Ofra Haza                                                               

  Ariel 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the Green Line and 34 kilometres (21 mi) west of the Jordan border. Ariel was first established in 1978 and its population was 20,540 in 2019, composed of veteran and young Israelis, English-speaking immigrants, and immigrants from the Former Soviet Union, with an additional influx of above 10,000 students. It is the fourth largest Jewish city  in the Judea-Samaria after Modi'in Illit, Beitar Illit, and Ma'ale Adumim.  They should not be called settlements.  Portland, Oregon is no longer a little settlement.  Like children, settlements grow into cities.   

           Yeshiva University

8. The state places national value on the development of Jewish settlement (ugh) and will act to encourage and promote its establishment and consolidation.                         

9. The Hebrew calendar is the official calendar of the state.  The Gregorian calendar will also have official status.

10. Independence Day is an official national holiday.  Holocaust Remembrance Day and Memorial Day are official remembrance days.

                            

11. The Sabbath and Israel holidays are days of rest.  Non-Jews have a right to days of rest on their holidays.  Actually, we go to synagogue, rest afterwards.  Here's Neveh Shalom in Portland.  All over the world, on the same hour and day, Jews will be reading the very same sections of the Torah and Haf-Torahs, whether they are in Israel or Portland.                                             

      Knesset behind the Menorah

12. Changes to the law can only be made with a Basic Law passed by a majority of Knesset members. That would be at least 61 out of 120.   

Resource:https://www.vox.com/world/2018/7/31/17623978/israel-jewish-nation-state-law-bill-explained-apartheid-netanyahu-democracy
https://onepathnetwork.com/jewish-nation-state-law/?gclid=CjwKCAjwk6-LBhBZEiwAOUUDpwH63thc7UCQHiAW8mW8RqYrObD_KGRLmJXJhPD2_X_cEIoDQMfPbBoCFoUQAvD_BwE
https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx
https://www.israelhayom.com/2018/08/10/the-lie-behind-the-nation-state-law-backlash/

Our Symbiosis With Arabs of Arabia

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                     

Saudi Arabia of today has not allowed any Jews to step onto their sand at all.  It's the main leader of all Arabs in religion of Islam being a land with 100% Muslims and is known as an Islamic state who are Sunnis.  The population consists of about 27,601,038 in 1992, now 34.2 million, and was the 14th in population size of Muslim majority countries. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by King Abdulaziz (known as Ibn Saud in the West).  However, at one time, Jews did live there.

                                                 

Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman chairs first season of the Saudi-Bahraini Coordination Council, virtually with Bahrain's Prime Minister and Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad al-Khalifa, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

(photo credit: BANDAR ALGALOUD / SAUDI ROYAL COURT / REUTERS)

Saudi-Israel peace is a shared objective of the US and Saudi Arabia, US State Department spokesman Ned Price said Monday.

Arabs speak a Semitic language.  It has borrowed many Jewish-Aramaic words, while even the style of the Koran from the mid- 7th century, betrays a Hebrew influence.  Arabic literature had already begun in the 5th and 6th century CE with pre-Islamic poets, and among them was one Jew, SAMUEL IBN ADIYA.   As-Samaw’al bin ‘Ādiyā’ was a Arabian poet and warrior, esteemed by the Arabs for his loyalty, which was commemorated by an Arabic idiom: "awfá min as-Samaw’al". He lived in the first half of the 6th century. His clan converted to Judaism when they were in Southern Arabia.

                        Saudi Arabia

That's because traditions suggest that a Jewish settlement, especially in the south, even in biblical times, existed in Arabia. The 1st information on Jews in any part of Arabia dates from the 1st century CE.  It is not clear whether Jewish communities were established at that time, maybe just a few tents.  At first, the number of Jews was small as shown in Yemen in the 1st century CE to be only 3,000, and they were scattered all over the country.  Later it rapidly increased through conversion of Arabs to Judaism.  This happened in the south where even some rulers, such as DHU NWAS, embraced Judaism.  In the 6th and early 7th centuries, there was a considerable Jewish population in HEJAZ, and particularly in MEDINA and its vicinity.                                               

According to local Jewish tradition, Judaism spread from Medina to the south.  Smaller Jewish communities also existed in BAHREIN, at Makna on the Gulf of Akaba, at Adhruh between Maan and Petra, and further north of Jarba.   

After the rise of Islam, these Jews and those of Yemen were allowed to survive on the payment of special taxes, but most of the Hejazi Jews were either expelled or annihilated.  From then on, the Jewish settlement in Arabia was almost wholly concentrated in the Yemen, HADRAMAUT, and ADEN.                               

Linguists Arik Sadan (in his Israeli Army days) and Sobhi Bahloul. Sadan is an authority on the Arabic language. Bahloul authored the Hebrew curriculum for Gaza's Palestinians.  

Credit:

Shaina Shealy

The former Jews of North Arabia in particular, though living in isolated communities, had become strongly assimilated to their Arab neighbors, not only in language and culture, but also in manners and customs, social organization and mentality.  (This is why Abraham had wanted to leave UR).   

The Arabic verses composed by their poets hardly differed in any respect from other Arabic poetry, and they expressed the contemporary notions, views, and feelings of the Arabic society.  

                                              

Only a couple  of thousand Jews are now left in the entire peninsula of Arabia being nearly all in Yemen,  with the overwhelming majority having emigrated to Israel.  

After the advent of ISLAM, the Arab left their homeland to conquer the greater part of the then civilized world.  

Arabs are mentioned both in biblical and Talmudic literature.  It is possible that some Arabs were already settled in Israel at the time of the 2nd Temple.  In Genesis 10, Eber was the forefather of Abraham as well as of Joktan, the ancestor of the southern Arabs and several Arab tribes are enumerated among the descendants of Abraham. The Arabs themselves trace their origin to Ishmael.   

Jews were expelled from north Arabia shortly after the rise of Islam of 632,  but continued to live in the south in large numbers until recent times.                                         

                              Arab and Jewish boys

This Jewish-Arab symbiosis was initiated at the earliest period of Arab history with the Jewish diaspora, and continued for many centuries in several countries and under various and changing conditions.                                                              

The position of the Jews was adversly affected by the anti-European tendency and rising nationalism of the past generation, with the reaction against Zionism being a pretext rather than the sole cause of the deterioration of the Jewish status.  The Jewish emigration, partly resulted from this, since the creation of the Jewish state in 1948 has virtually ended the Jewish settlement in most parts of the Arab world.  An Arab minority numbering some 700,000 lived in Israel in 1992, and about another million came under Israel administration as a result of the 6 Day War in 1967.  The current population of Israel is 8,825,276 based on projections of the latest United Nations data. The UN estimates the July 1, 2021 population at 8,789,774.  Out of that, 20% are Arabs. 

                                               

                          This says, Evreet (Hebrew) vs Arabic
 

Arabic was the literary language of a flourishing mixed Hellenistic-Persian culture which profoundly influenced Hebrew philosophy, poetry, and grammar.  From the 9th century, Jews in Muslim countries used Arabic, except when writing for their liturgy and religious poetry. 

                                                      

In 925, Saadyah Gaon translated the Bible into Arabic.  Jews usually wrote Arabic in Hebrew script with some diacritic dots and Arabic vowel signs, and took hardly any part in general Arabic literary activity.  The extensive Jewish-Arabic literature remained a thing apart.  Many works by eminent Jews who wrote in Arabic were translated into Hebrew, as were many writings by Muslim authors, especially those dealing with science and philosophy.  Most of these translations were made in about 1150-1350. Many Arabic words, as well as words coined in imitation of Arabic, originally used by the translators, are still used in Hebrew.

In the 11th-12th centuries, many Jews helped Christian scholars to translate Arabic works into Latin, thus contributing to the development of the European scientific renaissance.  Jews in Arabic-speaking countries developed local Jewish Arabic dialects.  Even after the ending of Jewish writings in literary Arabic in the 14th century, popular literature continued in these dialects.  

Some Jews, such as the Egyptian dramatist, ABU NADDARA, took an active part in the 19th century Arabic literary revival.  Arabic is the mother-tongue of about a quarter of Israel's Jews, and is recognized as an official language for the Arab minority. All signs in Israel are in Hebrew, Arabic and English.  

                                          

In the 1947-49 War of Independence, Saudi Arabia sent a contingent on May 14th along with the other regular armies from Syria, Lebanon and Egypt. to reinforce the locals. 

Petroleum was discovered on 3 March 1938 and followed up by several other finds in the Eastern Province.^[23] Saudi Arabia has since become the world's second largest oil producer (behind the US) and the world's largest oil exporter, controlling the world's second largest oil reserves and the sixth largest gas reserves. This gives them much power in the world. 

The history of the Jews in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to Biblical times. The Arabian Peninsula is defined as including the present-day countries of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (a federation of seven Sheikhdoms: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Quwain) and Yemen politically and parts of Iraq and Jordan geographically.

Jewish communities have lived mainly in present-day Iraq and Yemen, but most have migrated to Israel as a result of the Arab-Israeli conflict. 

                                                

                              Celebrating their one year anniversary

Currently, some Jewish communities develop in the Arabian peninsula as a result of expanding business and commerce as well as increased tolerance to Jews, such as in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates who are now part of the Abraham Accords. Morocco and Sudan have also joined.  

• The Abraham Accords are a joint statement between State of Israel, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States of America, reached on August 13, 2020. and  Bahrain on September 15, 2020. Morocco joined  and also Sudan.  
• The statement marked the first public normalization of relations between an Arab country and Israel since that of Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994.  It has been the thought that Saudi Arabia might be next to join.  It hasn't happened yet.  The one thing that Israel and Arabia have in common is their problem with Iran an nuclear power.  Israel, though the tiniest, is the strongest during war, and might take on Iran by themselves.  They have the IRON DOME, for protection against rockets, missles, etc.  The old saying, The enemy of my enemy is my friend  is bringing them together. The world changes daily.  Have you noticed?    

Saudi Arabia also has one of the world's youngest populations, with approximately 50 per cent of its population of 34.2 million being under 25 years old.

 Arabs are legally exempted from Israel’s mandatory military conscription and there continue to be serious doubts as to whether an Arab could be expected to fight against other Arabs in Israel’s wars. Yet the government is allowing and even encouraging hundreds of Arabs, both Christians and Muslims, to join the Israeli army. Hundreds of Arab high school graduates are signing up for the IDF, representing a shift in government policy and a growing trend amongst Israel’s nearly 2 million Arab citizens.  

Resource:

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia

https://www.israeltoday.co.il/read/israels-arab-soldiers-who-fight-for-the-jewish-nation/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaw%27al_ibn_%27Adiya

https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/peace-with-israel-a-shared-goal-of-saudi-arabia-and-us-state-dept-says-660634

https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-11-25/tale-two-linguists-and-conflict-separates-them

https://www.jewishvoice.org/read/article/jews-and-arabs-bound-common-history-and-destiny

https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-israel-and-morocco-have-embraced-abraham-accords-193763

https://time.com/5890151/saudi-arabia-israel-abraham-accords/