World-Wide Human Sacrifice Part II

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                                                                              

  Marcus Aurelius (head covered)                                                       sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter

 

While the ancient Israelites, Romans and Egyptians engaged in human sacrifice for religious purposes, 20th-century archaeologists had thought that the practice was not common among the Greeks.

The ancient Romans outlawed human sacrifice in 97 BCE after increasing discomfort with the practice, but ritual killing still occurred because it was justified in a way that preserved Roman superiority. The ancient Romans interpreted the favor of the gods as justification to perform ritual killings.

Jesus was crucified, a typical punishment Romans used in 29 CE, only 31 years later after human sacrifice was outlawed.  Thousands of Jews had been crucified, including those at the time Jesus had been. 

Christianity developed the belief that the story of Isaac's binding was a foreshadowing of the sacrifice of Christ, whose death and resurrection enabled the salvation and atonement for man from its sins, including original sin. (So let this Jewish lady understand this.  Christians of this element believe/believed that "Christ" was sacrificed to bring about man's salvation and atonement for their sins-including their belief in an original sin....So he was a human sacrifice.)  

 There is also a Christian tradition that the site of Isaac's binding, Moriah, later became Jerusalem, the city of Jesus's future crucifixion. The beliefs of most Christian denominations hinge upon the substitutionary atonement of the sacrifice of God the Son, which was necessary for salvation in the afterlife. (Therefore, Christians believe that they would not have any afterlife unless Jesus had been sacrificed and that he has a half-god being "of G-d, but the son of G-d.)  This is not unusual, since they already had a few half-gods [demi-gods] in their belief system already. such as Achilles.  

• Achilles: son of the sea nymph Thetis (daughter of sea god Nereus), and Peleus, king of the Myrmidons. 

• Heracles: son of Zeus (king of the gods) and Alcmene, a mortal woman.--both of Greek belief
• Hercules: son of Jupiter and Alcmene, the Roman equivalent of the Greek Heracles.--Roman belief
• more from Greeks, less from Romans of demi-gods.  

Human sacrifice was practiced in many human societies beginning in prehistoric times. By the Iron Age (1st millennium BCE), with the associated developments in religion (the Axial Age), human sacrifice was becoming less common throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia, and came to be looked down upon as barbaric during classical antiquity. In the Americas, however, human sacrifice continued to be practiced, by some, to varying degrees until the European colonization of the Americas. Today, human sacrifice has become extremely rare.

Modern secular laws treat human sacrifices as tantamount to murder. Most major religions in the modern day condemn the practice. For example, the Hebrew Bible, oldest of the modern religions,  prohibits murder and human sacrifice to Moloch as its written in Torah.  Vestigas of the belief still remain. 

 It was transferred to sacrificing animals literally, then sacrificing doing things one enjoyed for the sake of making a sacrifice such as  by the mock-sacrifice of effigies, such as the Argei in ancient Rome.  According to Pliny the Elder, human sacrifice in ancient Rome was abolished by a senatorial decree in 97 BCE, although by this time the practice had already become so rare that the decree was mostly a symbolic act.

However,  The rituals of the Argei were archaic religious observances in ancient Rome that took place on March 16 and March 17, and again on May 14 or May 15. By the time of Augustus, the meaning of these rituals had become obscure even to those who practiced them. For the May rites, a procession of pontiffs, Vestals, and praetors made its way around a circuit of 27 stations (sacella or sacraria), where at each they retrieved a figure fashioned into human form from rush, reed, and straw, resembling men tied hand and foot. After all the stations were visited, the procession, accompanied by the Flaminica Dialis in mourning guise, moved to the Pons Sublicius, the oldest known bridge in Rome, where the gathered figures were tossed into the Tiber River.

Human sacrifice is also said to be the act of killing one or more humans as part of a ritual, which is usually intended to please or appease gods, a human ruler, public or jurisdictional demands for justice by capital punishment, an authoritative/priestly figure or spirits of dead ancestors or as a retainer sacrifice, wherein a monarch's servants are killed in order for them to continue to serve their master in the next life. Closely related practices found in some tribal societies are cannibalism and headhunting.

Considering that human sacrifice was practiced all over the earth in order to appease the gods, I'm happy to have been born in the 20th century, even with all our scary ways of dying.  Nothing could be worse than that of a possible  chance to be a sacrificial object for people.  

I-24 announced that the terrorist who hit in Tel Aviv on the 5th of August had said he sacrificed himself in this act of shooting civilians.  He hit one.  

Update: 8/7/23:  One comment I want to make clear that may not be understood.  Jews have not practiced human sacrifice since Abraham was stopped in the act of doing this to Isaac, his son.  It is a major law that is not to be broken. They did not sacrifice Jesus.  

Judaism's High priest was not listened to nor any other Jewish representative by any Roman official; in that they were all under the gun like all the other Jews, in danger for whatever they said to Romans that might cause them anger, and thus punished on the cross.  

 Romans destroyed the Temple and Jerusalem in 70, and nothing stopped them.  The last thing the Jewish leaders would want to be responsible for would be allowing another Jew to hang on the Roman crosses!  Jesus, by his statements according to the New Testament was threatening to the Roman Emperor's position in being king of the Jews-which was incorrect, anyway.  The emperor had already decided his fate without any prompting.  

Christianity has spoken of Jesus as a sacrifice.  He's not a Jewish sacrifice in any respect.  To us, any person taken and placed on the cross was a victim of murder.  We as a people do not sacrifice any human or anyone thinking they are demi-gods, or whatever they may think they are.   

Resource:

Genesis: ( 22:1-19) 

https://www.history.com/news/aztec-human-sacrifice-religionhttps://www.livescience.com/59514-cultures-that-practiced-human-sacrifice.html

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/10/skeletal-remains-confirm-ancient-greeks-engaged-in-human-sacrifice#:~:text=Bremmer%20said%20that%20until%20now,not%20common%20among%20the%20Greeks.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argei

http://www.mythichawaii.com/kahuna-Liholiho.htm

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Celts_and_human_sacrifice#Greco-Roman_antiquity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloch

 

Middle East Empires Jews Have Contended With

 Nadene Goldfoot                                     

As Israel's second king, David built a small empire. He conquered Jerusalem, which he made Israel's political and religious centre. He defeated the Philistines so thoroughly that they never seriously threatened the Israelites' security again, and he annexed the coastal region. David ruled from 1010 BCE to 970 BCE. 

 Israel is not trying to create their old empire, only wanting to live in their ancient land that is today's Judea and Samaria that has been divided into areas A,B, and C with C under Israeli control and B for both Arab and Israeli control.                              

The Assyrian Empire of Semites was an aggressive kingdom in the 20th century BCE.  It expanded rapidly in the 13th and 10th centuries BCE.  Lots of fighting during its existence occurred.  In 853 BCE, Shalmaneser  III attacked Ben -Hadad of Damascus and King Ahab-(876-853 BCE) 7th king after Solomon's death,  of Israel helped Damascus in the battle at Karkar.  Israel lost its territory in Transjordan and Galilee in 735 BCE to Tiglath-Pileser.  By 726 BCE, King Hosea (730-721 BCE) of Israel fought against Shalmaneser  V's siege of Samaria (northern part of Israel where 10 of the 12 tribes lived) and its capture in 721 BCE, led by Sargon.  Sargon  annexed the country and deported 27,290 Israelites to Assyria and Media, and replaced these with Syrian and Babylonian prisoners.                                 

The Babylonian Empire was ruled by Nebuchadnezzar II from 604-656 BCE.  He had inherited the Assyrian Empire, then conquered Judah in 597 BCE and again 11 years later  in 586 BCE, exiling many Jews to Babylon.  Babylonian Jews could keep in contact with Judean Jews.  They supplied leaders such as Hillel.  Babylonian Jews were activists, in later during the Roman Occupation of Jerusalem and fought against the Roman emperor Trajan in a revolt, only ending in 116 by Commander Lucius Quietus.  Babylon remained an active Jewish center.  

                                               

The Persian Empire, made up of 127 provinces,  wants to live again in the hands of the Ayatollahs of Iran. The capital was Susa (Shushan). Cyrus of Persia had taken over the Babylonian Empire in 538 BCE. It existed from the 4th century BCE onward.   Jews, both in Mesopotamia and Judah,  found themselves under Persian rule for the next 200 years.  Cyrus encouraged the Jews to leave and return to Jerusalem to rebuild their Temple  while Jerusalem was still a Persian province.  Being this huge land mass of Persia was unified politically, people could move from one area to the other easily.  

The area was then controlled by Parthia from 250 BCE onward, becoming a state by 225 CE.  under the Sassanid Dynasty, ruling over the ancient centers of intensive Jewish communities in Mesopotamia.                       

It appears that this ancient empire is being revitalized by the Ayatollas who have taken control of it today.  They are threatening the existence of Israel.   Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei (Persian: سید علی حسینی خامنه‌ای, born 19 April 1939) is a Twelver Shia marja' and the second and current supreme leader of Iran, in office since 1989.    He is the supreme ruler.   Khamenei officially succeeded Ruhollah Khomeini after Khomeini's death, being elected as the new Supreme Leader by the Assembly of Experts on 4 June 1989, for the past 33 years.                    

The Ottoman Empire, founded by Turks in 1299,  was also home to many Jews.  The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I.  The Ottoman Empire was one of the mightiest and longest-lasting dynasties in world history. This Islamic-run superpower ruled large areas of the Middle East, Eastern Europe and North Africa for more than 600 years.  They made the mistake of siding with the Germans in our first World War, and they lost, which meant that they lost their land, keeping only Turkey itself.  The Ottomans ruled Palestine from 1517 to 1917.  They had also taken Egypt, Yemen and Iraq in that same year.  

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is the 12th and current president of Turkey, who has held the office since 28 August 2014. Since 9 July 2018, Erdoğan has served as the first president under the new executive system of government. The president is directly elected by eligible Turkish voters for a five-year term, renewable once.  He seems to have the goal of reviving the Ottoman Empire, and has been a rather erratic president.  Right now he's being more friendly, possibly because of the Abrahamic Accords of friendliness towards Israel.  He's been a hot and cold member of NATO,, too.  He's been running into the Persian Empire desire to also renew their ancient position in the world, and is in the middle of Eastern and Western controls.                                   

 The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, ruled by emperors   Jews lived in Rome from 139 BCE. 

From the accession of Caesar Augustus as the first Roman emperor to the military anarchy of the 3rd century, it was a principate with Italy as the metropole of its provinces and the city of Rome as its sole capital.  

Rome remained the nominal capital of both parts until  476 CE when the imperial insignia were sent to Constantinople following the capture of the Western capital of Ravenna by the Germanic barbarians under Odoacer and the subsequent deposition of Romulus Augustulus. 

The adoption of Christianity as the state church of the Roman Empire in 380 CE and the fall of the Western Roman Empire to Germanic kings conventionally marks the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. 

Because of these events, along with the gradual Hellenization of the Eastern Roman Empire, historians distinguish the medieval Roman Empire that remained in the Eastern provinces as the Byzantine Empire.

Look for the deep red boot of Italy to get a grip on this map and see that the white area is the Mediterranean Sea.  

The Byzantine Empire founded on May 11, 330 CE was the medieval Roman Empire of the Eastern provinces. It's rule commenced in the 4th century CE.   It's capital was Constantinople  that ruled over a varying geographical area that up to the year 637, including  Palestine.  

It really was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century CE and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire simply as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times.  Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity. 

Resource:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/David

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei#:~:text=Sayyid%20Ali%20Hosseini%20Khamenei%20(Persian,Iran%2C%20in%20office%20since%201989.

https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/ottoman-empire#:~:text=The%20Ottoman%20Empire%20was%20one,for%20more%20than%20600%20years.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkey#:~:text=Recep%20Tayyip%20Erdo%C4%9Fan%20is%20the,%2Dyear%20term%2C%20renewable%20once.

Our Jewish, Roman and Muslim Rulers From Saul to Ottoman Empire

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                   

                The taking of Jerusalem by Herod the Great by Jean Fouquet
    Kings of Israel                                    

                     KINGS OF ISRAEL and JUDAH

Ethnarch: ruler of a people, implicitly denying independent status, in classical times.

Procurator: Governor of Judea under the Roman emperors; from 6-66CE,  there were 14 altogether, 7 between 6 and 41CE and the others between 44 and 66.  They enjoyed the "right of the sword", full powers to inflict punishment, including the death penalty, but Roman citizens were spared.  

 Patriarchate , Nasi-president of the Sanhedrin, was the governing legalistic body of Judean and Galilean Jewry after the destruction of the Second Temple until about 429 CE. Being a member of the house of Hillel and thus a descendant of King David, the Patriarch, known in Hebrew as the Nasi (prince), had almost royal authority.

Tetrarch literally, ruler of a 4th part; ruling a sub-division of a country

Calif: the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth

1. Saul-11th Century BCE, son of Kish of the Tribe of Benjamin, selected by Prophet Samuel because Saul had organized and trained an army and kept winning.

2. David- 1000-960 BCE. son of Jesse of the tribe of Judah, declared himself king of Judah.

3. Solomon-son of David, 961-920 BCE:  Death causes Civil War-2 states, Israel (Samaria & Judah.

Kings of Israel  BCE                                  Kings of Judah BCE

4. Jeroboam (933-912)                 4. Rehoboam (933-917) son of Solomon

5. Nadab (912-911)                      5. Abijam (917-915)

6. Baasha (911-888)                    6. Asa (915-875)

7. Elah (888-887)                        7. Jehoshaphal (875-851)

8. Zimri (887)                             

9. Omri (887-876)                   

10.Ahab (876-853)                   

11. Ahaziah/Uzziah (853             8. Jehoram (851-844)

12. Jehoram-853-843)                 9,    Ahaziah (844-843)

13. Jehu (843-816                      10.  Athaliah (843-837)

14. Jehoahaz (816-800)              11. Joash (837-798)

15. Jehoash (800-785)               12.  Amaziah (798-780)

16. Jeroboam (785-745)            13. Azariah/Uzziah)780-740)

17. Zechariah (744)                  

18. Shallum (743)                     

19. Menahem (743-736)             14. Jotham (740-735)

20. Pekahiah (736-735)              15.  Ahaz (735-720)

21. Pekah  (735-730)                 

22. Hoshea (730-721)                16. Hezekiah (720-692)

                                                   17.   Manasseh (692-638)          

Assyrian Attack,                      18. Amon (638-637) 

                                                  19.Josiah (637-608)

                                                  20. Jehoahaz (608)           

                                                  21.  Jehoiakim (608-598) 

                                                  22. Jehoiachin (598-597)

                                                 23.  Mattaniah/ Zedekiah (597-586)

Babylonians attack and take prisoners  of Judah in 597 and 586  BCE.Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem and the deportation of most of the Jews to Babylon.

Scholars refer to the state as the Hasmonean Kingdom to distinguish it from the previous kingdoms of Israel. The name "Judaea" has also been used to describe the Hasmonean Kingdom although this name reflects the later designation of the region under the Romans at the time of Josephus' writings in the late 1st century.

Maccabees (rebel leaders)

1. Mattathias, 170–167 BCE
2. Judas Maccabeus, 167–160 BCE
3. Jonathan Apphus, 160–143 BCE (High Priest after 152 BCE)

Monarchs (Ethnarchs and Kings) and High Priests

1. Simon Thassi, 142–135 BCE (Ethnarch and High Priest)
2. John Hyrcanus I, 134–104 BCE (Ethnarch and High Priest)
3. Aristobulus I, 104–103 BCE (King and High Priest)
4. Alexander Jannaeus, 103–76 BCE (King and High Priest)
5. Salome Alexandra, 76–67 BCE (only Queen)
6. Hyrcanus II, 67–66 BCE (King from 67 BCE; High Priest from 76 BCE)
7. Aristobulus II, 66–63 BCE (King and High Priest)
8. Hyrcanus II (restored), 63–40 BCE (High Priest from 63 BCE; Ethnarch from 47 BCE)
9. Antigonus, 40–37 BCE (King and High Priest)
10. Aristobulus III, 36 BCE (only High Priest)

• 11. Antipater the Idumaean (Procurator of Judaea) 47–44 BCE
• 12.. Herod I the Great
• • Governor of Galilee 47–44 BCE
  • Tetrarch of Galilee 44–40 BCE
  • Elected king of all Judaea by the Roman Senate 40 BCE, reigned 
  • Herod I the Great, 37 BCE-4BCE,  king, son of Antipater the Idumean
  • 12.  Herod Archelaus: Ruler of Judea from 4 BCE to 6  CE, son of Herod, Ethnarch by emperor Augustus.
  • 
    
• 13. Phasael (Governor of Jerusalem) 47–40 BCE
• 14. Herod Antipas (Tetrarch of Galilee) 4 BCE – 39 CE
• 15.Philip the Tetrarch (Tetrarch of Batanaea) 4 BCE – 34 CE, son of Herod
• 16.Salome I (Tetrach of Jabneh) 4 BCE – 10 CE, wife of Philip
• 
  
• 17. Herod Agrippa,King of all Judaea 41–44 CE, previously Judaea (Roman province), gifted to him by Claudius, and reinstated as a province after his death. He was the last ruler with the royal title reigning over Judea and the father of Herod Agrippa II, the last king from the Herodian dynasty.
• 18.  Herod Agrippa II, King, [b. AD 27/28?-d. 93?] became the 8th and final ruler from the Herodian family, but without any control of Judea. He supported Roman Rule and died childless
• 
  
• Great Sanhedrin 80–429 CE
• 
  

  The Patriarchate was the governing legalistic body of Judean and Galilean Jewry after the destruction of the Second Temple until about 429 CE. Being a member of the house of Hillel and thus a descendant of King David, the Patriarch, known in Hebrew as the Nasi (prince), had almost royal authority.

  • Gamaliel II of Jamnia (80–115)
  • Eleazar ben Azariah (115–120)

  Interregnum (Bar Kokhba revolt) (132–135) held Jerusalem

  • Judah bar Ilai c. 140 moved the Sanhedrin to Usha
  • Shimon ben Gamliel II
  • Judah haNasi (170–220) – ruled from Bet Shearim, then Sepphoris
  • Gamaliel III (220–230)
  • Judah II (230–270) – ruled from Sepphoris, then Tiberias. This was the Sanhedrin's last move.
  • Gamaliel IV (270–290)
  • Judah III (290–320)
  • Hillel II (320–365) – 320 is given as the traditional date for the codification of the Jerusalem Talmud
  • Gamaliel V (365–385)
  • Judah IV (385–400) – in 395, the Roman Empire split into east and west and Palestine passed under the eastern Byzantine Empire.
  • Gamaliel VI (400–425) – on 17 October 415, an edict issued by the Emperors Honorius and Theodosius II deposed Gamaliel VI as nasi. Theodosius did not allow the appointment of a successor and in 429 terminated the Jewish patriarchate.

• 
  
• 451: The Council of Chalcedon confirms Jerusalem's status as a Patriarchate as one of the Pentarchy.
•  Juvenal of Jerusalem becomes the first Patriarch of Jerusalem.
• 540–550: Emperor Justinian I undertakes a number of building works, including the once magnificent Nea Ekklesia of the Theotokos ("the Nea") and the extension of the Cardo thoroughfare.
• 610: Jewish revolt against Heraclius begins in Antioch and spreads to other cities including Jerusalem.
• 614: Siege of Jerusalem (614) – Jerusalem falls to Khosrau II's Sassanid Empire led by General Shahrbaraz, during the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628.
• Jewish leader Nehemiah ben Hushiel allied with Shahrbaraz in the battle, as part of the Jewish revolt against Heraclius, and was made governor of the city. 
• 617: Jewish governor Nehemiah ben Hushiel is killed by a mob of Christian citizens, three years after he is appointed. The Sassanids quell the uprising and appoint a Christian governor to replace him.
• 629: Byzantine emperor Heraclius retakes Jerusalem, after the decisive defeat of the Sassanid Empire at the Battle of Nineveh (627). Heraclius personally returns the True Cross to the city.

Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates

The expansion of the caliphate under the Umayyads.

  Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632

  Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661

  Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750

An anachronistic map of the various de facto independent emirates after the Abbasids lost their military dominance (c. 950)

•  (637) Arabian Caliph Umar the Great conquers Jerusalem and at the request of Jerusalem's Christian Patriarch, ttle of Yarmouk a few months earlier. 
• Patriarch Sophronius and Umar are reported to have agreed the Covenant of Umar I,  Jerusalem becomes part of the Jund Filastin province of the Arab Caliphate.
• 661: Muawiyah I is ordained as Caliph of the Islamic world in Jerusalem following the assassination of Ali in Kufa, ending the First Fitna and marking the beginning of the Umayyad Empire.
• 705: The Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I builds the Masjid al-Aqsa.
• 744–750: Riots in Jerusalem and other major Syrian cities during the reign of Marwan II, quelled in 745–46. The Umayyad army is subsequently defeated in 750 at the Battle of the Zab by the Abbasids, who take control of the entire empire including Jerusalem. 
• 799: Charlemagne sent another mission to Patriarch George of Jerusalem.
• 878: Ahmad ibn Tulun, ruler of Egypt and founder of the Tulunid dynasty, conquers Jerusalem and most of Syria, 
• 881: Patriarch Elias III of Jerusalem 
• 904: The Abbasids regain control of Jerusalem after invading Syria, 
• 939/944: Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, governor of Abbasid Egypt and Palestine, is given the title al-Ikhshid by Abbasid Caliph Ar-Radi, and in 944 is named hereditary governor of his lands.
• 
  
• Fatimid and Seljuk rule

The Fatimid Caliphate at its greatest extent

• 969: The Ismaili Shia Fatimids under General Jawhar al-Siqilli conquer the Ikhshidid domains of the Abbasid empire including Jerusalem, 
• 975: Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes's second Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, 
• 1009: Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim orders destruction of churches and synagogues in the empire, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
• 1021: Caliph Ali az-Zahir undertakes extensive renovations to the Dome of the Rock.
• 1023–1041: Anushtakin al-Dizbari is the governor of Palestine and Syria
• 1030: Caliph Ali az-Zahir authorizes the rebuilding of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and other Christian churches 
• 1073: Jerusalem is captured by under Turcoman Emir Atsiz ibn Uwaq, 
• 1077: Jerusalem revolts against the rule of Atsiz while he is fighting the Fatimid Empire in Egypt. On his return to Jerusalem, Atsiz retakes the city and massacres the local population. Not long after, Atsiz is executed by Tutush I, governor of Syria under his brother, Seljuk leader Malik-Shah I. Tutush I appoints Artuq bin Ekseb, later founder of the Artuqid dynasty, as governor.
• 1091–1095: Artuq bin Ekseb dies in 1091, and is succeeded as governor by his sons Ilghazi and Sokmen. Malik Shah dies in 1092, and the Seljuk Empire splits into smaller warring states.
•  Control of Jerusalem is disputed between Duqaq and Radwan after the death of their father Tutush I in 1095. 
• 1098: Fatimid regent Al-Afdal Shahanshah reconquers Jerusalem from Artuq bin Ekseb's sons Ilghazi and Sokmen.

First Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187)[edit]

Crusader states in 1180

The capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders on 15 July 1099
1. The Holy Sepulchre, 2. The Dome of the Rock, 3. Ramparts

A woodcut of Jerusalem in the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493

• 1099: Siege of Jerusalem (1099) – First Crusaders capture Jerusalem and slaughter most of the city's Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. 
• 1100: Dagobert of Pisa becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. 
•  Baldwin I was proclaimed the first King of Jerusalem after politically outmanoeuvering Dagobert.
• 
  
• 1112: Arnulf of Chocques becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem for the second time 
• 1131: Melisende became Queen of Jerusalem, later acting as regent for her son between 1153 and 1161 while he was on campaign. She was the eldest daughter of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, and the Armenian princess Morphia of Melitene. Crusader Kingdom[edit]

The Crusader defeat at the Battle of Hattin leads to the end of the First Crusader Kingdom (1099–1187). 

During the Second Crusader Kingdom (1192–1291), the Crusaders can only gain a foothold in Jerusalem on a limited scale, twice through treaties (access rights in 1192 after the Treaty of Jaffa; partial control 1229–39 after the Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul), and again for a last time between 1241 and 1244.^[57]

Jerusalem under the Ayyubid dynasty after the death of Saladin, 1193

The Bahri Mamluk Dynasty 1250–1382

• 1187: Siege of Jerusalem (1187) – Saladin captures Jerusalem from the Crusaders, after Battle of the Horns of Hattin. 
• 1229–1244: From 1229 to 1244, Jerusalem peacefully reverted to Christian control as a result of a 1229 Treaty agreed between the crusading Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and al-Kamil, the Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, that ended the Sixth Crusade.The Ayyubids retained control of the Muslim holy places, 
• 1239: An-Nasir Dawud, Ayyubid Emir of Kerak, briefly occupies the city and destroys its fortifications before withdrawing to Kerak.
• 1240–1244: An-Nasir Dawud competes with his cousin As-Salih Ayyub, who had allied with the Crusaders, for control of the region.
• 1246: The Ayyubids regain control of the city after the Khwarezmians are defeated by Al-Mansur Ibrahim at Lake Homs.
•  The Ayyubids relocate to Damascus, where they continue to control the rump of their empire including Jerusalem for a further ten years.
• 1260: The Army of the Mongol Empire reaches Palestine for the first time:
• Mamluk period

• 1318–1320: Regional governor Sanjar al-Jawli undertook renovations of the city, including building the Jawliyya Madrasa.
• 1328: Tankiz, the Governor of Damascus, undertook further renovations including of the al-Aqsa Mosque and building the Tankiziyya Madrasa.
• 1340: The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem builds a wall around the Armenian Quarter.

1517:  Palestine became part of the Ottoman Empire

Resource:

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-king-of-Judaea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zedekiah

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Judah

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Agrippa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel