What Caused General Titus To Enter Jeusalem?

Nadene Goldfoot                                       

 Queen Alexandra Salome of Judea ruled from 76-67 BCE.  She succeeded her husband, Alexander Yannai and revered his inimical policy toward the Pharisees, traditionally by his dying request.  Salome handed internal control to the Pharisees while retaining responsibility for the army and foreign policy.  Her appointment of her oldest son, Hyrcanus as high priest and heir was opposed by his younger brother, Aristobulus.  Talmudic sources, which speak of Salome  as sister of Rabbi Simeon Ben Shetah, regard her favorably, but Josephus is critical, of course.  

The death of Hasmonean queen Alexandra Salome plunged Judea into a civil war between her two sons, Hyrcanus and Aristobulus. After Aristobulus had ousted his elder brother from both the throne and the high priesthood in Jerusalem, Antipater the Idumean advised Hyrcanus to enlist the aid of King Aretas III of Nabataea. In return for the promise of territorial concessions, Aretas provided Hyrcanus with 50,000 soldiers, and their joint forces besieged Aristobulus in Jerusalem.

                                           

Pompey had followed the successful conclusion of the Third Mithridatic War with the creation of the Province of Syria and had spent the years of 64 and 63 BCE in bringing law and order to the region.  Events in Judea prompted Aemilius Scaurus, Pompey's legate in Damascus, to arrive in Jerusalem. When Aulus Gabinius led a force to take Jerusalem, however, Aristobulus's supporters refused to let the Roman troops in. Incensed, Pompey had Aristobulus arrested and prepared to besiege the city.

In 63 BCE the Roman general Pompey captured Jerusalem. The Romans ruled through a local client king and largely allowed free religious practice in Judaea. At times, the divide between monotheistic and polytheistic religious views caused clashes.    

During the 1st century CE, Judea was an insignificant Roman province situated at the edge of the Empire. Rome does not appear to have believed that this province had the potential to inflame the empire and put Roman rule in danger. The local power in Judea was entrusted to governors of the equestrian rank, the lower class of the Roman public service officials, who were not allowed to command Roman legions, a sure sign that the province did not count for much in Roman eyes. 

The fact is that the Roman authorities continued to allow multitudes of Jews to gather in Jerusalem for the three Holiday of Pilgrimage (Pesach, Shavuot and Sukkot), indicating that there was no fear of rebellion. Moreover, the Romans did not object to the Jewish Diaspora contributing the Half-Sheqel tax to the Temple in Jerusalem, and they allowed the Temple authorities to accumulate significant wealth, which was utilized for local purposes. In short, Judaea was treated as a small distant province of limited concern to the emperors.

                                                   

Titus was the son of Vespasian, Roman Emperor from 69 to 79 and took over command of the Roman army in Judea from his father.                                       

Nero had sent Vespasian in 67 to subdue the Judean rebellion and by 68 he had conquered Galilee, Transjordan, and the Judean coast before suspending operations on receiving the news of Nero's death.  In 69, he became emperor, and the campaign was concluded by his son, Titus.  Vespasian patronized Josephus and the Talmud speaks of his favorable treatment of Rabbi Johanan ben Zakkai.   

The Roman army, led by the future Emperor Titus, with Tiberius Julius Alexander as his second-in-command, besieged and conquered the city of Jerusalem, which had been controlled by Judean rebel factions since 66 CE, following the Jerusalem riots of 66, when the Judean provisional government was formed in Jerusalem.

The Great Jewish Revolt  began in the year 66 CE, during the twelfth year of the reign of Nero, originating in Roman and Jewish religious tensions. The crisis escalated due to anti-taxation protests and attacks upon Roman citizens by the Jews. The Roman governor, Gessius Florus, responded by plundering the Second Temple, claiming the money was for the Emperor, and the next day launching a raid on the city, arresting numerous senior Jewish figures.  This ticked the Jews off immensely.  This prompted a wider, large-scale rebellion and the Roman military garrison of Judaea was quickly overrun by the rebels, while the pro-Roman king Herod Agrippa II, together with Roman officials, fled Jerusalem.  Having better arms and soldiers, the Romans squelched the rioting.  

             Recreation by archaeologists on Arch of Titus.  

He created the Arch of Titus showing the Jews taken from Jerusalem bearing the golden artifacts from the Temple, taken as slaves.  

The account of Josephus described Titus as moderate in his approach and, after conferring with others, ordering that the 500-year-old Temple be spared. According to Josephus, it was the Jews who first used fire in the Northwest approach to the Temple to try and stop Roman advances. Only then did Roman soldiers set fire to an apartment adjacent to the Temple, starting a conflagration which the Jews subsequently made worse. Of course, Josephus is writing for a Roman audience, and his continuing life depends on pleasing them, so take this word with a grain of salt.  The Jews had more reason to keep the Temple from catching on fire than these Roman soldiers.  

Siege of Jerusalem, (70 CE), Roman military blockade of Jerusalem during the First Jewish Revolt. The fall of the city marked the effective conclusion of a four-year campaign against the Jewish insurgency in Judaea. The Romans destroyed much of the city, including the Second Temple. The majority of information on the siege comes from the copious notes of the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus. 

Now as soon as the army had no more people to slay or to plunder, because there remained none to be the objects of their fury (for they would not have spared any, had there remained any other work to be done), [Titus] Caesar gave orders that they should now demolish the entire city and Temple, but should leave as many of the towers standing as they were of the greatest eminence; that is, Phasaelus, and Hippicus, and Mariamne; and so much of the wall enclosed the city on the west side. 

Resource:

https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Jerusalem-70  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War

What Caused General Pompey to Enter Judea?

 Nadene Goldfoot                                      

General Pompey (106-48 BCE) was a Roman general.  He arrived in Syria in 65 BCE and became the arbiter in the dispute between Hyrcanus II, elder son of Alexander Yannai and Salome Alexandra who will die in 31 BCE and Aristobulus, younger brother of Hyrcanus II  for the throne of Judea.                             

Aristobulus became king and reigned from 67 to 63 BCE. Civil War started and in 63 the 2 brothers went to Damascus to talk with Pompey who ordered Aristobulus to surrender all the Judean strongholds, including Jerusalem.  Aristobulus was forced to agree, but not his supporters.      

When Pompey went to Syria, he was visited by ambassadors from Syria and Egypt, with Aristobulus sending him a very expensive golden vine. A little later, ambassadors from Hyrcanus and Aristobulus went to see him. The former claimed that first Aulus Gabinius and then Scaurus had taken bribes. Pompey decided to arbitrate the dispute later, at the beginning of spring, and marched to Damascus. 

There, he heard the cases of Hyrcanus, Aristobulus and those who did not want a monarchy and wanted to return to the tradition of being under the high priest. Hyrcanus claimed that he was the rightful king as the elder brother and that he had been usurped, accusing Aristobulus of making incursions in nearby countries and being responsible for piracy, thus causing a revolt. 

                                      

                       2 brothers  Fighting over the Throne

Aristobulus claimed that Hyrcanus' indolence had caused him to be deposed, and that he took power lest others seize it. Pompey reproached Aristobulus for his violence, and told the men to wait for him, for he would settle the matter after dealing with the Nabataeans. However, Aristobulus went to Judea. This angered Pompey, who marched on Judea and went to the fortress of Alexandreium, where Aristobulus fled to.

Pompey laid siege to the Temple hill, and after 3 months, captured the Temple in 63.  This marked the end of Judea's political independence.  Aristobulus was taken prisoner and sent to Rome.  Together with his son, Antigonus, Aristobulus escaped in 56 BCE and returned to Judea.  the Romans besieged him in the fortress of Makhvar (Machaaerus in Transjordan) and took him prisoner, sending him again to Rome.

Aristobulus went to talk to Pompey and returned to the fortress three times to pretend he was complying with him, intending to wear him down and prepare for war should he rule against him. When Pompey ordered him to surrender the fortress, Aristobulus did give it up, but withdrew to Jerusalem and prepared for war. While Pompey was marching on Jerusalem, he was informed about the death of Mithridates. 

                                                  

Pompey encamped at Jericho, where Aristobulus went to see him, promising to give him money, and received him into Jerusalem. Pompey forgave him and sent Aulus Gabinius with soldiers to receive the money and the city. However, the soldiers of Aristobulus did not let them in, which led Pompey to arrest Aristobulus and enter Jerusalem. The pro-Aristobulus faction went to the Temple and prepared for a siege, while the rest of the inhabitants opened the city gates. 

Pompey sent in an army led by Piso and placed garrisons in the city and at the palace, yet the enemy refused to negotiate. Pompey built a wall around the area of the Temple and encamped inside this wall. However, the temple was well fortified and there was a deep valley around it. The Romans built a ramp and brought siege engines and battering rams from Tyre.

Pompey took advantage of the enemy celebrating the Sabbath to deploy his battering rams, since Jewish law did not allow the Jews to meddle with the enemy if they were not attacking them on the day of the Sabbath. Therefore, the defenders of the Temple did not counter the deployment of the battering rams by the Romans, which, on the other days of the week, they had successfully prevented. 

The next day, the wall of the Temple was broken through and the soldiers went on a rampage. According to Josephus, 12,000 Jews fell. Josephus wrote "No small enormities were committed about the temple itself, which, in former ages, had been inaccessible, and seen by none; for Pompey went into it, and not a few of those that were with him also, and saw all that which it was unlawful for any other men to see but only for the high priests. There were in that temple the golden table, the holy candlestick, and the pouring vessels, and a great quantity of spices; and besides these there were among the treasures two thousand talents of sacred money: yet did Pompey touch nothing of all this, on account of his regard to religion; and in this point also he acted in a manner that was worthy of his virtue." 

                                               

Pompey left the shrine intact, although entering the Holy of Holies (inner sanctum) which was  huge no no.  The Temple, a shrine for the Ark, sacred vessels and offerings consisted essentially of a hall, shrine, and inner sanctum (holy of holies.)

The next day, he ordered the men in charge of the Temple to purify it, and to bring offerings to God, as Jewish law required. Pompey restored Hyrcanus, the rightful king and eldest son  to the high priesthood "both because he had been useful to him in other respects, and because he hindered the Jews in the country from giving Aristobulus any assistance in his war against him."

Pompey returned the Syrian cities the Jews had conquered to Syrian rule, thus bringing Judea back to its original territory. He rebuilt the city of Garara and restored seven inland cities and four coastal ones to its inhabitants. He also made Jerusalem a tributary of Rome and Judea a satellite of Syria. According to Josephus, Pompey then went to Cilicia, taking Aristobulus and his children with him, and, after this, he returned to Rome.

Aristobulus and his family were taken to Rome to grace Pompey's triumph.  Pompey effectively terminated Jewish independence enjoyed since Simon the Maccabee who died in 135 BCE.   

When Julius Caesar rose to power, Aristobulus was released in 49 BCE and promised 2 legions with which to attack Pompey's supporters in Syria.  He was poisoned before being able to embark.   

Judea was made tributary and stripped of the territories acquired by the Hasmoneans.                         

In April 70 ce, about the time of Passover, the Roman general Titus besieged Jerusalem. He was then emperor from 79 to 81 CE.  Since that action coincided with Passover, the Romans allowed pilgrims to enter the city but refused to let them leave—thus strategically depleting food and water supplies within Jerusalem.  This time, Titus saw to it that the Temple was burnt down, destroyed and so was the city of Jerusalem and most all the people were either killed or taken prisoner as slaves. Titus is called Titus, the Wicked.   

Judea had been attacked twice, once by Pompey 100 years ago and now by Titus.