Nadene Goldfoot
Here we have an Ethiopian Black Jew, a Druze-a religious sect from Islam with members in Syria, Lebanon and Israel. 53,000 lived in Israel in 1992. They cooperated with the IDF during and since 1948 and have representatives in the Knesset, also having their own religious court which administers Druze religious laws. a Christian who turns out to be the tallest of the crew, and the Muslim who doesn't have to serve in the IDF, nor does the Druze, for that matter, but they want to. Otherwise, it's compulsory for Jewish citizens, both men and women. 20% of Israel's population are not Jews.
So much of our origin of Arab population living in Israel and the PA area is reflected findings of Joan Peters with her famous book showing her research in From Time Immemorial (of 1984) , and in the up to date DNA findings of people like Hammer, that are complex and diverse. The Levant, where we live, is at the crossroads of 3 Continents; Africa, Asia, Europe. The Southern Levant attracted waves of immigrants and conquerors. All these movements of people took place in these periods, making the tracing of people's movements difficult, but now easier with DNA.
I'll start with the periods shown through what they see in DNA of Historical Periods
Natufian Period: 12,500-10,000 BCE, homo Sapiens formed core population mixed with incoming groups.
Israelite Period: major demographic events happening, judges, Saul as 1st king.
Jewish Kingdom Period (1200-586 BCE), Assyrian and Babylonian invasions followed by deportation of locals and settlement of foreign people,
The Roman Judean Wars:66-135 CE ended in destruction of the 2nd Temple, leading to end or exile of a large segment of the Jewish population.
5th century CE: most of Gentiles and some Jews became Christians by conversion.
Millennium 1 CE: (633-640 CE) immigration of Arab tribes with Moslem conquest from the Arabian Peninsula followed up with Islamization of the local population of Christians and Jews. Demographic changes causing invasions of Seljuks, Crusaders, Mongols, Mamelukes and Ottoman Turks. Recent gene-flow from many areas is reflected, like the B-globin mutations among Israeli Arabs.
Israeli Arabs (those who stayed when leaders told all to leave)and their descendants, and the Palestinian Arabs-those living in Gaza, share a similar linguistic and geographic background with Jews. The DNA is being checked out and compared with the Jews of the female lines of the Arabs (MtDNA). It reveals substantial genetic affinities between the 2 populations. This means: Instead, we see the interest in genetic affinity as an interest in a particular genealogical relation, where the child is the product of the mixing of the parents' genetic material. It also showed significant differences. Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews are more closely related to Arabs from Lebanon than to Czechoslovakians of Europe. (not a surprise). Moreover, a recent survey of 18 DNA parts (binary and microsatellite polymorphisms) showed that the male line of Middle Eastern gentile populations are almost indistinguishable from those of Jews. So we have a little part of our DNA that is the same as other Middle Easterners-Arabs, who else? It shows we belong to this area.
Dictionary definition:
1. binary: having 2 parts--bi means 2.
2. microsatellite: as related to genomics, refers to a short segment of DNA, usually one to six or more base pairs in length, that is repeated multiple times ..
3. polymorphisms: as related to genomics, refers to the presence of two or more variant forms of a specific DNA sequence that can occur among different individuals or populations. The most common type of polymorphism involves variation at a single nucleotide (also called a single-nucleotide polymorphism, or SNP).
4. genomics: is an interdisciplinary field of biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes as well as its hierarchical, three-dimensional structural configuration.
5. I&P Arabs: Palestinian Moslem Arabs
6. Thalassemia: Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal. Hemoglobin enables red blood cells to carry oxygen. Thalassemia can cause anemia, leaving you fatigued. If you have mild thalassemia, you might not need treatment.
- Family history of thalassemia. Thalassemia is passed from parents to children through mutated hemoglobin genes.
- Certain ancestry. Thalassemia occurs most often in African Americans and in people of Mediterranean and Southeast Asian descent. It's known as sickle cell disease, more often found in Black people of Africa.
- Sickle cell disease is a lifelong illness. A blood and bone marrow transplant is currently the only cure for sickle cell disease, but there are effective treatments that can reduce symptoms and prolong life. Your healthcare team will work with you on a treatment plan to reduce your symptoms and manage the condition. The NHLBI is leading and supporting research and clinical trials to find a cure for sickle cell disease.
- "You have probably heard about sickle cell disease when learning about genetics in your high school biology class, but have you heard of the ‘Jewish’ blood disorder, beta thalassemia? Both diseases affect hemoglobin production, result from mutations on the same gene, and can be passed down without any known family history." (Posted late).
- 7. YAP chromosome: YAP, an Alu insertion polymorphism found on humans. Y-chromosome is present in two lineages worldwide, corresponding to M145/M203/SRY4064 (haplogroup E) and M145/M203/M174 (haplogroup D) polymorphisms. respectively.
- 8. B Globin mutations: In methemoglobinemia, beta-globin type, mutations in the HBB gene alter the beta-globin protein and promote the heme iron to change from ferrous to ferric. This altered hemoglobin gives the blood a brown color and causes a bluish appearance of the skin, lips, and nails (cyanosis).
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A comparison of 143 Moslem Arabs from Israel and the Palestinian Authority Area (PA), (I&P Arabs) unrelated at the paternal great grandfather level were analyzed. No Druze or Bedouins in the study; from rural areas where families lived for a few generations. DNA came from thalassemia patients or relatives. Thalassemia is unlinked to the Y chromosome but spread throughout the country, not restricted to specific regions ,found to be similar to each other and to the thalassemia mutations in the general population.
They found a different proportion of YAP chromosomes in one of the regional Arab subpopulations, the Highlands people-of Judea Samaria, so collected 24 more DNA specimens from the Highlands population.
In a study of Israeli Jews from four different groups (Ashkenazi Jews, Kurdish Jews, North African Sephardi Jews, and Iraqi Jews) and Palestinian Muslim Arabs, more than 70% of the Jewish men and 82% of the Arab men whose DNA was studied had inherited their Y chromosomes from the same paternal ancestors, who lived in the region within the last few thousand years.
"Our recent study of high-resolution microsatellite haplotypes demonstrated that a substantial portion of Y chromosomes of Jews (70%) and of Palestinian Muslim Arabs (82%) belonged to the same chromosome pool." All Jewish groups were found to be genetically closer to each other than to Palestinians and Muslim Kurds.
Jews have been divided into 3 groups; Levites (J1 haplogroup) and Cohens, who are Levites but directly from Aaron, brother of Moses), and Israelites, rest of the population.
The Y chromosomes of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews were looked at in the Israelite group, who make up about 90% of the Jewish population.
During the diaspora (when we had to live in other places outside of Israel) Sephardic Jews lived in Arab countries in North Africa and the Middle East or in Spain and other Arab influenced countries in southern Europe.
Ashkenazi Jews lived mainly in northern and central Europe.
The Northern Welch people represented European Caucasian population who had no Jews, no known history of admixture with Jewish communities. As it was, Jews were expulsed from England from 1290 to 1655; 365 years of a country with no Jews. Using them in the study allowed the scientists to examine possible gene flow from Europeans to Ashkenazi Jews during the diaspora.
Resource:
Human Genetics (2000_ 107.630-641) DOI 10.1007/s00439000026, paper by Almut Nebel, Dvora Filon, Deborah A.Weiss, Michael Weale, Marina Faerman, Ariella Oppenheim, Mark G. Thomas on High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/High-resolution-Y-chromosome-haplotypes-of-Israeli-Nebel-Filon/dd8dde8b9a43fc5d101dac1b9f262a37f5ecce5e
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/hbb/#:~:text=In%20methemoglobinemia%2C%20beta%2Dglobin%20type,%2C%20and%20nails%20(cyanosis).
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24110628#:~:text=YAP%2C%20an%20Alu%20insertion%20polymorphism,respectively.
https://www.google.com/search?q=thalassemia&sxsrf=ALiCzsbKMqAgIKt74IOojsajyCVgv4LWWA%3A1662760736567&source=hp&ei=ILcbY4TUH7jf0PEPtrqTiAQ&iflsig=AJiK0e8AAAAAYxvFMPl34pOwyI7sOiWTcBzLjKLWBhOt&ved=0ahUKEwiE5K-42oj6AhW4LzQIHTbdBEEQ4d
https://www.nfcr.org/research-programs/research-focus-areas/genomics?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyOuYBhCGARIsAIdGQROLKa4XRgqH_Erqjv0lAX1I9kp7-A8ncHbDxTcCfMa_sDSJmX91_48aAqx2EALw_wcB
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Polymorphism#:~:text=Polymorphism%2C%20as%20related%20to%20genomics,nucleotide%20polymorphism%2C%20or%20SNP).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsatellite
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5714827/#:~:text=Instead%2C%20we%20see%20the%20interest,of%20the%20parents'%20genetic%20material.
https://www.jewishgenetics.org/articles/beta-thalassemia-sickle-cell-diseases-lesser-known-jewish-cousin/
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sickle-cell-disease
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