Nadene Goldfoot
586 BCE: 1st Temple built by Solomon in Jerusalem was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, and the best Jews were taken away; a time when "Greek coastlands" were seen and appear in Tanach. Jews were coming in contact with European culture.
336-323 BCE: Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia (today the region is considered to include parts of six Balkan countries: Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, and Kosovo. It covers approximately 67,000 square kilometres (25,869 sq mi) and has a population of 4.76 million.), conquered all the land where Israel stood. This brought Jews into the European orbit. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders. He was good to the Jews. Many have named their children after him. Hellenized Jewish teens would play sports naked, and they stood out being circumcised . Others did not practice circumcision.
200-160 BCE: Maccabean Period: (The Maccabean Revolt was a Jewish rebellion, lasting from 167 to 160 BCE, led by the Maccabees against the Seleucid Empire and the Hellenistic (Greek) influence on Jewish life.) Jews were in Greece because Greeks had taken Jerusalem. Trade, and being taken for slavery were reasons for being in Greece. At the height of the Seleucid power, the Empire included central Anatolia, Persia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and what is now Kuwait, Afghanistan, and parts of Pakistan and Turkmenistan.
139 BCE Jews were in Rome for trade, and then Romans occupied Judah and Jews were marched there as slaves. Later, Catholic rulers all over Europe would expel or maltreat the Jews, they were treated in the capital of Christendom with a modicum of humanity. Rome became the center of of Jewish culture and scholarship.
57 BCE: Eretz Yisrael was under Roman control, trade, war and captivity caused Jews to be scattered throughout the Roman Empire. Jews were in Spain and Gaul even before the destruction of the 2nd Temple of 70 CE. Gaul was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, and parts of Northern Italy, Netherlands, and Germany, particularly the west bank of the Rhine. It covered an area of 494,000 km².
8 BCE-29 CE: Jesus of Nazareth lived till about age 37 according to Christian Bible Gospels. Killed by the Romans as they heard he was king of the Jews. Founder of Christianity.
70 CE: Fall of Jerusalem to the Romans: Thousand of Jews died, those still alive taken as slaves, taken to Rome: Jews remaining who later established neighborhoods are oldest Jewish communities in Europe. This is the arch of Titus, forcing Jewish slaves to bear the weight of the trophies they took from the 2nd Temple before burning it down. The question is, where are they today?
115-117: Jews were expulsed from Cyprus,a Mediterranean island off of Turkey, which was once the biblical land of the Kittim. Jews lived here before the Christian era. During New Testament times there were still Jewish communities at Salonica and Paphos. Jews in 117 under Atemon took part in the universal Jewish Revolt against the Romans. A Jewish band under the leader,Artemion, took control of the island, killing tens of thousands of Cypriot Greek civilians. The Kitos War was one of the major Jewish–Roman wars, 66–136. The rebellions erupted in the year 115, when a majority of the Roman armies were fighting Trajan's Parthian War on the eastern border of the Roman Empire. The Cypriot Jews participated in the great uprising against the Romans under Trajan (117), and massacred, according to Dio, 240,000 Greeks. A Roman army was dispatched to the island, soon reconquering the capital. After the revolt had been fully defeated, laws were created forbidding any Jews to live on the island.
132-135 CE: Aluf (General) Bar Kokhba was a revolutionary leader of Davidic descent against Hadrian, got back Jerusalem with his army and fought the Roman soldiers till was killed. 35,000 Roman soldiers counter-attacked in 133. They took 50 fortresses and 985 villages, 580,000 Jewish casualties, others died of hunger and disease. This is when Judea became desolated, the population was annihilated, Jerusalem turned into a heathen city that was BARRED TO JEWS! Of course, there remained some Jews the Romans hadn't noticed. They knew the land and where to remain.
It is amazing that Bar Kokhba had been able to fight against the strongest army in the world and keep on fighting for 3 years. The Romans were so mad about it that changed the name of the land to Palaestina, named for the worst Jewish enemy they had ever had before the Romans.
300 CE: Jews were in the Rhineland of future Germany. Jews in Rome left traces of their lives in the catacombs with inscriptions that they had written. The Christianization of the Roman Empire took place at this time causing the Jewish position to deteriorate greatly. Large numbers of Jews were driven into baptism. Jews were at the foundation of Byzantium.
321 CE: Constantine, Roman emperor, issued regulations which shows there was a Jewish group living in Cologne and elsewhere in Rhineland. Jewish soldiers were in Roman garrisons.
570-632 CE: Mohammed , Prophet of Islam. One of his wives, Safia, was of Jewish origin, fighting with Jewish tribes in Arabia, converting some
600-637-640 CE: Attempts were made to enforce wholesale conversions in BYZANTIUM, an ancient Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and is now Istanbul. The Greek name Byzantion and its Latinization Byzantium continued to be used as a name of Constantinople during the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium was colonized by the Greeks from Megara in 657 BC, and remained primarily Greek-speaking until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire in AD 1453, northern Italy, Gaul, and especially in SPAIN. Byzantium became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire till 637. The land under them extended including Palestine.
650 CE: Jews established themselves because of advance of Islam, which brought Jewish reservoirs of population in Mesopotamia into intimate contact with the WEST. This was due to the encouragement of the Carolingian rulers in France, and partly because of political circumstances that had made Jews the most important international trading element with contacts both in the Islamic and Christian worlds. They were the intermediators.
721: Jews in Byzantine Empire forcibly converted to Christianity
800s: Jews entered and lived in Poland by either Jews from Germany, Bohemia, or Kiev and Byzantine Empire and reinforced by Khazar elements. They were traders. Jews were living in Germany in Augsburg and Metz.
Ukraine's Jews immigrated there from 800 to 1100s.
873: Jews in Byzantine Empire forcibly converted to Christianity
900s: Jews living in German towns of Worms, Mainz, Magdeburg, Ratisbon, etc. Rhineland of Mainz, Speyer.
1000: The Jewish people were now into the European regions. They had great independent cultural centers; humanistic in Spain, talmudic in France and Germany, At the same time, the new Christian Church had brought about anti-Jewish codes: in northern Europe and to a far lesser degree in the southern parts and into the profession of moneylending.
1012: Persecution recorded of German Jews.
1096: The 1st Crusade: This started with a wave of massacres against Jews on the Rhineland (Germany). From now on the record of European Jewry was punctuated by such outbreaks. The Crusaders had ridden through Europe slaughtering Jews as they went.
1099: Crusaders reached Jerusalem and massacred Jews.
1146: Jews of Spain forcibly converted to Christianity
1147-1150: The 2nd Crusade: -The Second Crusade was the second major crusade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144 to the forces of Zengi. The county had been founded during the First Crusade by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1098.
1189-1192: The 3rd Crusade: was an attempt by the leaders of the three most powerful states of Western Christianity (Angevin England, France and the Holy Roman Empire) to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187. It was partially successful, recapturing the important cities of Acre and Jaffa, and reversing most of Saladin's conquests, but it failed to recapture Jerusalem, which was the major aim of the Crusade and its religious focus.
1200s: In Germany Jews had to dress a certain way for identification
1202-1204: The 4th Crusade: was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem, by first conquering the powerful Egyptian Ayyubid Sultanate, the strongest Muslim state of the
time.Search Results
1215: The 4th Lateran Council: The Romans in Constantinople are still
anti-Semitic and intensified their ecclesiastical campaign against the Jews,
with the enforcement being pressed on by the friars of the newly-established
Dominican order. The result was as series of expulsions of Jews:
1217-1221: The 5th Crusade: was an attempt by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Cairo, the capital of the powerful Ayyubid state in Egypt. Pope Innocent III and his successor Pope Honorius III organized crusading armies led by King Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI, Duke of Austria, and an attack against Jerusalem ultimately left the city in Muslim hands. Later in 1218, a German army led by Oliver of Paderborn, and a mixed army of Dutch, Flemish and Frisian soldiers led by William I, Count of Holland joined the crusade. In order to attack Damietta in Egypt, they allied in Anatolia with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm under Kaykaus I and attacked the Ayyubids in Syria in an attempt to free the Crusaders from fighting on two fronts.
1221: Genghis Khan, who died on August 18, 1227, whose descendants attacked and took over with his Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia, reaching as far west as Poland and the Levant in the Middle East
1228-1229: The 6th Crusade, commonly known as the Crusade of Frederick II, was a military expedition to recapture the city of Jerusalem. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting. All these crusades must have kept the Jews of Europe nervous as well as the people whose kings had left to join such a fight. They had spent their last 133 years trying to regain Jerusalem for the Christian religion. And so the continuance of anti-Semitism at its worst.
1240-1241: Invasion of Tartars of Russia into Poland and devastated it. It is an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar". Initially, the ethnonym Tatar possibly referred to the Tatar confederation. That confederation was eventually incorporated into the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the various steppe tribes.
1290-1655: Jews expulsed from England. Germany had local expulsions which were reinforced by wholesale massacres.
1300 to 1400s:, Jews immigrated to Ukraine from Central Europe
1306, 1322, 1394: Jews expulsed from France
1321-1398: Jews in Lithuania, living by 1398 inTroki by Karaites,
1355: 12,000 Jews were massacred by the mob in Toledo, Spain.
1348-9: THE BLACK DEATH: Bubonic Plague (The Black Death was the deadliest pandemic recorded in human history. The Black Death resulted in the deaths of up to 75–200 million people in Eurasia and North Africa, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351
Germany brought about mass expulsions of Jews. This was an epidemic which killed a great part of the population of Europe and led to murderous attacks on many Jewish communities, more so in Germany. The superstitious Europeans believed the gossip that started in Savoy that Jews had caused the disease by poisoning the wells. Jews weren't as affected as much by the disease because of their forced segregation, their following the kosher dietary laws and hygienic practices. Those Europeans who owed money to Jews welcomed the opportunity to kill their creditors. In Germany alone, attacks took place in 350 places, while 60 large and 150 small communities were exterminated. Many towns banished Jews for all time. This was the greatest disaster which happened to German Jewry in the MIDDLE AGES.
1349-1360: Jews were expelled from Hungary
1391: Jews of Spain forcibly converted to Christianity
1420: Jewish community destroyed in Toulouse, France
1421: Jews were expelled from Austria
1492: Jews expulsed from Spain; 180,00 had to leave while 50,000 remained in Spain and were converted.
1495-1502: 10,000 Jews were expelled from Lithuania from Vilna, Grodno, Kovno
1497: Jews expulsed from Portugal, Sicily and Sardenia
1500s: The Mass of European Jewry were driven eastward to Poland and Turkey. Polish Jews immigrated to Ukraine. Jewish life in the newly-dominant countries of Western Europe began to reassert itself partly because of the vitality of the remaining communities of germany and Italy, and partly through the pioneering colonies established by the crypto- Jews or Marranos of Spain and Portugal (hidden Jews) in the countries like Holland and England. Latvia had Jews here at this time in COURLAND.
1502: All Jews of Rhodes were forcibly converted, expelled or taken into slavery
1516: Venice created the first Ghetto, used to keep Jews penned up which describes the part of the city where Jews were restricted to live and thus segregated from other people. In Venice they were actually locked in at night. However, early societies may have formed their own versions of the same structure; words resembling ghetto in meaning appear in Hebrew, Yiddish, Italian, Germanic, Old French, and Latin. During the Holocaust, more than 1,000 Nazi ghettos were established to hold Jewish populations, with the goal of exploiting and killing the Jews as part of the Final Solution.
1529: Lithuanian Jews received charter giving them freedom of movement and employment, monopolized foreign trade and tax farming.
1541: Jews were expelled from the Kingdom of Naples
1566: The Jewish Badge was introduced in Lithuania, now Jews could not give evidence in court.
1648-56: 100,000 Jews were murdered in the Chmielnicki massacres in Poland
1655: Jews could immigrate to England; previously barred to them.
1727,1747: Jews were expelled from Russia; moved to Pale of Settlement
1789-1799: French Revolution which brought Emancipation to most of Europe, but not to Russia.
1795: 2,000 Jews lived in Latvia when it was annexed to Russia.
1835: Courland and Livland, Latvia were excluded from the Pale of Settlement.
1871-1921: Anti-Jewish Pogroms in towns of Russia
1881-1903:- 1st Aliyah from Russia to Palestine, 25,000 TO 35,000 Jews settling in Ottoman Empire's controlled land FROM EASTERN EUROPE AND YEMEN. The immigrants that were part of the First Aliyah came more out of a connection to the land of their ancestors. Pogroms started in earnest in 1881 in Russia probably the impetus for Jews to go to Palestine. Pogroms began occurring after the Russian Empire, which previously had very few Jews, acquired territories with large Jewish populations from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire during 1772–1815. These territories were designated "the Pale of Settlement" by the Imperial Russian government, within which Jews were reluctantly permitted to live, and it was within them that the pogroms largely took place. Jews were forbidden from moving to other parts of European Russia (including Finland), unless they converted from Judaism or obtained a university diploma or first guild merchant status. Migration to Caucasus, Siberia, Far East or Central Asia was not restricted.
1882-1890: 750,000 Jews living in Russia forced to re-settle in the Pale.
1891: Jews expelled from Moscow and St. Petersburg
1917-2020: Russian Revolution: Jews in Soviet Union denied the right of national identity.
1919: Latvia achieved independence, and national minorities had autonomy until 1931.
1920: The Soviet Union government promoted Jewish settlement in the Ukraine.
1930-1939: In Ukraine were 90,000 Jewish agriculturists. Half of Soviet Russia's 3 million Jews lived in Ukraine before World War II.
1933-1948: Aliyah Bet: The British government limited Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine with quotas, and following the rise of Nazism to power in Germany, illegal immigration to Mandatory Palestine commenced. The illegal immigration was known as Aliyah Bet ("secondary immigration"), or Ha'apalah, and was organized by the Mossad Le'aliyah Bet, as well as by the Irgun. Immigration was done mainly by sea, and to a lesser extent overland through Iraq and Syria. During World War II and the years that followed until independence, Aliyah Bet became the main form of Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine. Jews were escaping from the Nazis in Germany and needed Palestine as their Jewish refuge.
1939-1945; HOLOCAUST starting in Germany, murder by the government ruled by Nazis and and European collaborators of 6,000,000,000 Jews
1940: Latvia had 85,000 Jews when Russia overran Latvia and deported many belonging to the wealthy classes or intelligentsia to Northern Russia.
1941: Latvia was conquered by the Germany who established ghettos in Riga, Dvinsk, Libau, etc, and then annihilated the Jews. Under Nazi rule, Jews who had not fled to Russia from Ukraine were wiped out by the Germans and Ukrainians from 1941 to 1942.
1945: Many Jews left Europe who had lived through Holocaust and moved to Israel or USA.
1948: Creation of Israel; through League of Nations and United Nations, after decisions at end of World War I. from 1920 to 1948,
1970: Jews in Ukraine numbered 777,136.
1972-2020: Growing anti-Semitism throughout world again.
1989: Population of Jews in Ukraine numbered 484,129.
1990: 2,607,000 Jews living in Europe including the 1,435,000 in USSR or about 20% of the Jewish population of the world as against 90% only one century before in 1890 or 60% in 1939.
2020: Jews in world make up only 0.01% of the total world population.
There are about 6 million Jews of Israel, 6 million of USA, and 2 million throughout the rest of the world. Israel is a refuge for Jews where they can feel free to celebrate their holidays, worship comfortably, be free of anti-Semitism found in Europe and USA, but comes with conditions of defending their state for being Jewish, which means to believe in one G-d only. Anti-Semitism rages on as if it were 1933 Germany almost throughout the world. Now we are busy combatting COVID 19 conspiracies.
The WHY. Why did Europeans decide to treat Jews as scapegoats all these years? Can you come to a conclusion?
Resource:THE NEW STANDARD JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/black-death
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aliyah
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan
https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/wjc-newsroom?gclid=CjwKCAjwm_P5BRAhEiwAwRzSOyAMpvKaMfUFOKyK1woMBpKppRc4KYEeMoxVPk-2kULyOJTIbDJJqBoCwJcQAvD_BwE
https://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/WhyDoPeopleHateTheJews/?gclid=CjwKCAjwm_P5BRAhEiwAwRzSO2IJURb-9u36WVtzSKlyg6T-O2_T-eWy5SDxyuPbMgb8Q2vawUTWjBoCQ14QAvD_BwE
336-323 BCE: Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia (today the region is considered to include parts of six Balkan countries: Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, and Kosovo. It covers approximately 67,000 square kilometres (25,869 sq mi) and has a population of 4.76 million.), conquered all the land where Israel stood. This brought Jews into the European orbit. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders. He was good to the Jews. Many have named their children after him. Hellenized Jewish teens would play sports naked, and they stood out being circumcised . Others did not practice circumcision.
139 BCE Jews were in Rome for trade, and then Romans occupied Judah and Jews were marched there as slaves. Later, Catholic rulers all over Europe would expel or maltreat the Jews, they were treated in the capital of Christendom with a modicum of humanity. Rome became the center of of Jewish culture and scholarship.
57 BCE: Eretz Yisrael was under Roman control, trade, war and captivity caused Jews to be scattered throughout the Roman Empire. Jews were in Spain and Gaul even before the destruction of the 2nd Temple of 70 CE. Gaul was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, and parts of Northern Italy, Netherlands, and Germany, particularly the west bank of the Rhine. It covered an area of 494,000 km².
8 BCE-29 CE: Jesus of Nazareth lived till about age 37 according to Christian Bible Gospels. Killed by the Romans as they heard he was king of the Jews. Founder of Christianity.
70 CE: Fall of Jerusalem to the Romans: Thousand of Jews died, those still alive taken as slaves, taken to Rome: Jews remaining who later established neighborhoods are oldest Jewish communities in Europe. This is the arch of Titus, forcing Jewish slaves to bear the weight of the trophies they took from the 2nd Temple before burning it down. The question is, where are they today?
115-117: Jews were expulsed from Cyprus,a Mediterranean island off of Turkey, which was once the biblical land of the Kittim. Jews lived here before the Christian era. During New Testament times there were still Jewish communities at Salonica and Paphos. Jews in 117 under Atemon took part in the universal Jewish Revolt against the Romans. A Jewish band under the leader,Artemion, took control of the island, killing tens of thousands of Cypriot Greek civilians. The Kitos War was one of the major Jewish–Roman wars, 66–136. The rebellions erupted in the year 115, when a majority of the Roman armies were fighting Trajan's Parthian War on the eastern border of the Roman Empire. The Cypriot Jews participated in the great uprising against the Romans under Trajan (117), and massacred, according to Dio, 240,000 Greeks. A Roman army was dispatched to the island, soon reconquering the capital. After the revolt had been fully defeated, laws were created forbidding any Jews to live on the island.
132-135 CE: Aluf (General) Bar Kokhba was a revolutionary leader of Davidic descent against Hadrian, got back Jerusalem with his army and fought the Roman soldiers till was killed. 35,000 Roman soldiers counter-attacked in 133. They took 50 fortresses and 985 villages, 580,000 Jewish casualties, others died of hunger and disease. This is when Judea became desolated, the population was annihilated, Jerusalem turned into a heathen city that was BARRED TO JEWS! Of course, there remained some Jews the Romans hadn't noticed. They knew the land and where to remain.
It is amazing that Bar Kokhba had been able to fight against the strongest army in the world and keep on fighting for 3 years. The Romans were so mad about it that changed the name of the land to Palaestina, named for the worst Jewish enemy they had ever had before the Romans.
300 CE: Jews were in the Rhineland of future Germany. Jews in Rome left traces of their lives in the catacombs with inscriptions that they had written. The Christianization of the Roman Empire took place at this time causing the Jewish position to deteriorate greatly. Large numbers of Jews were driven into baptism. Jews were at the foundation of Byzantium.
321 CE: Constantine, Roman emperor, issued regulations which shows there was a Jewish group living in Cologne and elsewhere in Rhineland. Jewish soldiers were in Roman garrisons.
570-632 CE: Mohammed , Prophet of Islam. One of his wives, Safia, was of Jewish origin, fighting with Jewish tribes in Arabia, converting some
600-637-640 CE: Attempts were made to enforce wholesale conversions in BYZANTIUM, an ancient Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and is now Istanbul. The Greek name Byzantion and its Latinization Byzantium continued to be used as a name of Constantinople during the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium was colonized by the Greeks from Megara in 657 BC, and remained primarily Greek-speaking until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire in AD 1453, northern Italy, Gaul, and especially in SPAIN. Byzantium became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire till 637. The land under them extended including Palestine.
650 CE: Jews established themselves because of advance of Islam, which brought Jewish reservoirs of population in Mesopotamia into intimate contact with the WEST. This was due to the encouragement of the Carolingian rulers in France, and partly because of political circumstances that had made Jews the most important international trading element with contacts both in the Islamic and Christian worlds. They were the intermediators.
721: Jews in Byzantine Empire forcibly converted to Christianity
800s: Jews entered and lived in Poland by either Jews from Germany, Bohemia, or Kiev and Byzantine Empire and reinforced by Khazar elements. They were traders. Jews were living in Germany in Augsburg and Metz.
Ukraine's Jews immigrated there from 800 to 1100s.
873: Jews in Byzantine Empire forcibly converted to Christianity
900s: Jews living in German towns of Worms, Mainz, Magdeburg, Ratisbon, etc. Rhineland of Mainz, Speyer.
1000: The Jewish people were now into the European regions. They had great independent cultural centers; humanistic in Spain, talmudic in France and Germany, At the same time, the new Christian Church had brought about anti-Jewish codes: in northern Europe and to a far lesser degree in the southern parts and into the profession of moneylending.
1012: Persecution recorded of German Jews.
1096: The 1st Crusade: This started with a wave of massacres against Jews on the Rhineland (Germany). From now on the record of European Jewry was punctuated by such outbreaks. The Crusaders had ridden through Europe slaughtering Jews as they went.
1099: Crusaders reached Jerusalem and massacred Jews.
1146: Jews of Spain forcibly converted to Christianity
1147-1150: The 2nd Crusade: -The Second Crusade was the second major crusade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144 to the forces of Zengi. The county had been founded during the First Crusade by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1098.
1189-1192: The 3rd Crusade: was an attempt by the leaders of the three most powerful states of Western Christianity (Angevin England, France and the Holy Roman Empire) to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187. It was partially successful, recapturing the important cities of Acre and Jaffa, and reversing most of Saladin's conquests, but it failed to recapture Jerusalem, which was the major aim of the Crusade and its religious focus.
1200s: In Germany Jews had to dress a certain way for identification
1202-1204: The 4th Crusade: was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem, by first conquering the powerful Egyptian Ayyubid Sultanate, the strongest Muslim state of the
time.Search Results
1215: The 4th Lateran Council: The Romans in Constantinople are still
anti-Semitic and intensified their ecclesiastical campaign against the Jews,
with the enforcement being pressed on by the friars of the newly-established
Dominican order. The result was as series of expulsions of Jews:
1217-1221: The 5th Crusade: was an attempt by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Cairo, the capital of the powerful Ayyubid state in Egypt. Pope Innocent III and his successor Pope Honorius III organized crusading armies led by King Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI, Duke of Austria, and an attack against Jerusalem ultimately left the city in Muslim hands. Later in 1218, a German army led by Oliver of Paderborn, and a mixed army of Dutch, Flemish and Frisian soldiers led by William I, Count of Holland joined the crusade. In order to attack Damietta in Egypt, they allied in Anatolia with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm under Kaykaus I and attacked the Ayyubids in Syria in an attempt to free the Crusaders from fighting on two fronts.
1221: Genghis Khan, who died on August 18, 1227, whose descendants attacked and took over with his Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia, reaching as far west as Poland and the Levant in the Middle East
1228-1229: The 6th Crusade, commonly known as the Crusade of Frederick II, was a military expedition to recapture the city of Jerusalem. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting. All these crusades must have kept the Jews of Europe nervous as well as the people whose kings had left to join such a fight. They had spent their last 133 years trying to regain Jerusalem for the Christian religion. And so the continuance of anti-Semitism at its worst.
1240-1241: Invasion of Tartars of Russia into Poland and devastated it. It is an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar". Initially, the ethnonym Tatar possibly referred to the Tatar confederation. That confederation was eventually incorporated into the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the various steppe tribes.
1290-1655: Jews expulsed from England. Germany had local expulsions which were reinforced by wholesale massacres.
1300 to 1400s:, Jews immigrated to Ukraine from Central Europe
1306, 1322, 1394: Jews expulsed from France
1321-1398: Jews in Lithuania, living by 1398 inTroki by Karaites,
1355: 12,000 Jews were massacred by the mob in Toledo, Spain.
1348-9: THE BLACK DEATH: Bubonic Plague (The Black Death was the deadliest pandemic recorded in human history. The Black Death resulted in the deaths of up to 75–200 million people in Eurasia and North Africa, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351
Germany brought about mass expulsions of Jews. This was an epidemic which killed a great part of the population of Europe and led to murderous attacks on many Jewish communities, more so in Germany. The superstitious Europeans believed the gossip that started in Savoy that Jews had caused the disease by poisoning the wells. Jews weren't as affected as much by the disease because of their forced segregation, their following the kosher dietary laws and hygienic practices. Those Europeans who owed money to Jews welcomed the opportunity to kill their creditors. In Germany alone, attacks took place in 350 places, while 60 large and 150 small communities were exterminated. Many towns banished Jews for all time. This was the greatest disaster which happened to German Jewry in the MIDDLE AGES.
1349-1360: Jews were expelled from Hungary
1391: Jews of Spain forcibly converted to Christianity
1420: Jewish community destroyed in Toulouse, France
1421: Jews were expelled from Austria
1492: Jews expulsed from Spain; 180,00 had to leave while 50,000 remained in Spain and were converted.
1495-1502: 10,000 Jews were expelled from Lithuania from Vilna, Grodno, Kovno
1497: Jews expulsed from Portugal, Sicily and Sardenia
1500s: The Mass of European Jewry were driven eastward to Poland and Turkey. Polish Jews immigrated to Ukraine. Jewish life in the newly-dominant countries of Western Europe began to reassert itself partly because of the vitality of the remaining communities of germany and Italy, and partly through the pioneering colonies established by the crypto- Jews or Marranos of Spain and Portugal (hidden Jews) in the countries like Holland and England. Latvia had Jews here at this time in COURLAND.
1502: All Jews of Rhodes were forcibly converted, expelled or taken into slavery
1516: Venice created the first Ghetto, used to keep Jews penned up which describes the part of the city where Jews were restricted to live and thus segregated from other people. In Venice they were actually locked in at night. However, early societies may have formed their own versions of the same structure; words resembling ghetto in meaning appear in Hebrew, Yiddish, Italian, Germanic, Old French, and Latin. During the Holocaust, more than 1,000 Nazi ghettos were established to hold Jewish populations, with the goal of exploiting and killing the Jews as part of the Final Solution.
1529: Lithuanian Jews received charter giving them freedom of movement and employment, monopolized foreign trade and tax farming.
1541: Jews were expelled from the Kingdom of Naples
1566: The Jewish Badge was introduced in Lithuania, now Jews could not give evidence in court.
1648-56: 100,000 Jews were murdered in the Chmielnicki massacres in Poland
1655: Jews could immigrate to England; previously barred to them.
1727,1747: Jews were expelled from Russia; moved to Pale of Settlement
1789-1799: French Revolution which brought Emancipation to most of Europe, but not to Russia.
1795: 2,000 Jews lived in Latvia when it was annexed to Russia.
1835: Courland and Livland, Latvia were excluded from the Pale of Settlement.
1871-1921: Anti-Jewish Pogroms in towns of Russia
1881-1903:- 1st Aliyah from Russia to Palestine, 25,000 TO 35,000 Jews settling in Ottoman Empire's controlled land FROM EASTERN EUROPE AND YEMEN. The immigrants that were part of the First Aliyah came more out of a connection to the land of their ancestors. Pogroms started in earnest in 1881 in Russia probably the impetus for Jews to go to Palestine. Pogroms began occurring after the Russian Empire, which previously had very few Jews, acquired territories with large Jewish populations from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire during 1772–1815. These territories were designated "the Pale of Settlement" by the Imperial Russian government, within which Jews were reluctantly permitted to live, and it was within them that the pogroms largely took place. Jews were forbidden from moving to other parts of European Russia (including Finland), unless they converted from Judaism or obtained a university diploma or first guild merchant status. Migration to Caucasus, Siberia, Far East or Central Asia was not restricted.
1882-1890: 750,000 Jews living in Russia forced to re-settle in the Pale.
1891: Jews expelled from Moscow and St. Petersburg
1917-2020: Russian Revolution: Jews in Soviet Union denied the right of national identity.
1919: Latvia achieved independence, and national minorities had autonomy until 1931.
1920: The Soviet Union government promoted Jewish settlement in the Ukraine.
1930-1939: In Ukraine were 90,000 Jewish agriculturists. Half of Soviet Russia's 3 million Jews lived in Ukraine before World War II.
1933-1948: Aliyah Bet: The British government limited Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine with quotas, and following the rise of Nazism to power in Germany, illegal immigration to Mandatory Palestine commenced. The illegal immigration was known as Aliyah Bet ("secondary immigration"), or Ha'apalah, and was organized by the Mossad Le'aliyah Bet, as well as by the Irgun. Immigration was done mainly by sea, and to a lesser extent overland through Iraq and Syria. During World War II and the years that followed until independence, Aliyah Bet became the main form of Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine. Jews were escaping from the Nazis in Germany and needed Palestine as their Jewish refuge.
1939-1945; HOLOCAUST starting in Germany, murder by the government ruled by Nazis and and European collaborators of 6,000,000,000 Jews
1940: Latvia had 85,000 Jews when Russia overran Latvia and deported many belonging to the wealthy classes or intelligentsia to Northern Russia.
1941: Latvia was conquered by the Germany who established ghettos in Riga, Dvinsk, Libau, etc, and then annihilated the Jews. Under Nazi rule, Jews who had not fled to Russia from Ukraine were wiped out by the Germans and Ukrainians from 1941 to 1942.
1945: Many Jews left Europe who had lived through Holocaust and moved to Israel or USA.
1948: Creation of Israel; through League of Nations and United Nations, after decisions at end of World War I. from 1920 to 1948,
1970: Jews in Ukraine numbered 777,136.
1972-2020: Growing anti-Semitism throughout world again.
1989: Population of Jews in Ukraine numbered 484,129.
1990: 2,607,000 Jews living in Europe including the 1,435,000 in USSR or about 20% of the Jewish population of the world as against 90% only one century before in 1890 or 60% in 1939.
2020: Jews in world make up only 0.01% of the total world population.
There are about 6 million Jews of Israel, 6 million of USA, and 2 million throughout the rest of the world. Israel is a refuge for Jews where they can feel free to celebrate their holidays, worship comfortably, be free of anti-Semitism found in Europe and USA, but comes with conditions of defending their state for being Jewish, which means to believe in one G-d only. Anti-Semitism rages on as if it were 1933 Germany almost throughout the world. Now we are busy combatting COVID 19 conspiracies.
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| Don't worry, it's only a shrub... |
The WHY. Why did Europeans decide to treat Jews as scapegoats all these years? Can you come to a conclusion?
Resource:THE NEW STANDARD JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/black-death
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aliyah
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan
https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/wjc-newsroom?gclid=CjwKCAjwm_P5BRAhEiwAwRzSOyAMpvKaMfUFOKyK1woMBpKppRc4KYEeMoxVPk-2kULyOJTIbDJJqBoCwJcQAvD_BwE
https://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/WhyDoPeopleHateTheJews/?gclid=CjwKCAjwm_P5BRAhEiwAwRzSO2IJURb-9u36WVtzSKlyg6T-O2_T-eWy5SDxyuPbMgb8Q2vawUTWjBoCQ14QAvD_BwE
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