Nadene Goldfoot
I'm going to show how Chanukah's history led to Herod the Great, king of Judea crowned by the Romans who took over as the next enemy from the Syrian Greeks in our history. Marriages made to secure power with the enemy, a similar step copied from King Solomon, was probably part of the downfall of Judea.
The last king of Judah of the House of David was Zedekiah (aka Mattaniah) (597-586 BCE) son of Josiah who had been king from 637 to 608 BCE. After Solomon died, Rehoboam, his son, gained the throne in 933-917 BCE. There had been 20 kings. Then Rome took over. Zedekiah was appointed king by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, to succeed exiled Jehoiachin, taking throne at age 21, swearing allegiance to Nebuchadnezzar. He changed his mind, conspired with Egypt, Babylonians then invaded and captured Jerusalem. Nebuchadnezzar killed his sons in front of him, then put out Zedekiah's eyes, put him in prison.
Under Julius Caesar, Judaism was officially recognized as a legal religion, a policy followed by the first Roman emperor, Augustus. The ruling Hasmonean dynasty was deposed by the Romans after the Roman Senate declared Herod the Great "King of the Jews" in c. 40 BCE, the Roman province of Egypt was established in 30 BCE, and Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea (biblical Edom) became the Roman province of Iudaea in 6 CE.
Jewish–Roman tensions resulted in several Jewish–Roman wars, 66–135 CE, which resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple and institution of the Jewish Tax in 70 and Hadrian's attempt to create a new Roman colony named Aelia Capitolina c. 130. It was the Zealots who had started the Rebellion in 66.
Another cause of the war with Rome from 66-70 CE was over a port called "Tower of Straton", renamed Caesarea. It was captured by Alexander Yannai(king and high priest of Judea 103-76 BCE)son of John Hyrcanus-a despot and violent ruler) but separated from Judea by Pompey (Roman general 106-48 BCE). His younger son was Aristobulus II who reigned from 87-63 BCE and whose mother was Salome Alexandra. King Herod received Caesarea from Emperor Augustus (31 BCE-14 CE) and transformed it into a large city with a safe harbor (12-9 BCE)calling it Caesarea in the emperor's honor. When Judea became a Roman province, Caesarea was its capital and the rival of Jerusalem. The disputes between its Jewish and gentile inhabitants were one of the causes of the war with Rome. 
MATTATHIAS THE HASMONEAN-b: c 232 BCE d:167/6 BCE or 135 BCE, Patriot, father of Hasmonean brothers, a priest and landowner of Modiin. Killed the royal official sent to enforce worship of Zeus, started revolt against Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-163 BCE), was leader of revolt in Judean hills, a guerilla war on the Syrian Greeks. Succeeded by son Judah the Maccabee. Cause of Chanukah being celebrated. He had 5 sons; Judah, Jonathan, Simon, John, Eleazar.
Judah the Hasmonean: captured Jerusalem in 164 BCE, rededicated the Temple, defeated in 163 BCE where Eleazar was killed, Judah fell at Elasa in 160 BCE. He aspired for political freedom. John was murdered shortly after.
JONATHAN THE HASMONEAN-took over leadership, fought for high priesthood obtained in 152 BCE. and governor of Judah in 150 BCE
sp: Unknown
Aristobulus III d: 35 BCE, last Hasmonean high priest, grandson of Aristobulus II and brother of Mariamne, wife of Herod. Herod was suspicious of him, but feared an intervention by Mark Anthony, so he appointed him a high priest at the age of 17. Aristobulus III appeared on the Feast of Tabernacles in priestly robes which arouosed Herod's jealousy, and he had him drowned in a swimming pool at Jericho.
i SIMON THE HASMONEAN, 2nd and last surviving son of Mattathias, Succeeded brother Jonathan in 142 BCE as head of Judah. He captured Gezer, kicked out Greek troops from Acra which dominated Jerusalem, Elected hereditary high priest, Ethnarch, and general in 142-141 BCE. Renewed treaty with Rome in 138 BCE, Murdered by son-in-law Ptolemy the same year in 135 BCE. He established Jewish independence under a hereditary dynasty of high priests. Succeeded in gaining exemption from tribute in 147 BCE.
II. JOHN HYRCANUS , son and successor of Simon the Hasmonean, ruled 135-104 BCE, was first the governor of Gezer. After father and 2 brothers were murdered by brother-in-law Ptolemy (1st Macedonian king of Egypt), escaped to Jerusalem, seized power, besieged Ptolemy in a fortress. Conquered the Galilee with son Aristobulus. Before he died his sons defeated the Samaritans and took control of Bet Shean and part of the Valley of Jezreel. First allied with the Phariseess, then drew nearer to the Sadducees who made up the backbone of his army and state administration. His last years were tranquil. John was a Hasmonean (Maccabean) leader and Jewish high priest of the 2nd century BCE (born 164 BCE, reigned from 134 BCE until his death in 104 BCE). In rabbinic literature he is often referred to as Yoḥanan Cohen Gadol (יוחנן כהן גדול), "John the High Priest". He was the son of Simon Thassi and hence the nephew of Judas Maccabaeus, Jonathan Apphus and their siblings, whose story is told in the deuterocanonical books of 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees, in the Talmud, and in Josephus. John was not present at a banquet at which his father and his two brothers were murdered, by John's brother-in-law, Ptolemy, son of Abubus. He attained to his father's former offices, that of high priest and ethnarch (national leader)—but not king. Josephus said that John Hyrcanus had five sons but named only four in his histories: Judah Aristobulus I, Antigonus I, Alexander Jannai, and Absalom. It is this fifth brother who is said to have unsuccessfully sought the throne at the death of Aristobulus I
sp: Unknown
III. ARISTOBULUS I of Judah REIGNED 104-103 BCE, high priest and 1st king of Judea, oldest son of John Hyrcanus. He murdered his mother and his brother, Antigonus and imprisoned his other brothers. King Aristobulus showed little mercy to his mother and siblings while they were imprisoned and what they experienced was in no way a cozy house-arrest. Instead, conditions were so harsh that Aristobulus’ mother reportedly died in prison from malnourishment and mistreatment. As for the one brother who was allowed to walk free, his fate was worse than his brothers. This last sibling, named Antigonus, was said to have eventually been assassinated by Aristobulus. Then he extended the northern boundaries of Judea. He was an admirer of Greek culture, calling himself Philhellene.
III. Antigonus, murdered by Aristobulus I of Judah.
III. Alexander Yannai (104-76 BCE) was king, set up standing mercenary army and conquered Transjordan, Idumea, and the coastal plain. Antagonistic to the Pharisees who opposed his war policy, led to civil war in which he was victorious after a bloody struggle, but Pharisees were in the ascendant during the reign of his widow, Salome Alexandra (76-69 BCE. In 94BCE, Civil War broke out. He died while besieging Ragaha.
3. Aristobulus II, younger son of Alexander Yannai and Salome Alexanddra, (reigned 67-63 BCE) King of Judea, after death of mother, Salome Alexandra, her elder son, Hyrcanus II became king, but Aristobulus usurped the throne. Civil war ensued, and in 63, the 2 brothers appeared in Damascus to urge their respective claims before Pompey who ordered Aristobulus to surrender all the Judean strongholds, including Jerusalem. He was forced to agree. Pompey laid siege to the Temple hill, and after 3 months, captured the Temple in 63 BCE. This marked the end of Judea's political independence. Aristobulus Ii was taken prisoner, sending him again to Rome. When Julius Caesar rose to power, Aristobulus was released in 49 and promised 2 legions with which to attack Pompey's supporters in Syria. He was poisoned before being able to embark.
sp: Mariamne I the Hasmonean, granddaughter of high priest, Hyrcannus (killed by husband, Herod I) in 29 BCE, daughter of Alexander, son of Aristobulus II
3. Alexander (killed by father, Herod I)
******* ANTIPATER, ruler of Idumea (Edom)area of Mt. Seir, fertile but mountainous land in SE-South of Dead Sea, bordered on Red Sea at Elath and Ezion Geber. People were from Esau, older twin of Jacob; in 1st century BCE, of obscure origin, became governor of Idumea for Alexander Yannai and Salome Alexandra, grew rich from trade with Arabia.
1. Antipater I the Idumean (appointed Herod I Governor of Judea) ruled Judea 63- 43 BCE,, died of poisoning during a carouse., ruler of Idumea (Mt. Seir) from Esau, supported Hyrcanus in his war against his brother, Aristobulus; assisted the Romans, joined Julius Caesar after his victory over Pompey. , became financial administrator of Judea in 47 BCE and became effective ruler of the country, appointing his son, Phasael and Herod to the chief administrative posts. Antipater I the Idumaean was the founder of the Herodian Dynasty and father of Herod the Great. According to Josephus, he was the son of Antipas and had formerly held that name.
sp: Cypros the Nabatean, Princess from Petra, Jordan in Nabatea, born 100 BCE in Nabathea, d: 43 BCE, wife of Antipater II the Idumaean, Procurator of Judaea, mother of Phasel I of Judea, Herod the Great,
2. Herod I The Great b: 73 BCE in Edom (Idumea)-d: 4 BCE in Jericho (Governor, and King by Rome) In the year 37 BCE, at the age of 36, Herod became the unchallenged ruler of Judaea, a position he was to maintain for 32 years. To further solidify his power, he divorced his first wife, Doris, sent her and his son away from court.
sp: sp #2: Mariamne I the Hasmonean, grandaughter of John Hyarcanus, wife of Herod The Great. Mariamne, a Hasmonean princess.
3. Antpater II (46 -4 BCE) Antipater II was Herod the Great's first-born son, his only child by his first wife Doris. He was named after his paternal grandfather Antipater the Idumaean. He and his mother were exiled after Herod divorced her between 43 BC and 40 BC to marry Mariamne I.He joined Julius Caesar and recruited Jewish and Nabatean troops for his army, (killed by father, Herod I in 4 BCE) was his firstborn son, ruler of Judea 5 days before (Herod I) death. He and his mother were exiled after Herod divorced her between 43 BC and 40 BC to marry Mariamne I. In 13 BC Herod made him his first heir in his will. He retained this position even when Alexander and Aristobulus (Herod's sons by Mariamne) rose in the royal succession in 12 BC, and even became exclusive successor to the throne after their execution in 7 BC (with Herod II in second place).
sp: First was his niece Mariamne III, daughter of Aristobulus IV
sp:Hasmonean Princess; She was the daughter of Antigonus (Mattathias) the Hasmonean, the last Hasmonean king who also served as high priest.(40-37 BCE) who was son of Aristobulus II.. This wife of Antipater was also a first cousin of Mariamne I, renowned royal wife of Herod the Great..
Pompey captured Jerusalem and he was taken to Rome. Returned to Judea in 49 BCE, captured Jerusalem in 40 BCE, put to death Herod's brother, Phasael, and mutilated his own uncle Hyrcanus to disqualify him for the high priesthood. He fortified himself in battle in Jerusalem, but was captured after a 5 month siege in 70 CE and was put to death.
3. Aristobulus III 35 BCE-7 BCE, mother was Mariamne, accused of conspiring to murder his father along with brother, Alexander, killed by strangulation (killed by father, Herod I) Cousin to Berenice.
sp: Berenice, Judean princess, daughter of Herod's sister, Salome. After Aristobulus died, she married Herod's brother-in-law, Theudion. She was a Jewish client queen of the Roman Empire during the second half of the 1st century. Berenice was a member of the Herodian Dynasty that ruled the Roman province of Judaea between 39 BCE and 92 CE. She was the daughter of King Herod Agrippa I and a sister of King Herod Agrippa II. Berenice was born in 28 to Herod Agrippa and Cypros, as granddaughter to Aristobulus IV and great-granddaughter to Herod the Great. Her elder brother was Agrippa II (b. 27), and her younger sisters were Mariamne (b. 34) and Drusilla (b. 38).[ According to Josephus, there was also a younger brother called Drusus, who died before his teens. Her family constituted part of what is known as the Herodian Dynasty, who ruled the Judaea Province between 39 BCE and 92 CE. It was during this time that Berenice met and fell in love with Titus, who was eleven years her junior. The Herodians sided with the Flavians during the conflict, and later in 69, the Year of the Four Emperors—when the Roman Empire saw the quick succession of the emperors Galba, Otho and Vitellius—Berenice reportedly used all her wealth and influence to support Vespasian on his campaign to become emperor. When Vespasian was declared emperor on 21 December 69, Titus was left in Judaea to finish putting down the rebellion. The war ended in 70 with the destruction of the Second Temple and the sack of Jerusalem, with approximately 1 million dead, and 97,000 taken captive by the Romans.Triumphant, Titus returned to Rome to assist his father in the government, while Berenice stayed behind in Judaea.
4. Herodias
sp: uncle Herod
5. Salome:
sp: Tetrarch Herod Antipas, went to Gaul with him when exiled
4. Herod Agrippa I. b: 10 BCE d; 44 CE, King of Judea, grandson of Herod the Great, involved in escapades with Caligula
5.. Herod Agrippa II (Marcus Julius-Herod Agrippa II) b: 28 CE d: 93CE Last King of House of Herod -now Judea in hands of Roman procurators. son of Agrippa
3. Alexander; (c35-7 BCE) executed in 7 BCE. brother of Aristobulus, son of Herod and Mariamne, Herod, at the instigation of his son Antipater and his sister, Salome, had him and his brother Aristobulus, executed at Sebaste on charges of treachery. His descendants abandoned Judaism.
sp#3 : Mariamne II m: late 1st cent. BCE daughter of Simon, son of Boethus the high priest-pupil of ANTIGONUS OF SOKHO by Herod, divorced by Herod
3. son-expunged from will of Herod
sp#4: Malthace of Samaria, wife of Herod the Great
3. Herod Antipas b: 20 BCE d: 39 CE, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea after Herod's death, The younger son of Herod the great and Malthace of Samaria. His education was at the imperial court in Rome. When Gaius Caligula named Herodias's brother, Agrippa, king over the former tetrarchy of Philip, the ambitious Herodias urged Antipas to complain to Gaius and seek the title of king himself..
Jesus at Herod's court refers to an episode in the New Testament which describes Jesus being sent to Herod Antipas in Jerusalem, prior to his crucifixion. This episode is described in the Gospel of Luke (23:7–15). In the Gospel of Luke, after the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus, the Jewish elders ask Pontius Pilate, the procurator or governor of Judea, presided from Caesarea to judge and condemn Jesus in 23:2, accusing Jesus of making false claims of being a king. While questioning Jesus about the claim of being the King of the Jews, Pilate realizes that Jesus is a Galilean and therefore under Herod's jurisdiction. Since Herod already happened to be in Jerusalem at that time, Pilate decides to send Jesus to Herod to be tried.
3. Archelaus , son of Herod and Malthace, named king of Judea by Herod from 4 BCE-6 CE; when disturbances broke out all over, a Jewish delegation asked for Augustus to dethrone the Herodian dynasty. Archelaus was demoted to an Ethnarch of Judea, Idumea, and Samaria. He was a severe ruler which led to his removal from office by Augustus, and he was exiled to Gaul where he died in 16 CE.
Salome I (ca. 65 BCE – ca. 10 CE) was the sister of Herod the Great and the mother of Berenice by her husband Costobarus, governor of Idumea. She was a nominal queen regnant of the toparchy of Iamnia, Azotus, Phasaelis from 4 BCE.
sp: Alexander Yannai, son of John Hyrcannus
3. Hyrcannus II, ( d: 31 BCE)became king after mother, Salome, died.
Pontius Pilate, Latin in full Marcus Pontius Pilatus, (died after 36 ce), Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (26–36 ce) under the emperor Tiberius who presided at the trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion according to the Christian New Testament.
sp#5: Cleopatra of Jerusalem: was a woman who lived in the 1st century BC during the Roman Empire. She was the fifth wife of King of Judea Herod the Great. There is a possibility that Cleopatra could have been a daughter of a local noble from Jerusalem. She was born and raised in the city and could have been of Jewish or Edomite-Phoenician origins. Cleopatra was called Cleopatra of Jerusalem, to distinguish her from the Ptolemaic Greek Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt. Josephus mentions "Cleopatra of Jerusalem" twice: once in his Antiquities of the Jews 17.1.3 and once in his The Jewish War 1.28.4. Cleopatra of Jerusalem was not related to the Hasmonaean Dynasty. She had married King Herod the Great in 25 BC. Herod possibly married her as a part of a political alliance.
3. Herod (b. 24 BC/23 BC), of which very little is known
3. Philip II, the Tetrarch,b: 22/21 BCE d: 34 CE ] who later became the Tetrarch of Ituraea and Trachonitis.
2. Phasael d: 40 BCE, governor of Jerusalem, wise and energetic ruler, arrested by Parthians. Elder son of Antipater, brother of Herod the Great. Opposing brother's violent methods. Arrested by Parthians, committing suicide . sp #1: Doris , a commoner, helped to kill sons of Mariamne
Family tree of the Herodian dynasty[edit]
| Antipater the Idumaean procurator of Judea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1.Doris 2.Mariamne I 3.Mariamne II 4.Malthace | Herod I the Great king of Judea | 5.Cleopatra of Jerusalem 6.Pallas 7.Phaidra 8.Elpis | Phasael governor of Jerusalem | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1) Antipater heir of Judaea | (2) Alexander I prince of Judea | (2) Aristobulus IV prince of Judea | (3) Herod II Philip prince of Judea | (4) Herod Archelaus ethnarch of Judea, Idumea | (4) Herod Antipas tetrarch of Galilea & Perea | (5) Philip the Tetrarch of Iturea & Trachonitis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tigranes V of Armenia | Alexander II prince of Judea | Herod Agrippa I king of Judea | Herod V ruler of Chalcis | Aristobulus Minor prince of Judea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tigranes VI of Armenia | Herod Agrippa II king of Judea | Aristobulus ruler of Chalcis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gaius Julius Alexander ruler of Cilicia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gaius Julius Agrippa quaestor of Asia | Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus proconsul of Asia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lucius Julius Gainius Fabius Agrippa gymnasiarch | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
My Hasmonean Tree in Progress:
Descendants of MATTATHIAS THE HASMONEAN
1 MATTATHIAS THE HASMONEAN b: in c217 BCE d: in 167/166 BCE
.. +Unknown
. 2 Judah the Hasmonean: b: in c190 BCE d: in at Elasa 160 BCE
. 2 JONATHAN THE HASMONEAN b: in Ruled 150 BCE d: in c130 BCE
..... 3 King Alexander Yannai HASMONEAN
......... +Salome
. 2 SIMON THE HASMONEAN b: in Head 142-135 BCE d: in 135 BCE
..... +Unknown d: in 135 BCE
..... 3 John Hyrcanus II HASMONEAN b: in Ruled 135-104 BCE
......... +Cleopatra
......... 4 "Judah"ARISTOBULUS I b: in Ruled 104 BCE d: in Died 103 BCE
............. +Salome Alexandra
............. 5 son ARISTOBULUS
................. 6 Salome Alexandra ARISTOBULUS
..................... +Alexander Jannaues Yannai, King
......... 4 Alexander Jannaeus Yannai, King b: in Ruled 103-76 BCE
............. +Salome Alexandra b: in Ruled 76-67 BCE
............. 5 John Hyrcanus II Yannai b: in King 67-66 BCE
................. 6 son Yannai
..................... 7 Mariamne Yannai
......................... +Harod the Great
............. 5 Aristobulus II b: in King 67-63 BCE d: in Poisoned
................. 6 Alexander Aristobulus
................. 6 Antigonus Mattathias Aristobulus
......... 4 son
......... 4 son
......... 4 son
..... 3 daughter HASMONEAN
......... +King of Egypt Ptolemy
..... 3 Mattathias HASMONEAN
..... 3 Judah HASMONEAN
. 2 John the Hasmonean: b: in c189 BCE d: in c160 BCE
..... +Unknown
..... 3 Judah Aristobulus Hasmonean:
......... +Shelamziyyon
. 2 Eleazar the Hasmonean: b: in c187 BCE d: in 163 BCE
Resource:
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipater_(son_of_Herod_the_Great)
https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/herod-antipas#:~:text=The%20younger%20son%20of%20herod,the%20imperial%20court%20in%20Rome.&text=When%20Gaius%20Caligula%20named%20Herodias's,the%20title%20of%20king%20himself.
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