Nadene Goldfoot
The Three Founding Fathers of Israel
1. The first king of Israel was Saul in the 11th Century BCE. He was son of Kish of the tribe of Benjamin. The people were threatened by the Philistines and Ammonites, and wanted a king over them to show their power. The prophet Samuel chose Saul.
2. David of the tribe of Judah took over from Saul in 1000-960 BCE. He ruled from about 1010 to 970 BCE. He was the youngest son of Jesse, born in Bethlehem and at age 25 was Saul's armor- bearer. David and Jonathan, Saul's son, were good friends. He married Saul's daughter, Michal. Saul became very jealous of David and his popularity. First David was king of Judah. After 8 years, David captured Jerusalem, making it his capital. David won many battles and became king over all the area. It is believed that he had written the Book of Psalms.
3. Solomon succeeded his father, David as the next king and reigned from 961 to 920 BCE. Where David had to engage in battles, Solomon was the creator and built the Temple. Solomon was king of Israel from 961 to 920 BCE. His mother was the Bathsheba. He became king because of the help of his mother and the prophet Nathan before his father had died. King Hiram of Tyre helped him by sending materials for the Temple which was completed in his 11th year of his reign. Solomon divided his empire into 12 districts and built many cities such as Meggiddo and Hazor. He had a harbor built on the Red Sea. It is said that he had 1,000 wives and concubines, procured many by making peace with smaller kingdoms and marrying the daughters of the kings. His realm extended from Egypt to the Euphrates River and was the most energetic in the entire region. The arts of historiography, parables, and elegant writings were developed and many biblical works such as the Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Psalm 72 were attributed to Solomon. His reputation was his great wisdom. His downfall was the forced labor that was part of his building program and it impoverished the country. The Edomites and Arameans started revolts. Inside Israel was malcontent of the people. When he died, there was the problem of who the next king would be. This is when Judah pulled out of the statehood of Israel.
ISRAEL'S KINGS
4. Jeroboam became king from 930 to 910 BCE. He was not a son of Solomon. Instead, he was an Ephraimite, one of the 12 tribes of Jacob. He had been a superintendent of Solomon' forced labor gangs who had led the revolt. He hid out in Egypt after Solomon's death.
5-19. Nadab (912-911 BCE) Jehoahaz (816-800 BCE)
Baasha (911-911 BCE) Jehoash (800-785 BCE)
Elah (888-887 BCE) Jeroboam II (785-745 BCE)
Zimri (887 BCE) Zachariah (744 BCE)
Omri (887-876 BCE) Shallum (743 BCE)
Ahab (876-853 BCE) Menahem (743-736 BCE)
Ahaziah/Uzziah (853 BCE) Pekahiah (736-735 BCE)
Jehoram (853-843 BCE) Pekah (735-730 BCE)
Jehu (843-816 BCE) Hoshea (730-721 BCE)
ASSYRIA ATTACKED IN 721 BCE AND CARRIED OFF THE BEST OF THE PEOPLE INTO CAPTIVITY. ISRAEL HAD LOST TERRITORY OF TRANSJORDAN AND GALILEE IN BATTLE. PHILISTIA, TYRE, MOAB AND EDOM BECAME ASSYRIAN PROVINCES. SAMARIA WAS TAKEN BY SARGON WHO ANNEXED ISRAEL AND DEPORTED 27,290 ISRAELITES TO ASSYRIA AND MEDIA. REPLACED THEM WITH SYRIAN AND BABYLONIAN PRISONERS.
JUDAH'S KINGS
Southern part of Israel, which divided in 933 BCE when Solomon had died,
maintained the Dynasty of Solomon
4. Rehoboam (933-917 BCE), son of Solomon and his Ammonite wife, Naamah. He had not listened to the people who wanted relief from heavy taxation. The tribes of Judah, the largest, and Simeon and mosat of Benjamin remained loyal to him because of the Temple. Egypt invaded and plundered the Temple at this opportune time.
5-20 Abijam (917-915 BCE) Jotham (740-735 BCE)
Asa (915-875 BCE) Ahaz (735-720 BCE)
Jehoshaphat (875-851 BCE) Hezekiah (720-692 BCE)
Jehoram (851-844 BCE) Manasseh (692-638 BCE)
Ahaziah (844-843 BCE) Amon (638-637 BCE)
Athaliah (843-837 BCE) Josiah (637-608 BCE)
Joash (837-798 BCE) Jehoahaz (608 BCE)
Amaziah (798-780 BCE) Jehoiakim (608-598 BCE)
Azariah/Uzziah (780-740 BCE Jehoiakin (598-597 BCE)
Zedekiah (597-586 BCE)
On Mount Moriah in Jerusalem
BABYLONIANS(Chaldees where Abraham was born) , WHO HAD TAKEN OVER ASSYRIA, ATTACKED IN 597 BCE AND AGAIN IN 586 BCE WITH NEBUCHADNEZZAR, LAND OF INSOLENT PAGAN TYRANNY, EXILED MANY JEWS TO BABYLON. MANY JEWS REMAINED HERE AFTER FREED BY CYRUS WHO HELPED THEM TO RETURN TO JUDAH. THE JEWISH POSITION WOULD BE IN PERIL UNTIL THE ARAB CONQUEST IN 7TH CENTURY CE.
538 BCE CYRUS II, KING OF PERSIA (IRAN TODAY) was in power so granted permission to the exiles of Judah in Babylon to return to their homeland and rebuild the Temple. The Jewish exiles regarded Cyrus as a Divine agent. Ezra led them back. Not all followed.
He overran the Babylonian Empire which then included what was later called Palestine by the Romans in 135 CE. Cyrus died in 529 BCE. It's thought that he may have been the son of Queen Esther, the Jewish beauty who was married to King Ahasueros.
312-198 BCE: Ptolemaic rule and then under Seleucids-growing Hellenization
Macedonian king of Egypt
One of Alexander the Great's generals.
250 BCE: PARTHIA RULED JUDAH: This was an empire of Iranic people. from 3rd century BCE-226 CE it ruled over the vast mass of the Jewish population in Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Media.
200 BCE: Antiohus III conquered Eretz Yisrael and granted privileges to the Temple. Seleucids had financial problems and had a hard time eeting its depressed monetary situation. Here we have the Hasmonean revolt.
2 CENTURIES OF PERSIAN RULE OVER JUDAH
HASHMONEAN DYNASTY
168 BCE Mattathias the Hashmonian revolted against Greek Syrians who had occupied Jerusalem. 5 sons, Judah, Jonathan, Simon John and Eleazar with him.
Judah Maccabee d: 160 BCE
145 BCE Jonathan, Judah's brother, added Lydda to Judah
142 BCE Simon , brother of Judah Maccabee, became leader and high priest died in 135 BCE:
135 BCE John Hyrcanus aka Yohanan Cohen Gadol (John, the high priest) was Simon's son,
first to force people to become Jewish which he did to Idumaea.
Preferred Sudducees over Pharisees.
was defeated by Antiochus Vii Sidetes.
Aristobulus I, son of Hyrcanus last reign with Judaea being powerful and united as a state.
Jerusalem was taken by the Syrians after a prolonged siege.
Judea once more became a Seleucid province.
105-104 BCE Judah Aristobulus, son of Aristobulus King.
104-76 BCE Alexander Yanai, son of Aristobulus, now King. He set up a standing mercenary army and conquered Transjordan, Idumea and the coastal plain. The Pharisees opposed his war policy so he was antagonistic toward them. This led to a Civil War. After a bloody struggle, he won.
76-69 BCE He was married to Salome Alexandra who ruled after his death. She died and the Hashmonean Dynasty declined.
Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II were sons of Salome and Alexandaer Yanai had strife between them as leaders.
63-43 BCE: Antipater saw a door open during this strife and became ruler of Judea. He supported Hyrcanus in his war against his brother Aristobulus. Then he assisted the Romans. He joined up with Julius Caesar after his victory over Pompey, and recruited Jewish and Nabaean troops for his army. He became financial administrator of Judea in 47 BCE.
Father of Herod.
47 BCE; Antipater became effective ruler of the country. He was also ruler of Idumea in 1st century BCE. He grew rich from trade with Arabia.
Phasael and Herod: were sons of Antipater. Appointed to chief administrative posts by their father.
.
73-4 BCE: Herod I: King of Judea by the Senate of Rome, son of Antipater the Idumean by his Nabatean wife, Cypros.
Parthias restored: 40-37 BCE: King Antigonus Mattathias restored to the throne of Judah . he had been the last Hasmonean king, son of Aristobulus II. when Pompey captured Jerusalem in 63, he was taken as a hostage to Rome. He returned to Judea in 49. He captured Jerusalem in 40 with the support of the Parthians. Herod's brother, Phasael put him to death and mutilated his own uncle Hyrcanus so as to disqualify him for the high priesthood. He then ruled as king of Judea and high priest.
40 BCE Parthians made Antigonus king who was the son of Aristobulus II. Antigonus was put to death.
4 BCE-6 CE ARCHELAUS, Son of Herod ruled Judah as king. A Jewish delegation requested Emperor Augustus.of Rome to dethrone the herodian dynasty. Augustus did but gave him the title of ethnarch of Judea, Idumea, and Samaria. Archelaus's rule was marked by severity, leading to his removal from office by Augustus. He sent him to Gaul where he died in 16 CE.
6 CE: Romans created a province out of Judea, Samaria and Idumea, naming it Iudaea
6 -66 CE: Archelauas, son of Herod, Jerusalem was ruled by Roman Procurators.
Procurators of Judea usually lived in Caesarea, the administrative capital of Roman Judea. They went to Jerusalem to maintain order during holidays where they stayed in Herod's palace. There were 14 of these governors: 7 between 6-41 CE. Others ruled between 44-66.
29 CE: Pontius Pilate was a procurator. During his time, Jesus was crucified.
37 CE Herod captured Jerusalem with help of large Roman force.
37 CE Herod married Mariamne, granddaughter of the high priest, Hyrcanus, a Hashmonean. Herod murdered all rivals to his new power including his own brother in-law, Aristobulus III, the last Hasmonean high priest. He put to death his own wife Mariamne, their 2 sons Alexander and Aristobulus, and his firstborn, Antipater.
He rebuilt the Temple in Jerusalem on a magnificent scale and erected the 2 new cities of Sebaste and Caesarea. When he died, his will read that his kingdom was to be partitioned among his sons Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip.
39: Romans drove the Parthians from Syria. Herod attacked Antigonus and won. Antigonus then fortified himself in Jerusalem, but was captured after a 5 month siege and put to death.
Herod Antipas. Herod Antipas, (born 21 BCE—died in 39 CE), son of Herod I the Great who became tetrarch of Galilee and ruled throughout Jesus of Nazareth's ministry. His mother was Malthace of Samaria. Herod died in 4 BCE and he became tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, founded Tiberias for the emperor. He married Herodias, wife of his brother Herod.
1. The first king of Israel was Saul in the 11th Century BCE. He was son of Kish of the tribe of Benjamin. The people were threatened by the Philistines and Ammonites, and wanted a king over them to show their power. The prophet Samuel chose Saul.
2. David of the tribe of Judah took over from Saul in 1000-960 BCE. He ruled from about 1010 to 970 BCE. He was the youngest son of Jesse, born in Bethlehem and at age 25 was Saul's armor- bearer. David and Jonathan, Saul's son, were good friends. He married Saul's daughter, Michal. Saul became very jealous of David and his popularity. First David was king of Judah. After 8 years, David captured Jerusalem, making it his capital. David won many battles and became king over all the area. It is believed that he had written the Book of Psalms.
3. Solomon succeeded his father, David as the next king and reigned from 961 to 920 BCE. Where David had to engage in battles, Solomon was the creator and built the Temple. Solomon was king of Israel from 961 to 920 BCE. His mother was the Bathsheba. He became king because of the help of his mother and the prophet Nathan before his father had died. King Hiram of Tyre helped him by sending materials for the Temple which was completed in his 11th year of his reign. Solomon divided his empire into 12 districts and built many cities such as Meggiddo and Hazor. He had a harbor built on the Red Sea. It is said that he had 1,000 wives and concubines, procured many by making peace with smaller kingdoms and marrying the daughters of the kings. His realm extended from Egypt to the Euphrates River and was the most energetic in the entire region. The arts of historiography, parables, and elegant writings were developed and many biblical works such as the Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Psalm 72 were attributed to Solomon. His reputation was his great wisdom. His downfall was the forced labor that was part of his building program and it impoverished the country. The Edomites and Arameans started revolts. Inside Israel was malcontent of the people. When he died, there was the problem of who the next king would be. This is when Judah pulled out of the statehood of Israel.
ISRAEL'S KINGS
4. Jeroboam became king from 930 to 910 BCE. He was not a son of Solomon. Instead, he was an Ephraimite, one of the 12 tribes of Jacob. He had been a superintendent of Solomon' forced labor gangs who had led the revolt. He hid out in Egypt after Solomon's death.
5-19. Nadab (912-911 BCE) Jehoahaz (816-800 BCE)
Baasha (911-911 BCE) Jehoash (800-785 BCE)
Elah (888-887 BCE) Jeroboam II (785-745 BCE)
Zimri (887 BCE) Zachariah (744 BCE)
Omri (887-876 BCE) Shallum (743 BCE)
Ahab (876-853 BCE) Menahem (743-736 BCE)
Ahaziah/Uzziah (853 BCE) Pekahiah (736-735 BCE)
Jehoram (853-843 BCE) Pekah (735-730 BCE)
Jehu (843-816 BCE) Hoshea (730-721 BCE)
ASSYRIA ATTACKED IN 721 BCE AND CARRIED OFF THE BEST OF THE PEOPLE INTO CAPTIVITY. ISRAEL HAD LOST TERRITORY OF TRANSJORDAN AND GALILEE IN BATTLE. PHILISTIA, TYRE, MOAB AND EDOM BECAME ASSYRIAN PROVINCES. SAMARIA WAS TAKEN BY SARGON WHO ANNEXED ISRAEL AND DEPORTED 27,290 ISRAELITES TO ASSYRIA AND MEDIA. REPLACED THEM WITH SYRIAN AND BABYLONIAN PRISONERS.
JUDAH'S KINGS
Southern part of Israel, which divided in 933 BCE when Solomon had died,
maintained the Dynasty of Solomon
4. Rehoboam (933-917 BCE), son of Solomon and his Ammonite wife, Naamah. He had not listened to the people who wanted relief from heavy taxation. The tribes of Judah, the largest, and Simeon and mosat of Benjamin remained loyal to him because of the Temple. Egypt invaded and plundered the Temple at this opportune time.
5-20 Abijam (917-915 BCE) Jotham (740-735 BCE)
Asa (915-875 BCE) Ahaz (735-720 BCE)
Jehoshaphat (875-851 BCE) Hezekiah (720-692 BCE)
Jehoram (851-844 BCE) Manasseh (692-638 BCE)
Ahaziah (844-843 BCE) Amon (638-637 BCE)
Athaliah (843-837 BCE) Josiah (637-608 BCE)
Joash (837-798 BCE) Jehoahaz (608 BCE)
Amaziah (798-780 BCE) Jehoiakim (608-598 BCE)
Azariah/Uzziah (780-740 BCE Jehoiakin (598-597 BCE)
Zedekiah (597-586 BCE)
On Mount Moriah in Jerusalem
 |
| Temple built by Solomon was destroyed in 586 BCE It was rebuilt from 538-515 BCE (2nd Temple) 519 BCE-RENEWED TEMPLE WORSHIP A 50 YEAR INTERVAL by the returning Babylonian Jewish exiles. This was destroyed in 70 CE by the Romans The Romans built a temple over this site. A mosque has stood there (Mosque of Omar) |
BABYLONIANS(Chaldees where Abraham was born) , WHO HAD TAKEN OVER ASSYRIA, ATTACKED IN 597 BCE AND AGAIN IN 586 BCE WITH NEBUCHADNEZZAR, LAND OF INSOLENT PAGAN TYRANNY, EXILED MANY JEWS TO BABYLON. MANY JEWS REMAINED HERE AFTER FREED BY CYRUS WHO HELPED THEM TO RETURN TO JUDAH. THE JEWISH POSITION WOULD BE IN PERIL UNTIL THE ARAB CONQUEST IN 7TH CENTURY CE.
538 BCE CYRUS II, KING OF PERSIA (IRAN TODAY) was in power so granted permission to the exiles of Judah in Babylon to return to their homeland and rebuild the Temple. The Jewish exiles regarded Cyrus as a Divine agent. Ezra led them back. Not all followed.
He overran the Babylonian Empire which then included what was later called Palestine by the Romans in 135 CE. Cyrus died in 529 BCE. It's thought that he may have been the son of Queen Esther, the Jewish beauty who was married to King Ahasueros.
312-198 BCE: Ptolemaic rule and then under Seleucids-growing Hellenization
Macedonian king of Egypt
One of Alexander the Great's generals.
250 BCE: PARTHIA RULED JUDAH: This was an empire of Iranic people. from 3rd century BCE-226 CE it ruled over the vast mass of the Jewish population in Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Media.
200 BCE: Antiohus III conquered Eretz Yisrael and granted privileges to the Temple. Seleucids had financial problems and had a hard time eeting its depressed monetary situation. Here we have the Hasmonean revolt.
2 CENTURIES OF PERSIAN RULE OVER JUDAH
HASHMONEAN DYNASTY
168 BCE Mattathias the Hashmonian revolted against Greek Syrians who had occupied Jerusalem. 5 sons, Judah, Jonathan, Simon John and Eleazar with him.
Judah Maccabee d: 160 BCE
145 BCE Jonathan, Judah's brother, added Lydda to Judah
142 BCE Simon , brother of Judah Maccabee, became leader and high priest died in 135 BCE:
135 BCE John Hyrcanus aka Yohanan Cohen Gadol (John, the high priest) was Simon's son,
first to force people to become Jewish which he did to Idumaea.
Preferred Sudducees over Pharisees.
was defeated by Antiochus Vii Sidetes.
Aristobulus I, son of Hyrcanus last reign with Judaea being powerful and united as a state.
Jerusalem was taken by the Syrians after a prolonged siege.
Judea once more became a Seleucid province.
105-104 BCE Judah Aristobulus, son of Aristobulus King.
104-76 BCE Alexander Yanai, son of Aristobulus, now King. He set up a standing mercenary army and conquered Transjordan, Idumea and the coastal plain. The Pharisees opposed his war policy so he was antagonistic toward them. This led to a Civil War. After a bloody struggle, he won.
76-69 BCE He was married to Salome Alexandra who ruled after his death. She died and the Hashmonean Dynasty declined.
Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II were sons of Salome and Alexandaer Yanai had strife between them as leaders.
63-43 BCE: Antipater saw a door open during this strife and became ruler of Judea. He supported Hyrcanus in his war against his brother Aristobulus. Then he assisted the Romans. He joined up with Julius Caesar after his victory over Pompey, and recruited Jewish and Nabaean troops for his army. He became financial administrator of Judea in 47 BCE.
Father of Herod.
47 BCE; Antipater became effective ruler of the country. He was also ruler of Idumea in 1st century BCE. He grew rich from trade with Arabia.
Phasael and Herod: were sons of Antipater. Appointed to chief administrative posts by their father.
.
73-4 BCE: Herod I: King of Judea by the Senate of Rome, son of Antipater the Idumean by his Nabatean wife, Cypros.
Parthias restored: 40-37 BCE: King Antigonus Mattathias restored to the throne of Judah . he had been the last Hasmonean king, son of Aristobulus II. when Pompey captured Jerusalem in 63, he was taken as a hostage to Rome. He returned to Judea in 49. He captured Jerusalem in 40 with the support of the Parthians. Herod's brother, Phasael put him to death and mutilated his own uncle Hyrcanus so as to disqualify him for the high priesthood. He then ruled as king of Judea and high priest.
4 BCE-6 CE ARCHELAUS, Son of Herod ruled Judah as king. A Jewish delegation requested Emperor Augustus.of Rome to dethrone the herodian dynasty. Augustus did but gave him the title of ethnarch of Judea, Idumea, and Samaria. Archelaus's rule was marked by severity, leading to his removal from office by Augustus. He sent him to Gaul where he died in 16 CE.
6 CE: Romans created a province out of Judea, Samaria and Idumea, naming it Iudaea
6 -66 CE: Archelauas, son of Herod, Jerusalem was ruled by Roman Procurators.
Procurators of Judea usually lived in Caesarea, the administrative capital of Roman Judea. They went to Jerusalem to maintain order during holidays where they stayed in Herod's palace. There were 14 of these governors: 7 between 6-41 CE. Others ruled between 44-66.
29 CE: Pontius Pilate was a procurator. During his time, Jesus was crucified.
37 CE Herod captured Jerusalem with help of large Roman force.
37 CE Herod married Mariamne, granddaughter of the high priest, Hyrcanus, a Hashmonean. Herod murdered all rivals to his new power including his own brother in-law, Aristobulus III, the last Hasmonean high priest. He put to death his own wife Mariamne, their 2 sons Alexander and Aristobulus, and his firstborn, Antipater.
He rebuilt the Temple in Jerusalem on a magnificent scale and erected the 2 new cities of Sebaste and Caesarea. When he died, his will read that his kingdom was to be partitioned among his sons Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip.
39: Romans drove the Parthians from Syria. Herod attacked Antigonus and won. Antigonus then fortified himself in Jerusalem, but was captured after a 5 month siege and put to death.
Herod Antipas. Herod Antipas, (born 21 BCE—died in 39 CE), son of Herod I the Great who became tetrarch of Galilee and ruled throughout Jesus of Nazareth's ministry. His mother was Malthace of Samaria. Herod died in 4 BCE and he became tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, founded Tiberias for the emperor. He married Herodias, wife of his brother Herod.
41-44: Agrippa (10 BCE-44 CE) ruled in Jerusalem as king. Son of Aristobulus and grandson of Herod. He began to build a 3rd wall to the North
It was Caligula, Roman Emperor from 37 -41 the title of king to rule NE Palestine. Caligula was touched in the head, insisting on being worshiped as a divinity causing disturbances in Alexandra when he visited.
64–68 CE: Nero, Roman Emperor 54-68, persecutes Jews and Christians throughout the Roman Empire. His wife was sypathetic to Judaism. This was a period of turmoil in Judea ending with war against Rome. It was Caligula, Roman Emperor from 37 -41 the title of king to rule NE Palestine. Caligula was touched in the head, insisting on being worshiped as a divinity causing disturbances in Alexandra when he visited.
