Saturday, August 24, 2019

Qualifications Not Met For a State of Palestine

Nadene Goldfoot                                               
Jewish Israeli Men 
The has never been a state of Palestine.  Such a state has been in the works and has just produced the many terrorists either calling themselves the PA (Palestine Authority-a work over of Yasser Arafat's PLO, and its division of Hamas, the worst of the terrorists who have been given Gaza to live.  Yet, the countries of the world have deemed it proper that regardless of expectations for a new state, they should be given statehood.  
                                                                             
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer.
Back in the days of Mark Twain, a group of people including him, took a pleasure  cruise, the trip of a lifetime which included Palestine.  He wrote about it in detail in his book, "The Innocents Abroad."
Innocents perhaps as their expectations might not have been met-in fact he may have come face to face with disappointment.  It was advertised as AN EXCURSION TO THE HOLY LAND, EGYPT, THE CRIMEA, GREECE, AND INTERMEDIATE POINTS OF INTEREST.  He left from Brooklyn, New York about June 1,  1867.  They traveled by steamer that was able to hold 150 cabin passengers but planned on leaving at 3/4 capacity.  The ship was provided with all necessities including a library and musical instruments with a doctor on board.  

The steamer finally got to Joppa, Jerusalem, the River Jordan, the Sea of Tiberias, Nazareth, Bethany, Bethlehem and other points of interest in the Holy land where people could leave ship and visit..  Those who wanted a different route could make the journey from Beirut through the country and pass through Damascus, Galilee, Capernaum, Samaria and by the River Jordan and Sea of Tiberias, then rejoin the steamer.  
                                                      

He eagerly awaited seeing an Arab.  In boyhood he longed to be an Arab of the desert and have a beautiful mare and call her Selim or Benjamin or Mohammed  and feed her with his own hands and let her come into the tent, etc, etc.  Then reality set in.  He said that those of his acquaintance have no love for their horses, no sentiment of pity for them, no knowledge of how to treat them or care for them.  The saddle blanket is never removed from their horses, gets full of dirt and hair and becomes soaked with sweat.  It breeds sores.  These Pirates never think of washing a horse's back.  they do not shelter the horses in the tents, either.  His sentimental thinking he felt was wasted upon the Selims of romance.   (p. 202-203 of his book).  

When entering the Galilee, and they visited there because it held the birthplace of their Savior, they saw "the country was infested with fierce Bedouins, whose sole happiness in life was to cut and stab and mangle and murder unoffending Christians.  Allah be with us"!, he wrote.  

He saw unpeopled deserts, rusty mounds of barrenness, the ruins of Capernaum, this stupid village of Tiberias slumbering under its 6 funereal plumes of palms, and so forth with some of his  best and most creative writing not found in TOM SAWYER.  

Palestine in 1867 was a dead and desolate landscape.  The Jews there, kept to themselves out of sight while the land was trodden over by roaming Bedouins, on horse or camel as if it were a hamburger spot on a trip from Oregon to Florida, not a place to live in.  It was desert and swamp with many mosquitoes and weeds.  The land was waiting for the Homies to return, the Jews who would bring it water and fertilizer and make it bloom again.  1880 was the moment of return, a response to too many pogroms in Russia that caused these people who had been praying for 2,000 years to be led back in a return.  Life outside their land had been impossible.                                 
Joan Peters
b: 1938 Chicago, d: January 5, 2015
Married to William A Caro and Stanley Kaplan

Joan Peters, later Caro, was the author of the best-selling, controversial, 1984 book From Time Immemorial, in which she argued that Palestinians are largely not indigenous to modern Israel and therefore do not have a claim to its territory. 
en.wikipedia.org 
Naysayers about the book's findings were
Noam Chomsky and buddy Norman Finkelstein.  

This is how I still see Americans viewing the Palestinian Arabs, in a romantic way, but not in a real way.  For those that can read, all their history is in Joan Peter's book, FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL where she explains from actual papers showing they came in following the Russian Jewish immigration of the 1st Aliyah in 1880 and onward to Palestine.  There were a few who tried farming and owned land they couldn't do a thing with, so sold out to the immigrant Russian Jews who paid extremely  high prices for it but to whom this ugly land meant something.  Americans have a guilty conscience over their own Native Americans (Indians) and have made a comparison finding them the same, but it's like comparing apples to oranges.  They do not have the same history at all!  
                                                         
King Saul's death
and David is the next king

Who does compare better are the returning Jews who were quite native to this soil, having lived here as a nation since King Saul in the 11th century BCE.   before 1000 BCE.  He was the 1st King of Israel, son of Kish of the tribe of Benjamin.  Yes, we were tribal, too, like the Indians.  We also lived in tents.   There were 12 tribes, all from the 12 sons of Jacob.  That's over 3,000 years ago!                                               
                                                        
Yitzak-Meir Levin
b: 1893-d: 1971

He was born in Góra Kalwaria on January 30, 1893 in Góra Kalwaria , Poland . He studies in a yeshiva and becomes Rabbi . In 1924, he became a member of Agoudat Israel , he is the representative of the Warsaw region and in 1929 he is Polish representative for the world. In 1937, he became a member of the presidency of the organization. From 1937 to 1939 he was a member of the Diet of the Republic of Poland .

He moved to Mandatory Palestine in 1940 and helped Polish victims of the Holocaust to immigrate to Palestine.
In 1948, he was among the signatories of the Declaration of Independence of the State of Israel .
He was a member of the first David Ben Gurion government in 1948. He left the government in 1952 as a result of the incorporation of women into the army .  This may be Meir Levin, the author's father.  It's typical of what he wrote about, the Jews who came back to Palestine.  
                                                         
Meyer Levin was born in 1905, died in 1981:
US novelist, retold Hasidic legends and wrote stories of Israel;
Lived in Israel: Prolific writer includes Compulsion, The Old Bunch, Citizens, Eva, Gore and Igor and his autobiography, In Search. 

Meyer Levin wrote a historic-based novel, THE SETTLERS, in 1972 about the Jews who first settled in Palestine in 1880 and follows them through history to WWI.  It's one of the best I've ever read.  He writes about the hardships of the first Jewish pioneers and the spasmodic tyranny of the Turkish overlords, etc.  These pioneers had it just as rough as our American pioneers.  

There were Jews in Palestine who had never left.  Their ancestors had remained, hidden more likely, as the Romans had a ban on Jews returning after they had dragged them out as slaves and took them to Rome.  They were to be killed if found.  It was not a safe proposition to try to return throughout the ages.  Many had tried and failed along the way.  


The UN set down conditions for the Palestinian Arabs to follow in order to gain statehood, and they have never been met.  (Any act undertaken to establish a Palestinian state will be insufficient to confer membership in the community of nations, even in the presence of a significant display of support for a state of Palestine. This will largely be due to the Palestinians’ inability to satisfy the Security Council that, once a state, it will abide by the principles of the United Nations Charter.  One of those conditions was to behave peacefully.  Even today, Israel has had to enter their bomb shelters as rockets rained down.  It has started up again after a short pause while they burned their fields and forests with burning kites.  How can they be allowed statehood when they act like the Nazis entering Poland?  The United States has consistently supported a two-state solution and encouraged the establishment of a Palestinian state, but only after negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians sufficiently indicate that Israel’s security would not be jeopardized by a neighboring state of Palestine.

The Knesset of Israel has 120 members.  About 21 of them have taken the brave step of writing our USA Congress to reconsider their position on Palestinian Statehood, which they continue from other Presidents to back.  They feel a legal statehood recognition from the USA is even worse that today's BDS movement, a movement to end Israel economically.  Recognition and all the pluses it includes with statehood would severely damage the national security of both Israel and the United States.  It's been bad enough for Israel that since its inception it has had to defend themselves against the attacks of these Arabs who care less about life like they treated their horses than taking over Israel.  

Like the dog who chases the bone, they wouldn't know what to do with it if, G-d forbid, they ever did TAKE Israel.  It would turn back into the weeds and swamps and desert that Jews found it in.  They haven't managed to take care of their people as the PA or Hamas well at all, spending all their given money on ammunition against Israel, not their people's needs. 
                                                       
Kartoum Conference in 1967 and 3 NOs
No to Peace with Israel

Congress was very clever.  They just passed legislation taking a strong stance against the BDS movement that has been going on for years, now.  But, it also included language re-affirming America's commitment to a 2-state solution between Israelis and Palestinians.  I say, when peace-minded Arabs in Gaza can take over from Hamas and rule, then we can think about it.  When the PA (Palestine Authority) is actually peace-minded and all for making peace with Israel, wiping out the 1967 commitment they made in an African conference in Kartoum  with other Muslim Arabs, then we can think about it.  Until then, our people will pray and prepare to defend themselves.        
                                                  

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that if the Arabs put down their weapons today there would be no more violence. If the Jews put down their weapons, there would be no more Israel.                                

Golda Meir was an Israeli teacher, kibbutznik, stateswoman, politician and the fourth Prime Minister of Israel

 As Gold Meir stated:  We will only have peace when the Arabs love their children more than they hate us:

There's no such thing as a PALESTINIAN PEOPLE.  It is not as if we came and threw them out and took their country.  They didn't exist. 

We Jews have a secret weapon against our struggle with the Arabs.  We have nowhere else to go.  

 We have been forced to choose between what is more dangerous and what is less dangerous for us. At times we have all been tempted to give in to various pressures and to accept proposals that might guarantee us a little quiet for a few months, or maybe even for a few years, but that could only lead us eventually into even greater peril. 

Caesar  used a similar tactic on the Jews by giving them a lot and then expecting them to return the favors by assimilating and changing their religion.  Martin Luther (1483-1546) used the same methods on Jews, turning against them violently when they didn't comply.  First he had spoken favorably of the Jews and said they had been treated badly by the Catholic Church hoping Jews would accept his brand of Christianity.  He turned using  extreme virulence, applauding everything that could be done to persecute and humiliate them.  His anti-Jewish attitude helped to inspire later German anti-Semitism.  Sticking on that tag of a 2-state  solution was such a tag.  It's there to satisfy the American Democrats.  Notice, since the Clinton-Arafat confabs of the Oslo processes, it isn't working.  

We do not rejoice in victories. (Palestinians do).  Killing Jews is time for celebration with them.  They pass out candies to the children on these occasions.    We rejoice when a new kind of cotton is grown, when strawberries bloom in Israel.  

Resource: The Jewish Press, Friday, August 16, 2019, page 42, MKs to congress: Palestinian statehood far more dangerous then BDS.  
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Levin
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
https://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/2011/08/31/palestinian-statehood-international-law/
http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=121942  on international statehood
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state




Friday, August 23, 2019

Who Was To Be King of Judea During the Roman Occupation? How Roman Rulers Decided

Nadene Goldfoot
                                                                     
Gaius Julius Caesar-1st Century BCE
b: 12 Iuly 100 BCE-d: 15 March 44 BCE.
 Known by his nomen and cognomen Julius Caesar, was a populist Roman dictator, politician, military general, and historian who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. He also wrote Latin prose. Who hasn't heard of the love affair of Caesar and Cleopatra of Egypt?  
"Julius Caesar was known as a great friend to the Jews, and they were among the first to mourn his assassination.  "He may have had an ultimate reason for treating them so well.  Hasmoneans/Maccabees – had a fearsome reputation. The Romans referred to the Jews as “porcupines.” Just as a porcupine is an animal that even great predators avoid, so too the Jews. Even if you ate it you would be sorry. The Jews had the reputation as difficult to fight in a war and impossible to govern. Moreover, the Romans viewed the Jews as “atheists” or “non-believers.” Anyone who was religious, in their world view, had a god that you could see. They could not comprehend an invisible God with a Temple that had no visible idol to worship.

How Julius Caesar showed his respect for Jews was that "Julius Caesar made a pillar of brass for the Jews at Alexandria, and declared publicly that they (Jews) were citizens of Alexandria, Egypt." 
                        
                                                                                

                     He made the following award: 
                In those days the king would 
                     also be the high priest.  
  Whereas Hyrcanus, the son of Alexander Yanni, the Jew, a high priest of the Jews, hath demonstrated his fidelity and diligence about our affairs, was the  favorite Jew of Caesar.  Who was he?

Hyrcanus was the eldest son of Alexander Jannaeus, King and High Priest, and Alexandra Salome. After the death of Alexander in 76 BC, his widow succeeded to the rule of Judea and installed her elder son Hyrcanus as High Priest. Alexander had numerous conflicts with the Pharisees. So Hyrcanus was believed to be supported by the Pharisees, especially later in his tenure.

". [Hyrcanus II was the son of Alexander Yannai, the Hasmonean King who ruled from 103-76 B.C.E.]
Hyrcanus was a weak figure who on his own could neither administer the affairs of Judea nor collect its taxes. For this reason, it became possible for the Idumaean Antipater, whose father had been forcibly converted to Judaism in the time of John Hyrcanus, to insinuate himself into the halls of power. [John Hyrcanus ruled the Hasmonean state from 134 B.C.E. through his death in 104 B.C.E. During his reign, the state vastly expanded, through conquest, to include Samaria, Transjordan and Idumea (northern Negev). When John Hyrcanus conquered Idumea, he converted the Idumeans to Judaism.]"
                                            

Caesar continues his writing:  This both now and in former times, both in peace and in war, as many of our generals have borne witness, and Hyrcanus came to our assistance in the last Alexandrian war, with fifteen hundred soldiers

When he was sent by me to Mithridates, showed himself superior in valor to all the rest of that army; - for these reasons I will that Hyrcanus, the son of Alexander, and his children, 

Be ethnarchs of the Jews, and have the high priesthood of the Jews for ever, according to the customs of their forefathers, and that he and his sons be our confederates; and that besides this, everyone of them be reckoned among our particular friends. 

1. I also ordain that he and his children retain whatsoever privileges belong to the office of high priest, or whatsoever favors have been hitherto granted them; and 
2.  He was not going to force Jews to find the soldiers winter quarters or take any money from them.  
3. He was saying that Hyrcanus and his children were to rule over the nation of Jews.  This was a decree.  They were to receive profits of that position. 
4. Hyrcanus's job was to defend those injured.  
5.  Rome also accepted the Jewish law of allowing the land to rest on the 7th year and did not expect taxes (tribute)to be paid for that year. 
                                              

Ambassadors were to be sent to Hyrcanus who should be in Jerusalem,
 Judaea.  

That may discourse with him about a league of friendship and mutual assistance; and that a table of brass, containing the premises, be openly proposed in the capitol, and at Sidon, and Tyre, and Askelon, and in the temple, engraven in Roman and Greek letters: that this decree may also be communicated to the quaestors and praetors of the several cities, and to the friends of the Jews;

 That the ambassadors may have presents made them; and that these decrees be sent every where." 

4. "Caius Caesar, imperator, dictator, consul, hath granted, That out of regard to the honor, and virtue, and kindness of the man, and for the advantage of the senate, and of the people of Rome, Hyrcanus, the son of Alexander, both he and his children, be high priests and priests of Jerusalem, and of the Jewish nation, by the same right, and according to the same laws, by which their progenitors have held the priesthood." 

5. "Caius Caesar, consul the fifth time, hath decreed, That the Jews shall possess Jerusalem, and may encompass that city with walls; and that Hyrcanus, the son of Alexander, the high priest and ethnarch of the Jews, retain it in the manner he himself pleases; and that the Jews be allowed to deduct out of their tribute, every second year the land is let [in the Sabbatic period], a corus of that tribute; and that the tribute they pay be not let to farm, nor that they pay always the same tribute." 

6. "Caius Caesar, imperator the second time, hath ordained, That all the country of the Jews, excepting Joppa, do pay a tribute yearly for the city Jerusalem, excepting the seventh, which they call the sabbatical year, because thereon they neither receive the fruits of their trees, nor do they sow their land; and that they pay their tribute in Sidon on the second year [of that sabbatical period], the fourth part of what was sown: and besides this, they are to pay the same tithes to Hyrcanus and his sons which they paid to their forefathers. 

And that no one, neither president, nor lieutenant, nor ambassador, raise auxiliaries within the bounds of Judea; nor may soldiers exact money of them for winter quarters, or under any other pretense; but that they be free from all sorts of injuries; and that whatsoever they shall hereafter have, and are in possession of, or have bought, they shall retain them all. 

It is also our pleasure that the city Joppa, which the Jews had originally, when they made a league of friendship with the Romans, shall belong to them, as it. formerly did; and that Hyrcanus, the son of Alexander, and his sons, have as tribute of that city from those that occupy the land for the country, and for what they export every year to Sidon, twenty thousand six hundred and seventy-five modii every year, the seventh year, which they call the Sabbatic year, excepted, whereon they neither plough, nor receive the product of their trees. 

It is also the pleasure of the senate, that as to the villages which are in the great plain, which Hyrcanus and his forefathers formerly possessed, Hyrcanus and the Jews have them with the same privileges with which they formerly had them also; and that the same original ordinances remain still in force which concern the Jews with regard to their high priests; and that they enjoy the same benefits which they have had formerly by the concession of the people, and of the senate; and let them enjoy the like privileges in Lydda. 

It is the pleasure also of the senate that Hyrcanus the ethnarch, and the Jews, retain those places, countries, and villages which belonged to the kings of Syria and Phoenicia, the confederates of the Romans, and which they had bestowed on them as their free gifts. 

                       Now for following Roman Culture

It is also granted to Hyrcanus, and to his sons, and to the ambassadors by them sent to us, that in the fights between single gladiators, and in those with beasts, they shall sit among the senators to see those shows; and that when they desire an audience, they shall be introduced into the senate by the dictator, or by the general of the horse; and when they have introduced them, their answers shall be returned them in ten days at the furthest, after the decree of the senate is made about their affairs." 


                   Here's where the Jews of this day were not
                   following the Golden Rule: Don't do to others 
                   what you don't want done to you. (Hillel-1st century BCE)
                   Rabbi, President of Sanhedrin, noted for humility and leniency; 
                came up with 7 rules of Bible interpretation

 8. "Julius Caius, praetor [consul] of Rome, to the magistrates, senate, and people of the Parians, sendeth greeting. The Jews of Delos, and some other Jews that sojourn there, in the presence of your ambassadors, signified to us, that, by a decree of yours, you forbid them to make use of the customs of their forefathers, and their way of sacred worship. Now it does not please me that such decrees should be made against our friends and confederates, whereby they are forbidden to live according to their own customs, or to bring in contributions for common suppers and holy festivals, while they are not forbidden so to do even at Rome itself; for even Caius Caesar, our imperator and consul, in that decree wherein he forbade the Bacchanal rioters to meet in the city, did yet permit these Jews, and these only, both to bring in their contributions, and to make their common suppers.   

Accordingly, when I forbid other Bacchanal rioters, I permit these Jews to gather themselves together, according to the customs and laws of their forefathers, and to persist therein. It will be therefore good for you, that if you have made any decree against these our friends and confederates, to abrogate the same, by reason of their virtue and kind disposition towards us."

Hyrcanus II died in 31 BCE.  He had succeeded his mother, Salome Alexandra in 67 BCE but was driven from the throne and high priesthood by his brother, Aristobulus.  

The first Hyrcanus was John, the son and successor of Simon, the Hasmonean who ruled from 135 to 104 BCE.  He was the governor of Gezer, but after the murder of his father and 2 brothers by his brother -in -law Ptolemy, and then escaped to Jerusalem where he seized power before Ptolemy could gain control.  It's quite sad to me to see the intermarriage of a descendant of Judah the Maccabee, hero of our Chanukah history marrying Ptolemy for any reason, and this would be for political power.  Ptolemy was the name of the 1st Macedonian king of Egypt, starting the Ptolemaic dynasty.  All the kings then bore his name.  A number of Jews, including the high priest Hezekiah, went with him to Egypt in about 311 BCE after a 2nd invasion.  He later retook Jerusalem and deported a large number of Jews to Egypt.  He finally subjected Palestine in c 301 BCE.  

A Ptolemy, Soter II Lathyrus in 116 to 181 BCE had attacked Alexander Yannai but was driven off by his mother, Cleopatra in 104 -103 BCE  

Judea owed to the Ptolemies an administrative system which was little altered by the Seleucids and Hasmoneans and survived until Roman times.  
                                               

It was Pompey, a Roman general (106-48 BCE)  who arrived in Jerusalem in 63BCE as the arbiter in the dispute between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus for the throne of Judea. He favored Hyrcanus II according to Caesar's edict.   The Jewish forces lead by Hyrcanus promptly withdrew. The forces of his opponent, Aristobulus, fought against Pompey and Hyrcanus. After two months, the Romans broke through and massacred some 12,000 of the Jews defending the Temple.

According to Josephus, Pompey stepped into the Holy of Holies, the innermost sanctum of the Temple. However, he did not take any booty or interrupt the services of the Temple. The next day he withdrew his army from the Temple Mount and returned it to the authority of the Jews.

On January 10, 49 BCE, Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war between his forces and those of the Roman who defiled the Holy of Holies.

Until that time, Hyrcanus had been an official ally of Pompey. However, he shrewdly switched sides and declared his allegiance to Caesar. He then committed over 3,000 Jewish soldiers to an expeditionary force that invaded Egypt and helped raise the siege of Alexandria.

The outcome of all this was that Pompey terminated Jewish independence enjoyed since Simon the Maccabee.  
                                                    

Marc Antony (January 14, 83 BCE-August 1, 30 BCE became leader after Caesar was assassinated in 44 BCE, but gave power to a man whose rule was as antithetical to Jewish principles and ideals as imaginable. 

That man was Herod (73 BCE-4BCE) son of Antipater the Idumean by his Nabatean wife, Cypros, a murderous, tyrant whose ways would eventually lead to the destruction of the Jewish commonwealth and the beginning of the long exile that Jews still found themselves in until April 14, 1948, date of Israel's revival in the world of nations. What he did that was good was to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem and on a magnificent scale and created 2 new cities-Sebaste and Caesarea.  Outsiders heard he was the generous patron and protector of the Jews.  He had married the Hasmonean Mariamne, granddaughter of the high priest, Hyrcanus.  

It was 10 years after Herod's death that Rome had direct administration of Judaea as by 40 BCE, Judaea had become a Province of the Roman Empire.  

Kings of the Empire of Israel ended with Zedekiah (597-586 BCE) who was the son of King Josiah.  His real name had been Mattaniah but adopted this name when appointed king by the conqueror, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia to succeed the exiled King Jehoiachin.  



Resource:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy
http://www.netours.com/content/view/14/29/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar
https://www.jewishhistory.org/julius-caesar-and-the-jews/
https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/palestine-under-roman-rule/

Thursday, August 22, 2019

The Maharam of Padua: Rabbi Meir Katzenellenbollen Runs Into Anti-Semitism in 1312

Nadene Goldfoot
                                                                           
Here is Hesse-Nassau in red within the Kingdom of Prussia, within the German Empire Hesse was a state in Western Germany and Jews lived there from the late 1100s.  
The Maharam of Padua name was first used after the family of Meir Katzenellenbogen moved to Padua Italy.  It was a Rabbinical family descended from 12 Jews who settled in the town of Katzenelenbogen in Hesse-Nassau, Germany in 1312.   "Count Diether of Katzenelnbogen received permission from Emperor Henry VII. to keep twelve Jews at Katzenelnbogen; and Ludwig the Bavarian in 1330 permitted Count Wilhelm and his heirs to keep twenty-four Jews in their dominions (Böhmer, "Regesten," No. 501; Wiener, "Regesten," pp. 23, 33). "  To keep;  to allow them to live on their property, is what keep would mean.  In those days, Jews were a man's "Property."  

 "A 2016 pioneering research study conducted by Drs. Jeffrey Mark Paull, Neil Rosenstein, and Jeffrey Briskman, utilizes Y-DNA testing in conjunction with existent family pedigrees, oral histories, and historical migration patterns, to conclude that the Katzenellenbogen lineage is of Sephardic origin."

Wouldn't this mean that in 1312 the 12 Jews were coming from Spain to Germany to seek a better more friendly land to live in?  Events were starting in the Middle Ages  in Spain by then showing anti-Semitism.  " Jews in Islamic-occupied Spain, Al-Andalus, were designated as dhimmis, (2nd class with restrictions) and, despite occasional violent outbursts such as the 1066 Granada massacre, they were granted protection to profess their religion in exchange of abiding to certain conditions that limited their rights in relation to Muslims.   Although the good relations the Jews had with their Christian neighbors, especially in the 14th century antisemitism was rising. Blood libel accusations were spreading and decrees were imposed on the Jewish people.  
1492 was the climax in anti-Semitism with the edict that Jews had to convert to Christianity or leave the country.  This decision had really started long before with many acts.  The Katzenellenbollens had the foresight to get out and seek better pastures.   Thus they tried the other way, the way to the Rhineland, Germany.   "In 1492, via the Alhambra Decree, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ordered the expulsion of a disputed number of Jews from the country, ranging from 45,000 to 200,000, and thus put an end to the largest and most distinguished Jewish community in Europe."                           
Barcelona, 1391 Massacre of Jews

 The situation peaked with the massacres of 1391, in which entire communities were murdered and a lot were forcibly converted.

They have had thousands of descendants and huge family connections throughout Europe and America.  
                                                   

Rabbi Meir Katzenellenbogen was born in 1482, just 10 years before Columbus sailed the ocean blue.  He died in 1565. He was a Talmudist that was born in Germany but studied in Poland.  He became the rabbi that officiated in Padua, Italy.  Rabbi Meir was an outstanding codifier and was extensively consulted on halakhic problems.  
                                                    

What does a codifier do?  This refers to the Laws of Moses as found in the Torah.  The Talmud has been accepted as the code book for the regulation of Jewish life.  We have 2 Talmuds;  the Babylonian one and the Palestinian one.  The Talmuds are a collection of the records of academic discussion and of judicial administration of Jewish Law by generations of  scholars and jurists in many academies in more than one county.  Meir put them in a better filing system.  

  By 2 of the following generations, the family had moved into Poland, and probably then into Lithuania.  Lithuania then became an important center of Jewish learning.  

"Saul Wahl Katzenellenbogen (1541–1617) was a wealthy and politically influential Polish Jew who is said to have briefly occupied the throne of Poland on 18 August 1587.   He has historically borne the nickname, Le roi d un jour (king for a day)."  He had a son, Meir Wahl.  Saul's father was Samuel Judah Katzenellenbogen.    Wahl had thirteen children, including the renowned Polish rabbi, Meir Wahl Katzenellenbogen

His being king for a day comes from our folklore as follows from the Jewish Encyclopedia:                            
"Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł (4 February 1515 – 28 May 1565), nicknamed The Black (Lithuanian: Juodasis), was a Polish-Lithuanian noble who held several administrative positions within the Grand Duchy of LithuaniaVoivode of Vilnius, Grand Lithuanian Chancellor, and Grand Hetman of Lithuania."

"At a point in his life, Lithuanian noble Nicholas Radziwill, wishing to do penance for the many atrocities he had committed while a young man, undertook a pilgrimage to Rome in order to consult the pope as to the best means for expiating his sins. The pope advised him to dismiss all his servants and to lead for a few years the life of a wandering beggar. After the expiration of the period prescribed, Radziwill found himself destitute and penniless in PaduaItaly. His appeals for help were heeded by nobody, and his story of being a prince was received with scorn and ridicule."

He finally decided to appeal to Samuel Judah Katzenellenbogen, the rabbi of Padua.  Katzenellenbogen received him with marked respect, treated him very kindly, and provided him with the means to return to Lithuania. When the time for departure came the prince asked the rabbi how he could repay him for his kindness. To allow Radziwill to repay the favour, Shmuel asked that he help find his son Saul, who years before had left to study in a yeshiva in Poland. Upon his return to Poland he inquired at all yeshivas until he found Saul in Brest-Litovsk. Radziwill was impressed with Saul's intellect and offered to board him in his own castle, where Saul could pursue his studies. Radziwill's court personnel were similarly impressed with Saul, and his reputation spread throughout Poland."  Wouldn't this be where the story, the Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twain comes from?  
                                                                            
Jews of Lithuania who have to wear the star of David.
The Germans are inside the country already.  

We Jews from this part of Europe, where Poland and Lithuania were a part of Russia's Pale of Settlement, originally probably came from the tribes of Judah, Benjamin and Simeon.  Jews of the 2nd Temple period spoke of themselves as being either Kohanim, Levites and Israelites.  The Israelites were then made up of these 3 tribes as 9 of the rest of the 12 had been taken away by the attack on them by the Assyrians earlier.   The Tribe of Judah (from which the name "Jews" comes from, was of the southern  tribe remaining with part of Benjamin and  some of Simeon, and the Assyrians had taken the 9  others of the Northern kingdom of Israel.  

I wonder if all the people of the Katz surname are related to this line?  One of my 1st cousins is related to 118 Katz people.  



Research: Finding Our Fathers-A GUIDEBOOK TO JEWISH GENEALOGY, by Dan Rottenberg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Wahl
(Böhmer, "Regesten," No. 501; Wiener, "Regesten," pp. 23, 33). in http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9238-katzenellenbogen
https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/katzenellenbogen
https://avotaynuonline.com/2019/04/inferring-sephardic-origins-for-rabbi-meir-katzellenbogen-from-his-published-philosophies/