Sixteenth Century's Anti-Semitism's Second Half- Expelling or Burning Jews

 Nadene Goldfoot                                               

1555

The Martyrs of 1555. 25 Jews in Ancona, Italy are hanged or burned at the stake for refusing to convert to Christianity as a result of Pope Paul IV's Bull of 1555.

1556

A rumor is sent around that a poor woman in Sokhachev, Poland named Dorothy sold Jews the holy wafer received by her during communion, and that it was stabbed until it bled. The Bishop of Khelm, Poland accuses the local Jews, and eventually three Jews along with Dorothy Lazhentzka are arrested, put on the rack, and sentenced to death on charges of host desecration. They were burned at the stake. Before their death, the martyred Jews made a declaration:

"We have never stabbed the host, because we do not believe that the host is the Divine body, knowing that God has no body nor blood. We believe, as did our forefathers, that the Messiah is not God, but His messenger. We also know from experience that there can be no blood in flour."

1557

Seventy houses were burned in the ghetto of Prague, Czech Republic (Bohemia) 

 Jews are temporarily banished.

1558

Recanati, Italy: a baptized Jew (Marrano), Joseph Paul More, enters synagogue on Yom Kippur under the protection of Pope Paul IV and tries to preach a conversion sermon. The congregation evicts him. Soon after, the Jews are expelled from Recanati. Yom Kippur is the most holy day of the year.  Most likely Joseph was forced to do this to show his reliance on Christianity now that he was baptized.  He must have known the Jews would kick him out.  

1559

Pope Pius IV allows Talmud on conditions that it is printed by a Christian and the text is censored.  Oh ho!  censorship, and you know the book wasn't worth the paper it was printed on-the censoring would be on all the pages.  

1560

The Goa Inquisition begins.

The Goa Inquisition was an extension of the Portuguese Inquisition in Portuguese India. Its objective was to enforce Catholic orthodoxy and allegiance to the Apostolic See of the Pontifex.The Portuguese used forced conversion to spread Catholicism. The resulting crypto-Hinduism was viewed as a challenge to the Church's absolute religious control. Those accused of such practices were often instructed to confess and realign with Catholic teachings. Imprisonment, torture, death penalties, and intimidating people into exile were used by the Inquisition to enforce Catholic religious control

1561

Ferdinand I takes an oath to expel the Jews. Mordechai Zemach runs to Rome and convinces Pope Pius IV to cancel the decree.

1563

Russian troops take Polotsk from Lithuania, Jews are given ultimatum: embrace Russian Orthodox Church or die. Around 300 Jewish men, women and children were thrown into ice holes of Dvina river.

1564

Brest-Litovsk, Belarus: the son of a wealthy Jewish tax collector is accused of killing the family's Christian servant for ritual purposes. He is tortured and executed in line with the law.  King Sigismund II of Poland forbids future charges of ritual murder, calling them groundless.

1566

Antonio Ghislieri elected and, as Pope Pius V, reinstates the harsh anti-Jewish laws of Pope Paul IV.

1567

Jews are allowed to live in France.

1567

Jews expelled from Republic of Genoa, Italy.

1569

Pope Pius V expels all the Jews of Bologna, Italy. He then gave their cemetery away to the nuns of Saint Peter, who destroyed it to use the land.

1569

Pope Pius V expels Jews dwelling outside of the ghettos of Rome,Italy,  Ancona, Italy, and Avignon, France  from the Papal States, thus ensuring that they remain city-dwellers.

1571

Jews in Berlin, Germany are forced to leave and their property is confiscated. History Repeats:  Jewish Germans faced systematic confiscation of their belongings as they were deported to the East, starting in October 1941. This was formalized by the Eleventh Decree of the Reich Citizenship Law in November 1941, which made such confiscation automatic for Jews deported outside of Germany

1571

The Mexican Inquisition begins.

1574

First auto-da-fé in Mexico.

1576

Deportation of Jews from Safed, Palestine to Cyprus by Ottoman authorities. History Repeats:  Between August 1946 and May 1948, the British government intercepted more than 50,000 Holocaust survivors seeking to resettle in Palestine. They interned these survivors in detention camps established on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. This was at the end of WWII.  

1581

Pope Gregory XIII issues a Bull which prohibits the use of Jewish doctors.

1583

Three Portuguese conversos are burned at the stake in Rome. You can't force a religion upon a person-so conversos may have converted but still thought of themselves as Jews, and were caught practicing by not eating pork or some trifle thing...

1586

Pope Sixtus V forbids printing of the Talmud.-probably couldn't read it but as long as Jews did, ....no more printing

1590

Jewish quarter of Mikulov (Nikolsburg) burns to ground and 15 people die while Christians watch or pillage.

1590

King Philip II of Spain orders expulsion of Jews from Lombardy, France. His order is ignored by local authorities until 1597, when 72 Jewish families are forced into exile.

1591

Philip II, King of Spain, banished all Jews from the duchy of Milan, Italy. 

The Duchy of Milan  was a state in Northern Italy, created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then the lord of Milan, and a member of the important Visconti family, which had been ruling the city since 1277. The Jewish community in Milan has a long and rich history, dating back to the Roman period. While they were expelled from the city in the 16th century, they returned in the 19th century, and Milan became a center for Jewish immigrants, especially after its integration into the new Italian kingdom. Today, Milan has a vibrant Jewish community, with about 5,200 members, making it the second-largest Jewish community in Italy after Rome

1592

Esther Chiera (Kiera), Jewish,  is executed with one of her sons by the Sultan Murad III's calvary. 

Many important diplomatic transactions and many appointments to military and administrative offices were made through Kiera; and her long career under three sultans testifies to her ability and ingenuity. The representatives of the European powers often applied to Kiera and secured concessions through her. They variously refer to her in their writings as "Kiera," "Chiera," "Chierara," "Chirazza," or "Chiarazza." The name "Kiera" is of Turkish origin, Kiera's Jewish name being Esther; and it appears that toward the end of her life she adopted the Mohammedan faith and was then given the name "Fatima," as she is so styled in the firman of Osman II. Her sons were not converted with her, as is shown by the statement that one of them later saved his life by becoming a Mohammedan (he was called "Aksak Mustafa," and he died in the reign of Ibrahim I. [1640-49]); and her grandchildren also are styled Jews in the firman referred to.

1593

Pope Clement VIII confirms the papal bull of Paul III that expels Jews from papal states except ghettos in Rome and Ancona and issues Caeca et obdurata ("Blind Obstinacy"): "All the world suffers from the usury of the Jews, their monopolies and deceit. ... Then as now Jews have to be reminded intermittently anew that they were enjoying rights in any country since they left Palestine and the Arabian desert, and subsequently their ethical and moral doctrines as well as their deeds rightly deserve to be exposed to criticism in whatever country they happen to live."

1593

At least 900 are expelled from Bologna, Italy.

1595

10 people are accused of practicing Judaism in Lima, Peru. Four of them are released and one named Francisco Rodríguez, is burned alive.

1596

Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal was a Marrana (Jewish convert to Christianity) in New Spain executed by the Inquisition for "judaizing" in 1596. One of her children, Isabel, in her twenties at the time, was tortured until she implicated the whole of the Carabajal family. The whole family was forced to confess and abjure at a public auto-da-fé, celebrated on Saturday, 24 February 1590. Luis de Carabajal the younger (one of Francisca's sons), along with Francisca and four of her daughters, was condemned to perpetual imprisonment, and another one of Francisca's sons, Baltasar, who had fled upon the first warning of danger, was, along with his deceased father Francisco Rodriguez de Matos, burnt in effigy. In January 1595, Francisca and her children were accused of a relapse into Judaism and convicted. During their imprisonment they were tempted to communicate with one another on Spanish pear seeds, on which they wrote touching messages of encouragement to remain true to their faith. At the resulting auto-da-fé, Francisca and her children Isabel, Catalina, Leonor, and Luis, died at the stake, together with Manuel Diaz, Beatriz Enriquez, Diego Enriquez, and Manuel de Lucena (9) people. Of her other children, Mariana,(10th)  who lost her reason for a time, was tried and put to death at an auto-da-fé held in Mexico City on 25 March 1601; Anica, the youngest child, being "reconciled" at the same time.

1598

3 Jews in Lublin are brutally tortured and executed by quartering, after a Christian boy is found in a nearby swamp. Deaths often blamed on Jews saying they needed Christian blood to make matzos...Lies such as this were believed by the masses.  

    King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I of Castile

1478-1834  Spanish Inquisition:  

The Spanish Inquisition, established in 1478 by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I of Castile, was a tribunal tasked with maintaining religious orthodoxy within their kingdoms. It targeted those deemed heretical, including Jews, Muslims, and later Protestants, for deviation from Catholic doctrine. The Inquisition's reach extended to Spain, Portugal, and Spanish colonies, lasting until 1834. The Inquisition was a constant going on throughout these time periods, going into 
Mexico as well.  Christopher Columbus may have been Jewish as well leaving in 1492, 
sailing the ocean blue with some of his Jewish hands also escaping.  

Resource:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism