Nadene Goldfoot
- 1600
- 14 Judaizers are punished in Lima, Peru. Jewish people have lived in Lima, Peru since the mid-16th century, particularly after the city's founding by Francisco Pizarro in 1535. While there was a smaller secret Jewish community in the colonial period (16th-17th centuries) due to the Spanish Inquisition, a larger influx of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Jewish community in Lima reached its peak in the 1970s, with most of Peru's Jewish population residing there.
- 1603
- Frei Diogo da Assumpcão, a partly Jewish friar(marrano) who embraced Judaism, burned alive in Lisbon.
- 1605
- 16 Judaizers are arrested in Lima, Peru. In early Christianity, "Judaizers" were Jewish Christians who believed that Gentiles needed to follow the Mosaic Law, including circumcision, to be considered true followers of Jesus. They opposed Paul's view that salvation was through faith in Christ alone and that Gentiles were not bound by the Old Testament Law. The term "Judaizer" comes from the Greek word for "to live as the Jews," reflecting the Judaizers' emphasis on Jewish customs and practices. Sounds like Jews not covering the fact; being Peru and having been baptized, different
from Marranos.
- 1608
- The Jesuit order forbids admission to anyone descended from Jews to the fifth generation, a restriction lifted in the 20th century. Three years later Pope Paul V applies the rule throughout the Church, but his successor revokes it.The Society of Jesus, commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order of men. Founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, they are known for their commitment to education, social justice, and global mission. The Jesuits are the largest male religious order in the Catholic Church.
- 1612
The Hamburg Senate decides to officially allow Jews to live in Hamburg on the condition there is no public worship. The Jewish Community in Hamburg, began with the establishment of Sephardim from Spain, as they were expelled from their home country in 1492, they came through stopovers in Portugal, Amsterdam and Antwerp arriving around 1577. Hamburg, Germany, has a long and complex history with Jewish communities, marked by periods of both integration and persecution. Sephardic Jews first arrived in the 16th century, followed by Ashkenazi Jews in the 17th. Hamburg's Jewish community thrived, particularly in neighborhoods like Grindel, Harvestehude, and Eimsbüttel, becoming a significant part of the city's fabric. However, this history is also stained by the horrors of the Nazi era, including persecution, deportation, and ultimately, the destruction of the Jewish community.
- 1614
- Vincent Fettmilch, who called himself the "new Haman of the Jews", leads a raid on the Frankfurt, Germany Jewish quarter that turned into an attack that destroyed the whole community.
- 1615
- The Guild led by Dr. Chemnitz, "non-violently" forced the Jews from Worms. Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about 60 km (40 mi) south-southwest of Frankfurt am Main. Records show that Jews had resided in Worms from around 1000, and endowments enabled construction of the first synagogue as early as 1034. The community experienced its first golden age during the 11th century, attracting important clerics. But the crusader pogroms of 1096 inflicted terrible damage. Together with the neighbouring communities in Speyer and Mainz, Worms was home to a particularly well-respected Jewish congregation (known by the term SchUM in these cities), which since the 12th/13th centuries had acquired special authority in legal and religious issues. The economic power of the Jews, who were especially active as merchants, contributed significantly to this standing. Another factor was the religious freedom they had been afforded by kings and emperors since the Salian dynasty, which included the right to settle their own internal affairs.
- 1616
- Jesuits arrive in Grodno, Belarus and accuse the Jews of host desecration . It involves the mistreatment or malicious use of a consecrated host—the bread used in the Eucharistic service of the Divine Liturgy or Mass. and blood libel
an accusation that Jewish people used the blood of Christians in religious rituals, especially in the preparation of Passover bread, that was perpetrated throughout the Middle Ages and (sporadically) until the early 20th century.
- 1618
- Anti-semitic pamphlet Mirror of the Polish Crown is published by professor Sebastian Miczyński. It accuses the Jews of murder, sacrileges, witchcraft, and urges their expulsion. It would go on to inspire anti-Jewish riots across Poland.
- 1619
- Shah Abbas I of the Persian Sufi dynasty increases persecution against the Jews, forcing many to outwardly practice Islam. Many keep practicing Judaism in secret (Marranos).
- 1622
- King Christian IV invites Jews to come and live in Denmark. In 1622, King Christian IV of Denmark invited "Portuguese" Jews from Amsterdam and Hamburg to settle in Glückstadt, hoping to compete with Hamburg. This marked the beginning of Jewish settlement in Denmark. Denmark became the first Scandinavian country to allow Jews to settle on its territory. Many accepted this invitation and began engaging in the Danish trading and manufacturing industries. Some Jews even worked closely with the royal family, often as personal financiers and jewelers for the Danish royals.
- 1624
- Ghetto established in Ferrara, Italy. This took place after the Venice Ghetto was established. Ferrara’s Jewish presence is said to date back to the distant past. The community blossomed in the 15th and 16th centuries under the Dukes of Este who granted Jews a number of rights, despite limitations in the law and records of episodes of intolerance in the town. Thanks to the Este’s inclusive approach aimed at reviving their capital city, throughout their rule very important personalities of the Jewish world of the time passed through Ferrara. There were about two thousand Jews living in the city and ten prayer halls, often associated with private pawn shops. However, the situation changed when Duke Alfonso II died heirless in 1597 and Ferrara returned under the Church, given it was a papal feud. The Este Court retreated to Modena and many Jews followed them. In Ferrara Jews were progressively excluded from rights, and in 1624 the Ghetto was established in the heart of the medieval city, where the community had been living for years.
- 1624
- Christian theologian Antonio Homem is burned at the stake for pursuing Judaism. Jewish martyr; born in 1564 of Neo-Christian parents at Coimbra, Portugal; suffered death at the stake in Lisbon May 5, 1624. His father's name was Vaez Brandão; and his mother was a granddaughter of Nuñez Cardozo, called "the rich Jew of Aveiro." Like many secret Jews (Marranos) who, in order to escape from the snares and persecutions of the Inquisition, caused their sons to embrace a clerical career, the parents of Antonio had him educated for the Church. He entered a religious order and studied at the university of his native town. On Feb. 22, 1592, he took his degree as doctor and "magister," and after having served the Church in various offices he was appointed deacon and professor of canon law at Coimbra University. He aroused the suspicion of the Inquisition and had to appear before its tribunal (Feb. 1, 1611), but as the author of some theological works he was acquitted. His colleagues closely watched him, however; and in 1619 a secret synagogue was discovered in Lisbon in which Homem conducted the services and preached. On Dec. 18 of that year he was brought before the tribunal of the Inquisition and condemned to death; and five years later at an auto da fé at Lisbon he was burned alive. His house was demolished, and in its place was erected a pillar bearing the inscription "Præceptor infelix."
- 1625
- Jews of Vienna forced to live in a ghetto in Leopoldstadt, the 2nd municipal district of Vienna in Austria. Another example of History repeating when during the Holocaust, Vienna's Jewish population faced systematic deportation to ghettos and concentration camps in occupied Eastern Europe. Starting in 1941, mass deportations from Vienna began, with about 35,000 Jews being sent to ghettos like Minsk, Riga, and Lodz, and to ghettos in the Lublin region. Additionally, over 15,000 Viennese Jews were sent to Theresienstadt, and thousands were sent to concentration camps in Germany. By 1942, only about 7,000 Jews remained in Austria, mostly those married to non-Jews. In Vienna: Leopoldstadt (district II) was the area allotted in 1622 to the Jews, who lived there until 1938. In this district is the famous 3,200-acre (1,295-hectare) Prater, formerly the hunting and riding preserve of the aristocracy.
- 1628
- Roman Jewish mistress of the son of the duke of Parma, Alexander Farnese, former governor of the Spanish Netherlands. Alexander Farnese was an Italian noble and condottiero, who was Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro from 1586 to 1592, is burned alive.
- 1630
- Jewish merchant Moses the Braider is burned alive after being accused of host desecration.
- 1631
- Due to awful conditions in the Jewish Ghetto of Padua,Italy 421 out of the 721 Jews living in the ghetto perish.
- 1632
- King Ladislaus IV of Poland forbids antisemitic books and printings.
- 1632
- Shortly after Miguel Rodriguez is discovered holding onto Jewish rites, an Auto-da-fé is held in the presence of the King and Queen. Miguel and his wife Isabel Alvarez, and 5 others are burned alive publicly. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries many persons bearing the surname Rodriguez were condemned by the Inquisition to death at the stake or to lifelong imprisonment on the ground that they were "Judaizantes" or secret confessors of Judaism (Marranos).
- 1632, 20 April
- Jewish-convert and martyr Nicolas Antoine is burned at the stake for heresy. (c.1602 – April 20, 1632) was a French Protestant theologian and pastor who attempted to convert to Judaism, although he was never officially admitted to Judaism, due to fears by the Jewish community that persecutions would happen if it became known that he was an apostate of Christianity. He was advised instead to live the life of a crypto-Jew. He suffered martyrdom by being burned at the stake in Geneva on April 20, 1632. During the Spanish Inquisition beginning in 1478, the Jews of those countries were forced to convert to Catholicism. While many of the
- 1633
- Jews are banned from Radom, Poland.
- 1635
- Anti-Jewish riots take place in Vilna, Lithuania .
- 1637
- Four Jews are publicly tortured and executed in Kraków, Poland.
- 1639
- Over 60 Judaizers are burned at the stake at an Auto-da-fé in Lima, Peru. Among those martyred was physician Francisco Maldonado de Silva.
- 1639
- Two Roman Jewish children are forcibly baptized by Pope Urban VIII.
- 1639
- Jews of Łęczyca are accused of ritual murder after a young child is found dead in the woods. The blame falls on the Jews after a local gentile named Foma confesses to the crime then says he had been coerced into doing it by the Jews. Despite the lack of evidence, two Jewish elders named Meyer and Lazar are arrested and tortured, and eventually quartered publicly.
- 1644
- Jewish martyr Judah the Believer is burned at the stake as he recites prayers in Hebrew.
- 1647
- Jewish martyr Isaac de Castro Tartas is burned at the stake while he recites the Shema along with 6 other Jews.
- 1648–1655
- The Ukrainian Cossacks led by Bohdan Chmielnicki massacre about 100,000 Jews and similar number of Polish nobles, 300 Jewish communities destroyed. In Jewish history, the Uprising is known for the atrocities against the Jews who, in their capacity as leaseholders (arendators), were seen by the peasants as their immediate oppressors and became the subject of antisemitic violence. The Jews consider this event "the biggest national catastrophe since the destruction of Solomon's Temple."
- 1649
- Largest Auto-da-fé in the New World. 109 victims, 13 were burned alive and 57 in effigy. The largest known auto-da-fé (a public ceremony of penance and execution of condemned heretics) in the New World took place in Mexico City, on April 11, 1649. This event, held under the viceregal state of New Spain, involved the public execution of twelve individuals, some of whom were burned alive, and one, Tomás Treviño de Sobremontes, who was burned alive for refusing to renounce his Jewish faith,
- 1655 (1290-1656)
- Oliver Cromwell readmits Jews to England. The fact is that Jews were expelled from England by King Edward I in 1290. This banishment, known as the Edict of Expulsion, forced the Jewish population, estimated at around 3,000, to leave the country. They were not allowed to return for over 360 years, until 1656. This means that Shakespeare never knew any Jews personally, only heard about
them; Shakespeare wrote about Jews primarily in his play The Merchant of Venice, which is believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598. Other plays where Jews are mentioned or discussed include Love's Labour's Lost, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, and 1 Henry IV.
- 1656
- All Jews are expelled from Isfahan, Persia because of the common belief of their impurity. The ones who stay are forced to convert to Islam.
- 1657–1662
- Jews throughout Iran (including 7,000 in Kashan alone) are forced to convert to Islam as a result of persecutions by Abbas II of Persia.
- 1661
- Sephardic poet Antonio Enríquez Gómez is publicly burned in effigy in Seville, Spain.
- 1663
- Two Christian Janissaries accuse the Jews of Istanbul, Turkey of killing a child who had actually been killed by his own father. After killing his own son, he threw his body onto the Jewish quarter in order to implicate the Jews in the crime. Once the Grand Vizier learned the facts of the case from his spies stationed in the Greek quarter, he informed the Sultan and the Janissaries were put to death. 20 Jews were killed in total by the Greek mobs.
- 1664 May
- Jews of Lemberg (now Lviv), Ukraine ghetto organize self-defense against impending assault by students of Jesuit seminary and Cathedral school. The militia sent by the officials to restore order, instead joined the attackers. About 100 Jews killed.
- 1669
- The majority of Jews in Oran, Algeria,, specifically in the northwest, are expelled by the Spanish queen.
- 1670
- Jews expelled from Vienna, Austria.
- 1670
- Raphael Levy is burned at the stake over blood libel. After being offered a chance to convert and live, he declared that he had lived a Jew and would die a Jew.(Born 1612 in Flévy/Chelaincourt; died 17 January 1670) was a Jewish inhabitant of the city of Metz, France who was burned at the stake, accused of having ritually murdered a Christian child, Didier Le Moyne. For some years after his execution, the Jewish community in Metz marked the anniversary of his death (25 Tevet) as a day of fasting. On 25 September 1669 (the eve of Rosh Hashanah) three-year-old Didier Le Moyne went missing in the woods outside the village of Glatigny, about ten miles east of Metz. Levy had been seen riding towards Metz the same day, and was accused of having abducted the child, although he had an alibi for the time of the disappearance.
- 1679
- The Exile of Mawza. It is considered the single most traumatic event experienced collectively by the Jews of Yemen. All Jews living in nearly all cities and towns throughout Yemen were banished by decree of the king, Imām al-Mahdi Ahmad, and sent to a dry and barren region of the country named Mawza to withstand their fate or to die. Only a few communities who lived in the far eastern quarters of Yemen were spared this fate by virtue of their Arab patrons who refused to obey the King's orders. Many would die along the route and while confined to the hot and arid conditions of this forbidding terrain.
- 1680
- Auto-da-fé in Madrid, Spain.
- 1681
- Mob attacks against Jews in Vilna, Lithuania. It was condemned by King John Sobieski, who ordered the punishment of the guilty.
- 1683
- Hungarian rebels known as Kuruc rushes into the town of Uherský Brod, massacring the majority of its Jewish inhabitants. Most of the victims were recent refugees who were expelled from Vienna in 1670. One of the Hebrews killed by the mob was Jewish historian Nathan ben Moses Hannover, who was a survivor of the Chmielnicki massacres. Most of the survivors fled to Upper Hungary.
- 1684
- Attack on the Jewish ghetto of Buda.
- 1686
- Only 500 Jews survive after Austrian sieged the city of Buda. Half of them are sold into slavery.
- 1689
- Worms is invaded by the French and the Jewish quarter is reduced to ashes.
- 1689
- The Jewish Ghetto of Prague is destroyed by French troops. After it was over 318 houses, 11 synagogues, and 150 Jews were dead.
- 1691
- 219 people are convicted of being Jewish in Palma, Majorca. 37 of them are burned to death. Among those martyred is Raphael and his sister Catalina Benito, who although declaring she wanted to live, jumped right into the flames rather than to be baptized.
- 1698
- A female child is found dead at a church in Sandomierz. The mother of the child first said she placed her body in the church because she could not afford a burial, but after torture accused the Jewish leader Aaron Berek of the local community of murdering her daughter. The mother and Berek were sentenced the death.
- 1699
- A mob attacks the Jewish Quarter of Bamberg, Germany but runs away after one Jew stops them by pouring baskets of ripe plums on the attackers. The event is still commemorated on the 29th of Nisan as the Zwetschgen-Ta’anit (Prune-Fest).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism
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