Nadene Goldfoot
A History Covering 2,545 years from Zedekiah, Last King of the House of David to 1948
597-586 BCE King Zedekiah of House of David, last king of House of David
586 BCE Zedekiah the Judean king rebelled. Nebuchadnezzar's forces under Nebuzaradan again invaded Judah and captured Jerusalem. During the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar II, the Neo-Babylonian Empire destroys the temple in Jerusalem, and captures the Kingdom of Judah and 10,000 Jewish families
586 BCE Attack and deporting 8,000 of Jews, the local aristocracy, to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar
586-582 BCE -Gedaliah of Davidic House, ruler of subject state, died by assassination
539 BCE Return of exiles to Judea start work on building 2nd Temple of Solomon, these Jews were in Babylonia for 47 years, with not all returning.
475 BCE Haman attempts genocide against the Jews. (Purim).
444 BCE Nehemiah returned; became governor of Judah through King Artaxerxes of Persia, had walls repaired, done in 52 days, got people back to Judaism, Sabbath,
433/432 BCE, Nehemiah took steps against mixed marriages with Ezra, both rebuilt Judah
Hellenistic period
13 Greek kings of the House of Seleucus who ruled Syria during this period
The Hellenistic period began with Alexander the Great's conquest of Palestine in 323 BCE and ended with Pompey's conquest of Palestine in 66 BCE-389 years
323 BCE Alexander the Great's conquest of Palestine
319-318 BCE Ptolemy I Lagi Soter of Egypt conquered Palaestine
315 BCE Ptolemy I Lagi Soter of Egypt withdrew from Palestine,
311 BCE High priest Hezekiah went with Ptolemy to Egypt. Ptolemy retook Jerusalem and deported a large number of Jews to Egypt.
301 BCE Ptolemy I Lagi Soter of Egypt finally subjected Palestine, also settled Jews in Cyrenaica.
283-246 BCE Ptolemy II Philadelphuis redeemed many Jewish slaves sold in Egypt, Greek translation of Bible( the Jewish Tanakh) made with his encouragement.
260 BCE - Beit She'an is refounded as the poleis Scythopolis by Ptolemy II Philadelphus.of Egypt
246-221 BCE Ptolemy III Euergetes I sacrificed at Jerusalem, served by Jewish tax-farmers, Joseph the Tobiad and his son.
223-187 BCE Antiochus III who took and transferred 2,000 Jewish families from Babylon to Lydia and Phryagia.
221-203 BCE Ptolemy IV Philopator tried to enter the Temple and possibly persecuted Egyptian Jews
203-181 BCE Ptolemy V Epiphanes of Egypt lost Palestine
2nd Century BCE to end of 1st Century CE: Essenes in Judea
200 BCE - The Seleucid emperor Antiochus III the Great, a Greek King who ruled Syria, conquers Palestine
198 BCE After Antiochus III captured Jerusalem , he treated the Jews with understanding.
181-145 B CE Ptolemy VI Philometor was served by Jewish generals Onias and Dositheos who supported him against his brother, Physkon.
175-163 BCE Mattathias the Hasmonean Maccabee, priest, revolt against Greek/Syrians , a Judean
175 BCE:. 187 BCE – 175 BCE) Seleucus IV ( dies and is succeeded by Antiochus, son of Seleucus IV , a Greek King
175 BCE – 164 BCE)Antiochus IV Epiphanes becomes the Seleucid emperor, ruler in Chanukah story
175 BCE – 164 BCE) Antiochus appoints Jason as high priest of the Jerusalem Temple
172 BCE - Antiochus replaces Jason with Menelaus as high priest of the Jerusalem Temple as the latter offers to pay a much bigger tribute
Late 170 BCE/Early 169 BCE - Antiochus invades Egypt but decides to return. Perhaps because of disturbances in Palestine. His return is triumphant and he brings many spoils.
170-116 BCE Ptolemy VII Physkon, Euergetes II, with Ptolemy VI, persecuted the Jews, but permitted a synagogue in Egypt to be dedicated to him.
Autumn 169 BCE - On his way back from Egypt, Antiochus raids the Jerusalem Temple and confiscates its treasures.
Spring 168 BCE - Antiochus invades Egypt but the Romans force him to withdraw. Meanwhile, rumors spread in Judea that the king has died and Jason launches a surprise attack on Jerusalem, captures the city, and kills supporters of his rival Menelaus. Antiochus interprets Jason's attack as a rebellion and sends an army that retakes Jerusalem and drives Jason's followers away
Autumn 167 BCE - Antiochus IV Epiphanes outlaws Judaism in Judea and allows pagan worship at the Jerusalem temple.
Spring 165 BCE - Antiochus campaigns against the Parthians (Iranic people, ruled over Jews in Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Media, restored Antigonus Mattathias to throne of Judah in 40 BCE, Jews of Roman Empire looked on Parthia as their future savior, Parthia gave Jews autonomy under the exilarch, rabbinic schools in Mesopotamia began to flourish.
164-160 BCE-Judah Maccabee captured Jerusalem,rededicated the Temple, defeated in 163 BCE where Eleazar was killed, Judah fell at Elasa in 160 BCE. He aspired for political freedom
- Spring - Antiochus issues a letter repealing the ban on Judaism and promising amnesty for the insurgents who return before March 164. The provincial land-tax from 167 BCE is abolished. The Maccabees does not take up the Seleucids offer and the insurgency continues.
- Summer - The Maccabees carries out a number of punitive expeditions, likely led by Judas, against people who had participated in the persecution against Jews.
- Autumn/Winter - Judas enters Jerusalem and the alter to Zeus and other pagan artifacts are removed from the Temple. Meanwhile, Antiochus dies in Persis, igniting a century-long war of succession in Antioch, the capital of the Seleucid empire.
- 161 BCE Judas Maccabeus (the Hammerer) is killed in battle and his army is routed.
152/150-135 BCE Jonathan Apphus, high priest, governor of Judah, by the Seleucids
145 BCE - The Seleucid ruler Demetrius II Nicator lets Judea annex the three three southern Samarian districts Lydda, Aphairema, and Ramathaim
142-135 BCE Simon the Maccabee , 2nd son, succeed Jonathan as head of Judah
135/4 BCE John Hyrcanus becomes Hasmonean king, governor of Gezer, high priest, son of Simon the Maccabee
129 BCE - The Seleucid emperor Antiochus VII Sidetes dies.
124 BCE- The woman with seven sons was a Jewish martyr, described in 2 Maccabees 7 (2 Maccabees was written c. 124 BCE) and other sources. Although unnamed in 2 Maccabees, she is known variously as Hannah,[1] Miriam,[2] and Solomonia.[3] 2 Maccabees states that shortly before the revolt of Judas Maccabeus (2 Maccabees 8), Antiochus IV Epiphanes arrested a mother and her seven sons, and tried to force them to eat pork. When they refused, he tortured and killed the sons one by one. The narrator mentions that the mother "was the most remarkable of all, and deserves to be remembered with special honour. She watched her seven sons die in the space of a single day, yet she bore it bravely because she put her trust in the Lord." Each of the sons makes a speech as he dies, and the last one says that his brothers are "dead under God's covenant of everlasting life". The narrator ends by saying that the mother died, without saying whether she was executed, or died in some other way.
The Talmud tells a similar story, but with the refusal to worship an idol replacing the refusal to eat pork. Tractate Gittin 57b cites Rabbi Judah saying that "this refers to the woman and her seven sons" and the unnamed king is referred to as the "Emperor" and "Caesar". The woman commits suicide in this rendition of the story: she "also went up on to a roof and threw herself down and was killed".
Other versions of the story are found in 4 Maccabees (which suggests that the woman might have thrown herself into the flames, 17:1) and Josippon (which says she fell dead on her sons' corpses.
116-81 BCE Ptolemy VIII Soter II Lathyrus, attacked King Alexander Yannai of Judea but was driven off by his mother, Cleopatra. later.
112-107 BCE - The Hasmoneans destroy the Samaritan temple at Mount Gerizim and devastates Shechem (too much idol worshipping)
108/7 BCE - The Hasmoneans destroy Scythopolis
108-88 BCE Ptolemy IX Alexander I jointly with Ptolemy VIII for a number of years had Jewish generals, who influenced him and Cleopatra III to withdraw from war against Alexander Yannai. Judea owed to the Ptolemies an administrative system which was little altered by the Seleucids and Hasmoneans and survived until Roman times.
104-103 BCE - Aristobulus I succeeds Hyrcanus as 1st king of Judea, son of John Hyrcanus, high priest,
104-103 BCE Cleopatra,mother of Alexander Yannai, hat Ptolemy VIII driven off.
103 BCE - Alexander Jannaeus succeeds Aristobulus. He greatly extends the Hasmonean kingdom, concentrating on Greek cities along the Palestinian coast
104-76 BCE King Alexander Yannai, died in battle
76-67 BCE Queen Salome Alexandra, wife of Aristobulus I,
76 BCE - Hyrcanus II succeeds Alexander Jannaeus
67-63 BCE King Aristobulus II, son of Alexander Yannai and Salome Alexandra
67 BCE:
- Salome Alexandra dies and her son Hyrcanus II becomes king of Judea.
- A war of succession leads to a civil war among the Hasmoneans in Judea
66 BCE---Pompey's conquest of Palestine
63 BCE - Roman troops occupies Palestine, 12,000 Jews die and many more are sent into the diaspora as a result of Pompey's conquest of the East.
63-43 BCE Antipater I the Idumean, son of Antipas, founder of Herodian Dynasty, father of Herod the Great
59 BCE Cicero (106-43) Roman statesman and orator, criticizes Jews for being too influential in public assemblies. He also refers to Jews and Syrians as "races born to be slaves.
47 BCE:Herod the Great is appointed governor of Galilee.Herod clears out King Hezekiah's "brigands," who had been harassing people in southern Syria.
40-37 BCE Antigonus (Mattathias, last Hasmonean King and Priest, son of Aristobulus II.
The Herodian Empire
40 BCE: Judea became a Roman Province ruled by King Herod The Great
40 BCE The Parthians (The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD. ) invade Judea, seize Jerusalem and appoint Antigonus II Mattathias King of Judea. Herod visits Rome to seek Mark Antony's support. He is appointed king by the Roman senate.
37 - 4 BCE Herod the Great , governor, then ruler of Judea
37 BCE – Herod the Great conquers Judea with the help of Roman and Jewish troops. Antigonus II Mattathias, who had barricaded himself in the city, is beheaded by Mark Antony.
35 BCE Aristobulus III last Hasmonean ;high priest-age 17, grandson of Aristobulus II
31 BCE Judea earthquake. A powerful earthquake occurs in Judea
27 BCE – King Herod rebuilds Samaria and renames it Sebastia
23 BCE – King Herod builds a palace and fortress called Herodium, about 7.5 miles (12 km) south of Jerusalem
22 BCE - Herod begins construction of a new city and harbor called Caesarea Maritima at the old settlement Straton's Tower
20 BCE
- Herod is awarded large swathes of northern territory by emperor Augustus to add to his kingdom.
- Citizens of Gadara appeals to Augustus to be excluded from Herod's kingdom
- 19 BCE – King Herod the Great further extends the Temple Mount's natural plateau and rebuilds the temple
- Caesarea is completed.
- 4 BCE-6 CE Archaelaus, son of Herod the Great and Malthace the Samaritan, ruler to be over the greater part of Herod's kingdom and title of king, received Judaea, Idumea and Samaria, was an ethnarch or ruler of Gaulanitis, Trachonitis, Batanaea and Panias in NE. Emperor Augustus of Rome was asked by Jewish delegation to dethrone the Herodian dynasty. Very severe as ruler; exiled to Gaul where he died in 16 CE.
6 CE Judea/Samaria became a Roman Province
10 BCE-44 CE Herod Agrippa I, King, grandson of Herod the Great, friend with Caligula,
10 BCE - Caesarea is completed
7 BCE - Herod has his two sons Alexander and Aristobulus executed
4 BCE – Herod dies and a wave of unrest sweeps Palestine
6 CE-
- Leading Jews and Samaritans asks Augustus to remove Herod Archelaus from the throne. He obliges and Archelaus is deposed and exiled. His territory, consisting of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, is organized into the Roman district Iudaea.
- First Roman census of Judea
20-Tiberias in the Galilee is founded by Herod Antipas, one of Herod the Great's succors
28-93 CE Herod Agrippa II, son of Agrippa I, Last king of Judea, now in hands of Roman Procurors
37 Herod Philip dies
20 BCE-39 CE Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great and Malthace of Samaria, became a tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, founded Tiberias as a new capital, married Herodias, former wife of his brother which caused people to dislike him. This led to war of 35-36 against Aretas IV, king of the Nabatgeans, father of Antipas's first wife now divorced. Exiled to Gaul; where he died.
39 Antipas is removed from his post and banished to Gaul. Herod Agrippa I receives his territories
41 Agrippa I becomes king of parts of the Herodian kingdom that in 6 CE had been divided by Herod's sons
44 Herod Agrippa I dies. Judea comes under direct Roman administration
62-64 The renovations of the Jerusalem temple begun by Herod are completed
66-70 -Judean Rebellion, The revolt breaks out in the summer
67 Roman legions invade Palestine
69 Vespasian is declared emperor and leaves for Rome. His older son Titus takes command of the Roman legions in Palestine
66 CE -70 CE Burning down Temple and Jerusalem by Romans, The war ended in 70 with the destruction of the Second Temple and the sacking of Jerusalem, with approximately 1 million dead, and 97,000 taken captive by the Romans.
73/4 - The Romans takes Masada, the last rebel holdout
1st and 2nd Centuries, Jews were driven out of Judea by the Romans
120 - First imperial road built through the Galilee
132-135 General Bar Kokhba and his army took Jerusalem back and held it for 3 years. He died in battle. Rome was very angry that someone did this, changed name of land to Palaestina after Jewish enemy, the Philistines.
Throughout history, Palestine has been ruled by numerous groups, including the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Fatimids, Seljuk Turks, Crusaders, Egyptians and Mamelukes. From about 1517 to 1917, the Ottoman Empire ruled much of the region.
195 The bishops of Caesarea and Jerusalem, Theophilus and Narcissus presides over a council in Caesarea to settle a growing dispute over the proper date of the celebration of Easter.
222 Caesarea becomes the metropolitan see for Palestine
270 Zenobia ruler of the Palmyrene Empire( of Syria ) conquers most of the Roman east including Palestine
272 Palestine is recaptured by Rome.
390-634/636 Palæstina Secunda or Palaestina II , BYZANTINE PROVINCE,until its conquest by the Muslim armies in 634–636. Palaestina Secunda, a part of the Diocese of the East, roughly comprised the Galilee, Yizrael Valley, Bet Shean Valley and southern part of the Golan plateau, with its capital in Scythopolis (Bet Shean). The province experienced the rise of Christianity under the Byzantines, but was also a thriving center of Judaism, after the Jews had been driven out of Judea by the Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries.
632-661 ISLAM WAS BORN , Muhammad died, Orthodox Caliphs
644-656 Uthman ibn Affan The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of al-Sham (Greater Syria), who became the sixth caliph after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661. The region of Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital Jews were allowed to practice their own religion but had to pay a head tax (the jizya) from which Muslims were exempt.
661-750 UMAYYAD DYNASTY, Arabs from Arabia
680 After Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in a Second Civil War and power eventually fell into the hands of Marwan I from another branch of the clan.
11th, 12th 13th Centuries, Crusaders Fought to Keep Palestine
1095 the Seljuk Empire, during the First Crusade, the fractured states of the Seljuks were generally more concerned with consolidating their own territories and gaining control of their neighbours than with cooperating against the crusaders. The Seljuks easily defeated the People's Crusade arriving in 1096, but they could not stop the progress of the army of the subsequent Princes' Crusade, which took important cities such as Nicaea (İznik), Iconium (Konya), Caesarea Mazaca (Kayseri), and Antioch (Antakya) on its march to Jerusalem (Al-Quds).
10th to 12th Centuries, Fatimids: an Ismaili Shia caliphate , spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The Fatimid dynasty, of Arab origin, ruled territories across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the center of the caliphate. At its height, the caliphate included - in addition to Egypt - varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan, Sicily, the Levant, and the Hijaz. After its initial conquests, the caliphate of Fatimids, people following the daughter of Mohammad, often allowed a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Shia sects of Islam, as well as to Jews and Christians.
1099 The Seljuks had already lost Palestine to the Fatimids, who had recaptured it just before its capture by the crusaders.
1096-1099 THE FIRST CRUSADE Alexus Comnenus (was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118.) asked for mercenaries to defend Constantinople. Instead he received perhaps 12,000 commoners intent on liberating Jerusalem. The European nobility marched on Jerusalem going through Europe on the way.
July 1099 after a five-week siege, the knights of the First Crusade and their rabble army captured , massacring most of the city’s non-Christian inhabitants. Barricaded in their , the Jews defended their quarter, only to be burnt to death or sold into slavery. During the next few decades, the Crusaders extended their power over the rest of the country, through treaties and agreements, but mostly by bloody military victories. The of the Crusaders was that of a conquering minority confined mainly to fortified cities and castles.
1100 -1144 A year after the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem was established (Christmas Day, 1100). Thereafter there was no effective check to the expansion of the Crusaders’ power until the capture of their stronghold at Edessa (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey) by the atabeg (governor) of Mosul, ʿImād al-Dīn Zangī ibn Aq Sonqur, in 1144.When the Crusaders opened transportation routes from Europe, pilgrimages to the Holy Land became popular and, at the same time, increasing numbers of Jews sought to return to their homeland. Documents of the period indicate that 300 from and arrived in a group, with some settling in Acro (), others in .
1170 Saladin, sultan of Egypt, (Sunni Kurd and the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Saladin led the Muslim military campaign against the Crusader states in the Levant.) set up rule by Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty had reached a modus vivendi with the Crusader states; skirmishing, rather than outright war, was the order of the day in Syria and the Holy Land (Judaea). In the following years, he led forays against the Crusaders in Palestine,
10th-12th Centuries ABBASID EMPIRE ERA, FATIMIDS, SALJUQS, from Bagdad
1228-1229 The Sixth Crusade: Led by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. He negotiated a treaty which led to Christian control of several important holy sites, including Jerusalem.
1244 Jerusalem was retaken by Muslim mercenaries in 1244.
1244 with the tacit support of the Ayyubids in Cairo, Jerusalem fell to a wandering band of Khwarezmians, an eastern Persian group who were themselves fleeing the Mongol destruction of their fledgling empire. One of their first acts was to destroy the tombs of the Latin kings of Jerusalem.
1250-1517 Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) Mamluks ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 until 1517, when their dynasty was extinguished by the Ottomans. They destroyed the Crusader kingdoms of Outremer, and saved Syria, Egypt and the holy places of Islam from the Mongols. Mamluk means ‘owned’ and the Mamluks were not native to Egypt but were always slave soldiers, mainly Qipchak Turks from Central Asia. The slave-warriors of medieval Islam overthrew their masters, defeated the Mongols and the Crusaders and established a dynasty that lasted 300 years.
1517-1917 Ottoman Empire, ruled from Turkey (400 years)
1882-1903 FIRST ALIYAH OF JEWS BACK TO PALESTINE
1894 DRYFUSS AFFAIR-French Jewish Captain accused of being a spy for enemy
1896 Theodor Herzl, a journalist, wrote a book "THE JEWISH STATE
1897 First Zionist Congress
1903: Kishinev Pogrom
Nov. 2, 1917: Balfour Declaration
Oct. 30, 1918: World War I Ends
1917-1948 Brits held the mandate for 30 years. The British rule over Palestine lasted roughly thirty years, from 1917 until 1948.
June 1920: Haganah Founded, defenders of Jews in Palestine by Jews
July 24, 1922: British Mandate Starts
Aug. 24, 1929: Hebron Massacre, Arabs killing Jews
1929: Fifth Aliyah Begins, The Fifth Aliyah begins, bringing over 200,000 Jews mainly from central and eastern Europe to pre-state Israel over the course of the decade leading up to World War II. Driven in large part by the Nazi rise to power in Germany in the early 1930s, the large numbers of new arrivals exacerbate tensions between Jews and Arabs.
In a country that has three thousand years of recorded history, thirty years is a tiny fraction. If we conceive of three thousand years on a scale of one day, the period of British rule takes barely eight minutes.
1936 Arab Revolt. Palestinian Arabs revolt against British rule, demanding Arab independence and the end of Jewish immigration.
1939 THE WHITE PAPER which severely restricts Jewish immigration to Palestine at precisely the moment when the Nazi rise to power is prompting growing numbers of European Jews to seek refuge there.
1941, The Haganah creates an elite fighting force called the Palmach to protect the local Jewish community.
Nov. 29, 1947: UN Partition Plan: Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab. Zionist leaders agree to the plan, but the leaders of several Arab countries and of the Palestinian Arab community reject it, leading to intercommunal clashes that ultimately develop into a full-blown civil war.
December 1947: Arab Siege of Jerusalem Begins
April 9, 1948: Deir Yassin; More than 100 Arabs, including women and children, are killed by Jewish fighters in the village of Deir Yassin. Around 130 fighters from the Far-right wing Zionist paramilitary groups Irgun and Lehi killed at least 107 Palestinian Arabs, including women and children, in Deir Yassin, a village of roughly 600 people near Jerusalem. The villagers put up stiffer resistance than the Jewish militias had expected and they suffered casualties. The village fell after house-to-house fighting. Some of the Palestinian Arabs were killed in the course of the battle, others while trying to flee or surrender. A number of prisoners were executed, some after being paraded in West Jerusalem. Despite an original boast by the victors that 254 had been killed, modern scholarship puts the death toll at far fewer. Palestinian historian Aref al-Aref counted 117 victims, seven in combat and the rest in their homes. The number of wounded is estimated to between 12 and 50. Five of the attackers were killed and a dozen wounded.
May 14, 1948 Birth of Israel, a Jewish Nation
Resource;
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
https://drivethruhistory.com/herodian-empire-after-herod-the-great/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-crusades
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism
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