History After 632 For Concerning Jerusalem

 Nadene Goldfoot          

Mohammad died in 632 CE in  Medina, Arabia.   It wasn't he but his followers who invaded lands after that, in order to spread his word.  Judah didn't know it, but they were about to be under their siege by 636 CE.  

636-637: Muslim Caliph Umar conquers Jerusalem; Jews once again allowed to live in Jerusalem

First Muslim Period (638-1099 CE)

• 638 CE - Caliph Omar Enters Jerusalem
• 638: The Armenian Apostolic Church begins to appoint its own bishop in Jerusalem, then under Islamic control
• 661-750 CE - Jerusalem Ruled Under Umayyad Dynasty
• 679-690: Al-Aqsa – prayer – mosque constructed in Jerusalem along southern wall of city
• 687-691: Dome of the Rock Mosque built in Jerusalem on the Temple Mount near al-Aqsa mosque
• 691 CE - Dome of the Rock Built on Site of Destroyed Jewish Temples
• 750-974 CE - Jerusalem Ruled Under Abassid Dynasty

At the time, Judah was The siege of Jerusalem (636–637) was part of the Muslim conquest of the Levant and the result of the military efforts of the Rashidun Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire in the year 636–637/38. It began when the Rashidun army, under the command of Abu Ubayda, besieged Jerusalem beginning in November 636. After six months, the Patriarch Sophronius agreed to surrender, on condition that he submit only to the Caliph. According to Islamic tradition, in 637 or 638, Caliph Umar (r. 634–644) traveled to Jerusalem in person to receive the submission of the city. The Patriarch thus surrendered to him.  The Muslim conquest of the city solidified Arab control over Palestine, which would not again be threatened until the First Crusade in 1099, 463 years later..

In 711, a Muslim fleet landed on the Iberian Peninsula (the site of modern-day Spain and Portugal). The invaders met forces sent by Rodrigo, the Visigoth Christian king. Outnumbered, the Muslims still defeated King Rodrigo. The Arab and Berber cavalry went on to capture most of Iberia for Islam by 715.  

The expansion of Islam took place under the Orthodox Caliphs from 632 when Mohammad died till 661 CE.  From 661 until 750 CE, it continued but under the Umayyads.  From 750 to 800 CE, it took place under the Abbasids.  

The Abbasids include a relative of Muhammad, Hashim, ancestor of the Hashamite clan of the Qurayah.  The Abbasids promised a more theocratic Muslim state as opposed to the worldiness of the Umayyads, and they fulfilled it.  

Charlemagne, also called Charles I, byname Charles the Great, (born April 2, 747?—died January 28, 814, Aachen, Austrasia [now in Germany]), king of the Franks (768–814), king of the Lombards (774–814), and first emperor (800–814) of the Romans and of what was later called the Holy Roman Empire.

797: The first embassy is sent from King Charlemagne to the Muslim Caliph, Harun al-Rashid, who is reported to have offered the custody of the Holy places in Jerusalem to Charlemagne, including The Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

                               As it looks now in 2010

1009: Muslim Caliph orders complete destruction of Church of Holy Sepulchre.The Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre refers to the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, churches, synagogues, torah scrolls and other religious artifacts and buildings in and around Jerusalem, which was ordered on 28 September 1009 by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, known by his critics as the "mad Caliph" or "Nero of Islam". His son, the Fatimid Caliph Ali az-Zahir, permitted reconstruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 1027–28. The Church was fully rebuilt by 1048.

1042-48: The Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos sponsors the rebuilding of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem with cooperation with the Muslim Caliph.

Crusader Period (1099-1187 CE)

• 1099 CE - First Crusaders Capture Jerusalem
  
  
  

Ayyubid Period (1187-1259 CE)

• 1187 CE - Saladin Captures Jerusalem from Crusaders:  was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Hailing from a Kurdish family, he was the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria. An important figure of the Third Crusade, he spearheaded the Muslim military effort against the Crusader states in the Levant. At the height of his power, the Ayyubid realm spanned Egypt, Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, the Hejaz, Yemen, and Nubia.
  
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• 1229-1244 CE - Crusaders Briefly Recapture Jerusalem Two Times
  
  
  

Mamluk Period (1250-1516)

• 1250 - Muslim Caliph Dismantles Walls of Jerusalem; Population Rapidly Declines

Ottoman Period (1516-1917)

• 1517 - Ottoman Empire Captures Jerusalem
• 1538-1541 - Suleiman the Magnificent Rebuilds the Walls of Jerusalem
  
  
  

British Mandate (1917-1948)

• 1917 - British Capture Jerusalem in World War I
• General Allenby marches into Jerusalem in 1917.  British commander General Allenby approached the Jaffa Gate outside Jerusalem and dismounted. It was noon on the 11 December 1917.  He gathered his senior officers together and marched in out of respect for the Holy City, the first Christian take-over of the city in 730 years.

Jews had been ruling in Israel since King Saul in about 1030 BCE to Zedekiah of 586 BCE-a total of 444 years. 

 They were there from the Exodus with Moses and Joshua 1445 BCE to 70 CE, a total of 1515 years of ruling over the land.  a few had even remained there.  Jews have been on the land since Moses for the past 3468 years !              

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Arabs had arrived in 636 CE.  They met up with  Jews then.  From 636 to 1948 is 1312 years.  The Ottoman Empire held it the longest from 1517 to 1917;  200 years.   

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)

https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-20-1-b-muslim-conquests-in-europe#:~:text=In%20711%2C%20a%20Muslim%20fleet,Iberia%20for%20Islam%20by%20715.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlemagne