Jewish Bubba: Important Resources Used To Date The EXODUS

Nadene Goldfoot

603,550 Leaving Egypt to be on the Exodus,

Records of the 1st census taken by Moses found in Bible (Numbers chapter 1). 2nd and last census taken is found in Numbers chapter 26), and it shows 601,730 were counted. After 40 years with many of the older people dying by now, and others lost through having to defend themselves from attacks, and disease, accidents, etc, they had lost 1,820 of their original numbers starting off. It had been an amazing 40 years. Moses didn't make it, dying just outside the walls of Canaan at age 120. Joshua had to take over as leader.

Researchers, an unidentified group, always seem to call the Exodus a fable, and to most all Jews, it's part of our history, not a fable. For if you think that this is just a fable, you'd think all of Jewish history was a fable. It's history that happened about 4,000 years ago, but Moses wrote constantly telling about what he expected out of these slaves and what was going on. It's all in The Five Books of Moses; and the books are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. This is to me, like an encyclopedia of our Jewish history; geography, history, and some parts do read like a soap opera, as truth is stranger than fiction oftentimes. It is kept bound in books as part of our Tanakh (Old Testament). In the synagogue, it is kept in scrolls behind a cupboard, taken out and read out loud. Jews everywhere in the world will be reading the same segment all together as there is a known schedule of the assignments to be read.

First, in research, when going according to the Jewish calendar, we list the date with BCE instead of BC. {BCE stands for Before the common era}, while [BC stands for Before Christ]. I've found that according to the numerical date, we two groups are off about 200 years. The dating of the Exodus was done with non-Jewish Calendar data which has the difference of about 200 years from Jewish data.

Many people refuse to accept that there was a Moses who freed the Israelite/Hebrew/Ivrit slaves from Egypt and led them back to Canaan. How about the fact that other researchers have agreed on 2 dates that this event took place? The accepted dates are 1446 BCE or 1290 BCE. I've found that Christian dating is off about 200 years from Jewish dating on everything else.

At another source from the Dream Stele-I found: There are two prominent views for the date of the exodus. The late date view places the event in the 13th century BCE under Pharaoh Ramses II, while the early date view places it in the 15th century BCE under Amenhotep II.

1st Kings 6:1 states that the Exodus happened 480 years before Solomon's 4th year (966 BCE). Solomon was king from 961-920 BCE by Jewish time. (New Creation said: 1 Kings 6:1 is a key verse in establishing the Biblical date for the exodus. It states that Solomon began the construction of the Jerusalem temple in the 480th year after the exodus. This means that 479+ completed years had passed. There is widespread agreement that Solomon’s construction of the temple began either 967 or 966 BC. These figures result in an exodus date of either 1446 or 1445 BC, which corresponds to the early-date view.

In Judges 11-26, Jephthah (1100 BCE)(Jephthah, appears in the Book of Judges as a judge who presided over Israel for a period of six years. According to Judges, he lived in Gilead. His father's name is also given as Gilead, and, as his mother is described as a prostitute, this may indicate that his father might have been any of the men of that area) says that Israel had been in Canaan for 300 years. Adding 40 years for the wilderness journey, this places the Exodus around 1440 BCE.

An Amarna Letter

EA 161, letter by Aziru, leader of Amurru (stating his case to pharaoh), one of the Amarna letters in cuneiform writing on a clay tablet.These letters, comprising cuneiform tablets written primarily in Akkadian – the regional language of diplomacy for this period – were first discovered around 1887 by local Egyptians who secretly dug most of them from the ruined city of Amarna, and sold them in the antiquities market. The Amarna Letters (Tablets from 1400 BCE) are correspondence written between Egyptian officials and representatives in Canaan. These letters speak of a period of chaos in Canaan, which could be Joshua's conquest 49 years after the Exodus. The letters also make mention of a group referred to in Akkadian as the hapiru---social outcasts, nomads/slaves or migrant workers----possibly the Israelites at that time.

The Merneptah Stele (1220 BCE) is an inscription recounting an Egyptian ruler's victories. The stele makes mention of "Israel" as an established group in Canaan. The low date of 1290 BCE does not provide enough time for Israel to be well established by the date of this stele-but then again, it depends and which calendar is the subject--no doubt the non-Jewish one.

The Merneptah Stele is most famous for its inscription that lists conquests of Israel and several Canaanite or Philistine city-states by the 19th Dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah. It is conventionally dated at 1213 to 1203 BCE but with a Revised Egyptian Chronology (REC) date of sometime between 940 and 890 BC. Many archaeologists consider this the only mention of Israel in Egyptian texts, but a much more recent find has called that into question. The pertinent part of the stele, which deals with Israel/Canaan, states, “Canaan is captive with all woe. Ashkelon is conquered, Gezer seized, Yanoam [likely the area of Bashan in present day Syria and the Golan Heights area of northern Israel] made nonexistent; Israel is laid waste, bare of seed.” The inscribed name of Israel (Figure 2 below) is usually transliterated as “Ysyriar” or “Isrir.”

Could this depict Moses and his staff? That isn't a baseball bat In the Bible, he was to carry his staff.

The 18th (Eighteenth) Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XVIII, alternatively 18th Dynasty or Dynasty 18) is classified as the of the , the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power. The Eighteenth Dynasty spanned the period from 1550/1549 to 1292 BC. Exodus happened during this period.

I have figured that the Pharaoh who kept refusing to free his slaves was Thutmose III because I did check and found that his son had died before him. His firstborn son and heir to the throne, Amen emhat, had predeceased Thutmose III !!! Thutmose III was the son of Thutmose II by a secondary wife, Iset (or Aset). His father's great royal wife was Queen Hatshepsut. Her daughter, Neferure, was Thutmose's half-sister.

Now, here's the disagreement. Thutmose III had sons; and I say the firstborn was Amenemhat who died from the 10th plague. There was a Thutmose IV , the son of Amenhotep II and Tiaa. who had ousted or outlived his older brother, the crown prince or firstborn son who could be the one who died. His name was not mentioned. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_IV Thutmose's grandfather, Thutmose III, almost certainly acceded the throne in either 1504 or 1479, based upon two lunar observances during his reign, and ruled for nearly 54 years. His successor Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV's father, took the throne and ruled for at least 26 years but has been assigned up to 35 years in some chronological reconstructions. The currently preferred reconstruction, after analyzing all this evidence, usually comes to an accession date around 1401 BC or 1400 BC for the beginning of Thutmose IV's reign. Remember, Moses was born in Jewish time of 1391 BCE.

Egyptian relief depicting a battle against West Asiatics. Reign of Amenhotep II, Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1427–1400 BC.The Dream Stele (1401 BCE) indicates that Pharaoh Thutmose IV was not the firstborn legal heir to the throne, hinting at the idea that the firstborn son of Amenhotep II (1453-1426 BCE) had died.

The Dream Stele, also called the Sphinx Stele, is an epigraphic stele erected between the front paws of the Great Sphinx of Giza by the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose IV in the first year of the king's reign, 1401 BC, during the 18th Dynasty. As was common with other New Kingdom rulers, the epigraph makes claim to a divine legitimisation of kingship. The Sphinx itself, the Great Sphinx of Giza, is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the head of a human, and the body of a lion. Facing directly from west to east, it stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt. The face of the Sphinx appears to represent the pharaoh Khafre. The Sphinx is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and one of the most recognizable statues in the world. The archaeological evidence suggests that it was created by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of Khafre (c. 2558–2532 BC) or about 4,581 years ago. Khafre was an ancient Egyptian King of the 4th Dynasty during the Old Kingdom.

Amenemhat was a prince of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He was the son of Pharaoh Thutmose III.

He was the eldest son and appointed heir of the pharaoh. It is possible that his mother was Queen Satiah, but it has also been proposed that Neferure – the daughter of Hatshepsut and Thutmose II – was married to Thutmose III. Although Neferure is identified several times as the royal wife of Thutmose III while he was the co-regent of Hatshepsut, who was serving as pharaoh, some authors think it is less likely that Neferure was the mother of Amenemhat.

The name of Amenemhat was mentioned on an inscription in the Karnak Temple in the 24th year, shortly after the death of Hatshepsut and the subsequent ascension of his father to pharaoh. He was appointed as Overseer of cattle – quite an unusual title for a prince – in that year.

Amenemhat predeceased his father, who ruled for more than thirty years after Hatshepsut died, so the next pharaoh was his half-brother Amenhotep II.(This is the 1stborn who died)

When Thutmose II died, Thutmose III was too young to rule. Hatshepsut became his regent, soon his co-regent, and shortly thereafter declared herself to be the pharaoh while never denying kingship to Thutmose III.

Thutmose IV was born to Amenhotep II and Tiaa, but was not actually the crown prince and Amenhotep II's chosen successor to the throne. (not the 1stborn)

Amenhotep II Amenhotep II was born to Thutmose III (according to records I found-listed below) and a minor wife of the king: Merytre-Hatshepsut. He was not, however, the firstborn son of this pharaoh; his elder brother, Amenemhat, the son of the great king's chief wife Satiah, was originally the intended heir to the throne since Amenemhat was designated the 'king's eldest son" and overseer of the cattle of Amun in Year 24 of Thutmose's reign.

Associates for Biblical Research

https://biblearchaeology.org › exodus-from-egypt › 3...

The son who succeeded Amenhotep II was Thutmose IV (ca. 1418-1408 BC), whose Dream Stele-located between the paw

s of the Great Sphinx-reveals that he was not ...

Ramses II

‎Evidence for the Low Date (1290 BCE)

1. No evidence to "Israel" as a people except in the Bible prior to the Merneptah Stele (1220 BCE)

2. Exodus 1:11 says that Hebrew built the cities of Pithom and Ramses were completed by Ramses II (1304-1237 BCE).

3. When Joshua died, the people had no main leader. Instead, there were courts in every town as written in the Torah. The time frame for the judges mentioned in the book of Judges may have overlapped. this would account for a shorter period of time for Joshua's conquest, settlement, and the era of judges, making a low date possible.

As new archaeological discoveries are made, our understanding of this time period continues to grow. While there is not enough evidence to say for certain that the high date of the exodus is correct, both tradition and current research support this position more favorably than the low date in non-Jewish research.

Abraham was from the 2nd millennium BCE, born about 1948 BCE.

Jewish dates for Moses is that he was born in 1391 BCE and died by 1271 BCE. He was the son of Amram.

The Exodus took place 480 years before the 1st Temple of Solomon was built, which was about 3,800 years ago.

Then again, there is evidence that Ramses was the pharaoh. The article “Exodus Evidence: An Egyptologist Looks at Biblical History” from the May/June 2016 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review wrestles with both of these questions—“Did the Exodus happen?” and “When did the Exodus happen?” In the article, evidence is presented that generally supports a 13th-century B.C.E. Exodus during the Ramesside Period, when Egypt’s 19th Dynasty ruled.

The article examines Egyptian texts, artifacts and archaeological sites, which demonstrate that the Bible recounts accurate memories from the 13th century B.C.E. For instance, the names of three places that appear in the biblical account of Israel’s Exodus from Egypt correspond to Egyptian place names from the Ramesside Period (13th–11th centuries B.C.E.). The Bible recounts that, as slaves, the Israelites were forced to build the store-cities of Pithom and Ramses. After the ten plagues, the Israelites left Egypt and famously crossed the Yam Suph (translated Red Sea or Reed Sea), whose waters were miraculously parted for them. The biblical names Pithom, Ramses and Yam Suph (Red Sea or Reed Sea) correspond to the Egyptian place names Pi-Ramesse, Pi-Atum and (Pa-)Tjuf. These three place names appear together in Egyptian texts only from the Ramesside Period. The name Pi-Ramesse went out of use by the beginning of Egypt’s Third Intermediate Period, which began around 1085 B.C.E., and does not reappear until much later.

Yohanan Aharoni was an Israeli archaeologist and historical geographer, chairman of the Department of Near East Studies and chairman of the Institute of Archaeology at Tel-Aviv University. The late Israeli archaeologist, Yohanan Aharoni, claimed that in the Galilee he found pottery evidence of the beginnings of the Israelite infiltration dating to the 14th century B.C.E.

Resource: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoQBRZYyDm4

Simcha Jacobovici, also known as the Naked Archaeologist, is also an archaeologist and video-maker who created the video, The Exodus Decoded. Just watch and see all the proof he has; most impressive! He's found that the text itself in the bible dates itself.

Must Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vy1hbx1f-GQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wi8qBAQUeQQ The Biblical Plagues

Resource:

https://jewishbubba.blogspot.com/2023/03/in-search-of-pharaoh-who-defied-moses.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_II

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amenhotep-II-did not mention any child of his

https://newcreation.blog/who-was-the-pharaoh-of-the-exodus/-lots of detail, more than mine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenemhat_(son_of_Thutmose_III)

Pamphlet: Rose Publishing; New International version of Bible used, www.zondervan.com; authors Aaron Clay, MAOT, Lisa Harlow Clay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters

https://answersingenesis.org/archaeology/merneptah-stele/

https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/exodus/exodus-fact-or-fiction/