Nadene Goldfoot
Anwar Sadat was president of Egypt in 1979, the year peace was signed with Israel. He was an Egyptian army officer and politician who was president of Egypt from 1970 until his assassination in 1981. He initiated serious peace negotiations with Israel, an achievement for which he shared the 1978 Nobel Prize for Peace with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin. Under their leadership, Egypt and Israel made peace with each other in 1979.
Menachem Begin was PM of Israel in 1979 when Egypt signed the peace treaty with Israel.
"During all the wars against the Gaza Strip, the regime in Egypt sided with Israel and took an anti-Palestinian resistance stance in Gaza, except the 2012 war that took place during the reign of Morsi, who fully supported Gaza, " Sawaf explained.
The analyst said that situation worsened further when the Rafah crossing – connecting Gaza with Egypt – was closed following the Israeli aggression as punishment for the Palestinian resistance. He said the crossing was restored only after Hamas leaders threatened to suspend all agreements with the Egyptian side regarding security in Sinai.
Jordan celebrating their 25th anniversary of peace with Israel
The treaty between Israel and Jordan in 1994 was the culmination of over thirty years of discreet engagement and cooperation, punctuated by periods of tension and conflict. It reflects a broad base of shared interests and of particular but complementary perspectives.
Yitzhak Rabin was the PM of Israel when Jordan signed their peace treaty with Israel.
Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1979 and Jordan signed in 1994, a span of 15 years. "Since then, both countries have maintained full diplomatic relations, as well as close, though clandestine, military and security cooperation."
Bill Clinton of USA with King Hussein and Rabin of Israel
Security, normalized interactions, acceptance of Israel in the region, the right of Palestinian self determination, and the role of Egypt and Israel in the newly emerging Middle East setting were topics of discussion at a historical meeting which had taken place in May 1979, in Cairo. About a dozen intellectuals from Israel and Egypt met to discuss these and related issues.
They identified important areas in which they shared crucial common interests with Israel which were shown by the dangers and threats posed by the rise of radical and militant Islamist groups such as Islamic State (ISIS) and the various jihadist factions affiliated with al-Qaida and Hamas.
Israel saw that there was a big difference between perceptions of the three of them of these dangers and the reality facing Jordan to the east and particularly Egypt to the west.
ISIS was such a danger, causing the struggling in bloody battles in Syria and Iraq and turning its eyes on Jordan for future take-overs. However, Israel's security sources saw no evidence of its presence then in the Hashemite Kingdom. They thought that Jordan and Israel really needed a "peace" border to forstall future changes, having nothing like a fence between them at the time.
The Egyptian border was not calm and had more cause to worry Israel, though they had a peace treaty for a longer time. Israel completed a 200 km long fence from Eilat to Gaza in 2012. It's 3-4 meters (13.1234 feet) high equipped with electronic sensors and cameras.
The fence was first designed to stop the flood of African immigrants and job seekers from Eritrea and Sudan that were invading the little Israel when 6,000 to 10,000 people-sometimes entire families--were able to easily infiltrate Israel from the Sinai Peninsula. PBS reported 60,000 sought refuge in Israel by 2013. Just 12 people managed to reach what is for them the "promised land" of Israel the next year from these African countries.
From 2011 to 2014, the fence became the stop, or at least scaled down the threat of terrorism. The 'sand clock') referred to the fence built by Israel along its border with Egypt. Initial construction on the barrier began on 22 November 2010.
Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak's regime in 2011 was toppled during the Arab Spring, and the installation of the Muslim Brotherhood regime of Mohamed Morse In response, watch groups were organized by civilian vigilantes to protect their neighborhoods. On 11 February 2011, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak resigned as president, turning power over to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF). He was sentenced to death by an Egyptian court.
A terrorist group emerged in Sinai calling itself Ansar Beit al-Maqdas, meaning Supporters of Jerusalem. Later in 2014, they renamed itself ISIS (Islamic State, also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, and by its Arabic acronym Daesh in the Sinai Province (SP)of the Islamic State, after pledging allegiance to ISIS and its leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Why? Its ideology and hope for financial gain. ISIS is a militant Islamist group and former unrecognized quasi-state that follows the Salafi jihadist branch of Sunni Islam.
ISIS had split in 2012 from Osama bin Laden's al-Qaida and had introduced radical Islam. Instead of advocating world terrorism with no borders, it preached the creation of territorial units that would follow the fundamentalist 7th century ideas that ruled the region with the spread of Muhammad's Islam, more like Iran. By 2014, ISIS conquered Iraq and Syria, spreading this view. During 2015, SP militants killed 350 Egyptian soldiers, policemen, security servicemen and government officials.
New York Times reported in August 2021 that An Islamic State (ISIS) affiliate that is a sworn enemy of both the Taliban and the United States threatens a large-scale attack against the mission at the airport. ISIS poses the biggest immediate terrorist threat to evacuation in Kabul, Afghanistan. The United States has been battling the Taliban and their militant partners in Afghanistan, Al Qaeda and the Haqqani network, for 20 years.
Egypt and Jordan's view of Iran
Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, and the appointment of ambassadors after nearly 30 years, Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi made a historic first visit to Iran since the Iranian Revolution for the Non-Aligned Movement summit on 30 August 2012, where it handed over the rotating presidency to Iran. Iranian president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, also visited Egypt in February 2013, making him the first Iranian president to visit Egypt since the Iranian Revolution..
Building on the momentum of the Red Sea islands negotiations, the White House has an opportunity to push the two sides in the right direction. After Abdullah’s recent visit to Washington, the Biden administration has renewed its commitment to Jordanian security. Enlisting the help of Riyadh and Jerusalem, separately and together, is the next logical step.
Resource:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anwar-Sadat
https://www.jstor.org/stable/173749
https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220218-normalising-ties-with-israel-still-lacks-popular-support-in-egypt-says-analyst/
https://jiss.org.il/en/krasna-the-jordan-israel-peace-treaty-at-25/
The Jerusalem Report, March 23, 2015 , magazine
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/spc/unpromised-land/ 2013
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/10/23/25-years-on-remembering-the-path-to-peace-for-jordan-and-israel/
https://thedispatch.com/p/jordan-has-an-iran-problem-can-israel?s=r
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution#:~:text=In%20response%2C%20watch%20groups%20were,the%20Armed%20Forces%20(SCAF).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_barrier#:~:text='sand%20clock')%20refers%20to,from%20African%20countries%20into%20Israel.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/25/us/politics/isis-terrorism-afghanistan-taliban.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Iran_relations#:~:text=Despite%20oft%2Dwavering%20tensions%20between,OIC%20and%20the%20Developing%208.&text=According%20to%20a%202013%20BBC,48%25%20expressing%20a%20negative%20view.
No comments:
Post a Comment