Nadene Goldfoot
The Romans, now called the Byzantine Empire with the capital moved to Constantinople, was predominant and by 637 had taken over Palestine. Emperor Justinian in 527 to 565 created elaborate anti-Jewish laws in his Code affecting synagogue services. The very practice of Judaism was formally forbidden by successive emperors. In 640 and Jews were being forcibly converted to Christianity. It continued in 721 and 873 with campaigns and attacks. Then where did the Jews go?
The Norman Conquest occurred in 1066, a very important year. Following William the Conqueror were a handful of Jewish financiers from the Continent of Europe. The next generation saw cities such as London, York, Canterbury established. The financiers traded, lent money to the baronage, and advanced funds for current needs on security of the revenue to the Crown who protected them. The English then were a mixture of Vikings and Anglo-Saxons trying to live together, with some Vikings trying to keep their Norse beliefs, and Jews were then entering the scene, trying to keep to their beliefs.
What were the Normans? Norman, member of those Vikings, or Norsemen, who settled in northern France (or the Frankish kingdom), together with their descendants. The Normans founded the duchy of Normandy and sent out expeditions of conquest and colonization to southern Italy and Sicily and to England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.
Anglo-Saxon writers called them Danes, Norsemen, Northmen, the Great Army, sea rovers, sea wolves, or the heathen. From around 860 CE onwards, Vikings stayed, settled and prospered in Britain, becoming part of the mix of people who today make up the British nation. Britain was very primitive then, and Vikings were very brutal and powerful.
The blue shading is the Viking (Danish, Norse land of Britain)
The final Viking invasion of England came in 1066, when Harald Hardrada sailed up the River Humber and marched to Stamford Bridge with his men. His battle banner was called Land-waster. The English king, Harold Godwinson, marched north with his army and defeated Hardrada in a long and bloody battle. The English had repelled the last invasion from Scandinavia. (William’s army crossed the English Channel on the night of 27–28 September 1066, just as King Harold marched north to fight an invading force led by King Harald Hardrada of Norway (reigned 1046–1066) and the English Harold Godwinson’s own brother, Tostig.) What are the odds in 1066 that the 2 incumbents of England and Norway would be both named Harold? Both had Viking genes. Many of the English people today carry Viking genes. The latest news is that only 6% of English carry Viking genes. This is compared with Sweden who only has 10%.
In 1290 the Jews were expulsed from England and wouldn't be allowed back in for the next 365 years. until 1655.
Vikings settled in and raided many places in what is today called Germany, mainly along the Rhein river, the North Sea coast, and the Scandinavian borderlands. Jews lived in Worms, Germany.
13th century forced costuming for German Jews below.
Jewish man in Worms in 16th Century-
A pre-Roman foundation, Worms is one of the oldest cities in northern Europe. It was the capital of the Kingdom of the Burgundians in the early 5th century, hence is the scene of the medieval legends referring to this period.
By the year, 1,000 Worms, Germany became most important to Jews as their center with rabbis meeting together and working on understanding the Torah.
Worms was a town in Rhein-Hesse, grand duchy of Hesse, Germany. Like Mayence and Cologne, it has one of the oldest Jewish communities in Germany. A legend relates that the Jews of Worms were descended from the Benjamites who had migrated from Palestine to Germany. It is possible that there was a congregation there in the time of the Romans, but the first historical reference is the statement that Jews from this city visited the fair at Cologne about the year 1000. The earliest authentic information regarding the community, however, dates back only to 1034. On Jan. 18, 1074, Emperor Henry IV. granted the "Jews and other citizens of Worms" exemption from customs duties in the royal-customs ports of Frankfort, Boppard, Dortmund, Goslar, etc., as a reward for their fidelity.
In 1096 the Christian German Crusade managed to massacre Jews in European Jews on their way to Jerusalem. The massacre at Worms was one of a number of attacks against Jewish communities perpetrated during the First Crusade (1096–1099). Followers of Count Emicho arrived at Worms on May 18, 1096. Soon after his arrival, a rumor spread that the Jews had boiled a Christian alive, and used his corpse to contaminate water to poison the town's wells. The local populace later joined forces with Emicho and launched a savage attack on the town's Jews, who had been given sanctuary in Bishop Adalbert's palace, though others chose to remain outside its walls. They were the first to be massacred.
3 years later in Jerusalem the Crusaders massacred the Jews who lived there. This was one time when Jews and Arabs were on the same side as the Crusaders couldn't differentiate between the two, and wanted to wipe out both as it was.
Scandinavian settlements in Eastern Europe actually date back to at least A.D. 750. This is when pre-Viking-Age Scandinavians likely settled the NW Russian town of Staraya Ladoga (or “Old Ladoga”), across Lake Ladoga from what is now Finland. One of the artifacts archaeologists have unearthed from the city is a talisman with the face of Odin, the Norse god of war.
For four centuries, Vikings held sway over parts of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, with the greatest expansion happening under Prince Oleg the Prophet. The historical people known as Vikings, who hailed from Scandinavia in Northern Europe, are well-known today for their exploits in the west. The merchant-warriors also made their way into Eastern Europe, where they helped found a medieval federation in territory now known as Belarus, Ukraine and part of Russia. Their loose federation of principalities called Kievan Rus survived for nearly 400 years, finally collapsing during the 13th-century Mongol invasion.
Jews were living in France before 70 CE when Jerusalem was burned to the ground by the Romans. The 8th century was a safe time for Jews who were under the protection of Charle-magne and his house. By the 9th century, southern France was the main center of the Radanites, international traders. They were Jewish merchants who traveled between southern France and China.
In Autumn 845, the Vikings were raiding Bordeaux, France and Saintes. Count Seguin II marched on them but was captured and executed. Although the port of Bordeaux was a buzzing trade center, the stability and success of the city was threatened by Viking and Norman incursions and political instability. The restoration of the Ramnulfid Dukes of Aquitaine under William IV and his successors (known as the House of Poitiers) brought continuity of government.
In 1306 the Christian's religious fever reached France who expulsed their Jews of the land.
Then in 1355, the Christian religious zeal and demands came to Spain and Jews were expulsed from there. They had lived in Spain since the 1st century CE, going there after 70CE's burning of Jerusalem and expulsion of their land. 1492 was the final expulsion date when they fled to Portugal, next door, only to find that door close to them in a few more years.
“The forced conversion and deportation of the Jews of Spain and Portugal at the end of the 15th century were a dramatic shock wave for the Jewish society people, as one of the main Jewish centers was wiped out almost overnight. Many Jews either escaped to other places or converted to Christianity and became new Christians. Some Jews chose to maintain their Jewish identity secretly – those were the “conversos”.
Christianity wasn't allowing Jews to live anywhere while the Vikings had been invading everywhere.
Resource:
facts about Israel, Division of Information, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem
https://metro.co.uk/2020/09/16/six-percent-of-uk-population-have-viking-dna-new-study-finds-13283006/#:~:text='State%20of%20the%20art'%20DNA,compared%20to%2010%25%20in%20Sweden.
https://www.history.org.uk/primary/resource/3867/the-vikings-in-britain-a-brief-history#:~:text=Anglo%2DSaxon%20writers%20called%20them,make%20up%20the%20British%20nation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germany https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15013-worms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms_massacre_(1096)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror
https://www.bl.uk/people/william-the-conqueror#:~:text=William%2C%20Duke%20of%20Normandy%2C%20conquered%20England%20in%201066.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Seville
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeauxhttps://theconversation.com/spains-little-known-viking-history-is-being-uncovered-165828#:~:text=The%20earliest%20Viking%20raid%20on,the%20northwestern%20coast%20of%20Galicia
https://metro.co.uk/2020/09/16/six-percent-of-uk-population-have-viking-dna-new-study-finds-13283006/#:~:text='State%20of%20the%20art'%20DNA,compared%20to%2010%25%20in%20Sweden.
https://www.anumuseum.org.il/the-expulsion-of-jews-from-spain/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term=expulsion+from+spain&utm_campaign=g&device=c&gclid=Cj0KCQjwz7uRBhDRARIsAFqjulmzgvoBs-nzStXInjlRlQJWYmonIWORnB_7juRsnihHh9PyzmNO2t0aArNUEALw_wcB.
https://www.history.com/news/vikings-in-russia-kiev-rus-varangians-prince-oleg#:~:text=Dec%204%2C%202019-,For%20four%20centuries%2C%20Vikings%20held%20sway%20over%20parts%20of%20Russia,their%20exploits%20in%20the%20west.
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