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Friday, November 26, 2021

Our Jewish, Roman and Muslim Rulers From Saul to Ottoman Empire

 Nadene Goldfoot                                                   

                The taking of Jerusalem by Herod the Great by Jean Fouquet
    Kings of Israel                                    

                     KINGS OF ISRAEL and JUDAH
Ethnarch: ruler of a people, implicitly denying independent status, in classical times.
Procurator: Governor of Judea under the Roman emperors; from 6-66CE,  there were 14 altogether, 7 between 6 and 41CE and the others between 44 and 66.  They enjoyed the "right of the sword", full powers to inflict punishment, including the death penalty, but Roman citizens were spared.  
 Patriarchate , Nasi-president of the Sanhedrin, was the governing legalistic body of Judean and Galilean Jewry after the destruction of the Second Temple until about 429 CE. Being a member of the house of Hillel and thus a descendant of King David, the Patriarch, known in Hebrew as the Nasi (prince), had almost royal authority.
Tetrarch literally, ruler of a 4th part; ruling a sub-division of a country
Calif: the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth

1. Saul-11th Century BCE, son of Kish of the Tribe of Benjamin, selected by Prophet Samuel because Saul had organized and trained an army and kept winning.

2. David- 1000-960 BCE. son of Jesse of the tribe of Judah, declared himself king of Judah.

3. Solomon-son of David, 961-920 BCE:  Death causes Civil War-2 states, Israel (Samaria & Judah.

Kings of Israel  BCE                                  Kings of Judah BCE

4. Jeroboam (933-912)                 4. Rehoboam (933-917) son of Solomon

5. Nadab (912-911)                      5. Abijam (917-915)

6. Baasha (911-888)                    6. Asa (915-875)

7. Elah (888-887)                        7. Jehoshaphal (875-851)

8. Zimri (887)                             

9. Omri (887-876)                   

10.Ahab (876-853)                   

11. Ahaziah/Uzziah (853             8. Jehoram (851-844)

12. Jehoram-853-843)                 9,    Ahaziah (844-843)

13. Jehu (843-816                      10.  Athaliah (843-837)

14. Jehoahaz (816-800)              11. Joash (837-798)

15. Jehoash (800-785)               12.  Amaziah (798-780)

16. Jeroboam (785-745)            13. Azariah/Uzziah)780-740)

17. Zechariah (744)                  

18. Shallum (743)                     

19. Menahem (743-736)             14. Jotham (740-735)

20. Pekahiah (736-735)              15.  Ahaz (735-720)

21. Pekah  (735-730)                 

22. Hoshea (730-721)                16. Hezekiah (720-692)

                                                   17.   Manasseh (692-638)          

Assyrian Attack,                      18. Amon (638-637) 

                                                  19.Josiah (637-608)

                                                  20. Jehoahaz (608)           

                                                  21.  Jehoiakim (608-598) 

                                                  22. Jehoiachin (598-597)

                                                 23.  Mattaniah/ Zedekiah (597-586)

Babylonians attack and take prisoners  of Judah in 597 and 586  BCE.Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem and the deportation of most of the Jews to Babylon.

Scholars refer to the state as the Hasmonean Kingdom to distinguish it from the previous kingdoms of Israel. The name "Judaea" has also been used to describe the Hasmonean Kingdom although this name reflects the later designation of the region under the Romans at the time of Josephus' writings in the late 1st century.

Maccabees (rebel leaders)

  1. Mattathias, 170–167 BCE
  2. Judas Maccabeus, 167–160 BCE
  3. Jonathan Apphus, 160–143 BCE (High Priest after 152 BCE)

Monarchs (Ethnarchs and Kings) and High Priests

  1. Simon Thassi, 142–135 BCE (Ethnarch and High Priest)
  2. John Hyrcanus I, 134–104 BCE (Ethnarch and High Priest)
  3. Aristobulus I, 104–103 BCE (King and High Priest)
  4. Alexander Jannaeus, 103–76 BCE (King and High Priest)
  5. Salome Alexandra, 76–67 BCE (only Queen)
  6. Hyrcanus II, 67–66 BCE (King from 67 BCE; High Priest from 76 BCE)
  7. Aristobulus II, 66–63 BCE (King and High Priest)
  8. Hyrcanus II (restored), 63–40 BCE (High Priest from 63 BCE; Ethnarch from 47 BCE)
  9. Antigonus, 40–37 BCE (King and High Priest)
  10. Aristobulus III, 36 BCE (only High Priest)
  • 11. Antipater the Idumaean (Procurator of Judaea) 47–44 BCE
  • 12.. Herod I the Great
    • Governor of Galilee 47–44 BCE
    • Tetrarch of Galilee 44–40 BCE
    • Elected king of all Judaea by the Roman Senate 40 BCE, reigned 
    • Herod I the Great, 37 BCE-4BCE,  king, son of Antipater the Idumean
    • 12.  Herod Archelaus: Ruler of Judea from 4 BCE to 6  CE, son of Herod, Ethnarch by emperor Augustus.

  • 13. Phasael (Governor of Jerusalem) 47–40 BCE
  • 14. Herod Antipas (Tetrarch of Galilee) 4 BCE – 39 CE
  • 15.Philip the Tetrarch (Tetrarch of Batanaea) 4 BCE – 34 CE, son of Herod
  • 16.Salome I (Tetrach of Jabneh) 4 BCE – 10 CE, wife of Philip

  • 17. Herod Agrippa,King of all Judaea 41–44 CE, previously Judaea (Roman province), gifted to him by Claudius, and reinstated as a province after his death. He was the last ruler with the royal title reigning over Judea and the father of Herod Agrippa II, the last king from the Herodian dynasty.
  • 18.  Herod Agrippa II, King, [b. AD 27/28?-d. 93?] became the 8th and final ruler from the Herodian family, but without any control of Judea. He supported Roman Rule and died childless

  • Great Sanhedrin 80–429 CE
  • The Patriarchate was the governing legalistic body of Judean and Galilean Jewry after the destruction of the Second Temple until about 429 CE. Being a member of the house of Hillel and thus a descendant of King David, the Patriarch, known in Hebrew as the Nasi (prince), had almost royal authority.

    Interregnum (Bar Kokhba revolt) (132–135) held Jerusalem
    • Judah bar Ilai c. 140 moved the Sanhedrin to Usha
    • Shimon ben Gamliel II
    • Judah haNasi (170–220) – ruled from Bet Shearim, then Sepphoris
    • Gamaliel III (220–230)
    • Judah II (230–270) – ruled from Sepphoris, then Tiberias. This was the Sanhedrin's last move.
    • Gamaliel IV (270–290)
    • Judah III (290–320)
    • Hillel II (320–365) – 320 is given as the traditional date for the codification of the Jerusalem Talmud
    • Gamaliel V (365–385)
    • Judah IV (385–400) – in 395, the Roman Empire split into east and west and Palestine passed under the eastern Byzantine Empire.
    • Gamaliel VI (400–425) – on 17 October 415, an edict issued by the Emperors Honorius and Theodosius II deposed Gamaliel VI as nasi. Theodosius did not allow the appointment of a successor and in 429 terminated the Jewish patriarchate.

Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates
The expansion of the caliphate under the Umayyads.
  Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
  Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
  Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
An anachronistic map of the various de facto independent emirates after the Abbasids lost their military dominance (c. 950)
The Fatimid Caliphate at its greatest extent

First Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187)[edit]
Crusader states in 1180
The capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders on 15 July 1099
1. The Holy Sepulchre, 2. The Dome of the Rock, 3. Ramparts
A woodcut of Jerusalem in the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493

The Crusader defeat at the Battle of Hattin leads to the end of the First Crusader Kingdom (1099–1187). 

During the Second Crusader Kingdom (1192–1291), the Crusaders can only gain a foothold in Jerusalem on a limited scale, twice through treaties (access rights in 1192 after the Treaty of Jaffa; partial control 1229–39 after the Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul), and again for a last time between 1241 and 1244.[57]

Jerusalem under the Ayyubid dynasty after the death of Saladin, 1193
The Bahri Mamluk Dynasty 1250–1382

1517:  Palestine became part of the Ottoman Empire



Resource:

The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-king-of-Judaea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zedekiah

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Judah

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Agrippa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel

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