Nadene Goldfoot
63 BCE: Roman Republic under Pompey the Great (106-48 BCE-Roman General) besieges and takes Jerusalem and the Temple from Aristobulus' supporters.
Rioting had been going on since the year 66 that was led by Judean rebel factions, when the Judean provisional government was formed in Jerusalem. The Judean provisional government was a short-lived de facto governing entity of Judea, which was established in the year 66 by Judean rebel forces of the Pharisee and Saduccee parties, and aimed to govern the Judean state.
The government functioned until the Zealot Temple Siege in the year 68, when most of its leaders were massacred in the inter-rebel struggle. Jerusalem was occupied by the Roman army.
Judea was made a tributary and stripped of the territories acquired by the Hasmoneans. Pompey ended the Jewish independence they had had since Simon the Maccabee. This is the start of their occupation of Jerusalem and Judah. It covers the time period of at least 5 generations.
Gaius Julius Caesar(12 July 100 BCE-15 March 44 BCE) was a Roman general and statesman who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BCE, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years.
Pompey sacked Jerusalem and installed Hasmonean prince Hyrcanus II as Ethnarch and High Priest but not as king. Some years later Julius Caesar appointed Antipater the Idumaean, also known as Antipas, as the first Roman Procurator. Antipater's son Herod was designated "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate in 40 BCE but he did not gain military control until 37 BCE. During his reign the last representatives of the Hasmoneans were eliminated, and the huge port of Caesarea Maritima was built.
1st Emperor Augustus reigned from 31 BC to 14 CE. He was grandnephew of Julius Caesar.
3rd Emperor Caligula reigned from 37 to 41. He was the grandnephew of Tiberius. He gave Agrippa, grandson of Herod, the tetrarchy of NE Judea and the title of king. He insisted on being worshipped as a divinity and this caused a big problem among the Jews and was used as an excuse for anti-Jewish disturbances in Alexandria on the occasion of Agrippa's visit in 38. Philo headed the Jewish delegation sent to intercede with Caligula, and has recorded a graphic impression of his court. Caligula was assassinated which prevented serious consequences in the Jewish world.
4th Emperor Claudius reigned from 41 to 54 and was the uncle of Caligula. He became emperor due to the help of his friend, Herod Agripia I, whom he approved as king, adding Judea to his Kingdom and uniting under him the whole area ruled by Herod. Claudius issued edicts at once reaffirming Jewish religious autonomy in Alexandria. When Agrippa I died in 44, Claudius put Judea under a procurator, but in 49 gave Agrippa's son, Agrippa II, regions of Judea to rule. In 49 and 50 he expelled a number of Jews from Rome because of a Jewish-Christian conflict.
5th Emperor Nero reigned from 54 to 65 or 68 and was the stepson of Claudius. His reign coincided with a period of turmoil in Judea culminating in the outbreak of the war against Rome. HIs wife, Poppaea, was sympathetic to Judaism. Nero is not unfavorably represented in talmudical legend.
The Great Revolt began in the year 66 CE, during the twelfth year of the reign of Emperor Nero( reign from 54 to 68- the last ruler of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius, thus becoming his heir and successor. Like Claudius, Nero became emperor with the consent of the Praetorian Guard.), originating in Roman and Jewish religious tensions. The crisis escalated due to anti-taxation protests and attacks upon Roman citizens by the Jews. The Roman governor, Gessius Florus, responded by plundering the Second Temple in Jerusalem, claiming the money was for the Emperor, and the next day launching a raid on the city, arresting numerous senior Jewish figures. This prompted a wider, large-scale rebellion and the Roman military garrison of Judaea was quickly overrun by the rebels, while the pro-Roman king Herod Agrippa II(28-93-last king of the house of Herod, son of Agrippa I ruled.
6th Emperor Galba reigned from 68 to 69.
7th Emperor Otho reigned from January to April of 69.
8th Emperor Aulus Vitellius reigned from July to December of 69.
Jewish Zealots, a Jewish political party in 2nd Temple times, was founded in 6CE by Judah the Galilean and Zadok the priest who demanded non-compliance with the Roman demand for a census which really was an assessment of their property on the grounds that this would constitute an acknowledgment of subjection. Their feelings were that they had proclaimed G-d as the sole ruler of the Jewish nation. The zealot numbers were increasing. Just before the revolt against Rome in 66, they had their highest numbers from all social strata. They were terrorizing their opponents, however, dividing their forces by fighting against the Temple guardians. After the destruction of Jerusalem, some fled to the forest where they were killed by the Romans. Others fled to Egypt where they tried to stir up disorders but were also wiped out. Some people think the Dead Sea Scroll group were the Zealots.
9th Emperor Vespasian (69-79). Nero had sent him in 67 to subdue the Judaean rebellion and by 68 he had conquered Galilee, Transjordan and the Judean coast before stopping his army when he received the news of Nero's death. In 69 he became emperor, and his campaign was ended by his son, Titus. He was the patron for General-and writer Josephus. The Talmud speaks of his favorable treatment of Rabbi Johanan ben Zakkai- that is, as far as Roman Emperors go.
Titus would become the 10th emperor from 79 to 81.
10th Emperor Titus
The Roman army was led by the Roman's future Emperor, General Titus (79-81 CE) and his 2nd in command, Tiberius Julius Alexander.
Tiberias became the 2nd emperor from the year 14 to 37 and was the stepson of the 1st, Augustus. Titus would become the 10th emperor from 79 to 81. It was Tiberius who expelled the Jews from Rome in 19 because of a fraud perpetrated on a Roman matron sympathetic to Judaism. 4,000 young Jews were sent to Sardinia to fight the brigands. Palestine was hardly administered under his rule when the crucifixion of Jesus happened.
Titus started the siege 3 days before the holiday of Passover on April 14, 70 CE. It lasted for 4 months, ending in August with the burning and destruction of the 2nd Temple. That day is now remembered as Tisha B'Av. People were starved to death. Titus took over the command of the Roman army in Judea from his father in 70 CE when he destroyed Jerusalem after a 5 month siege. The Romans deliberately destroyed the Temple with the object of eliminating the national religious center of the Jews.
63 BCE: Roman Republic under Pompey the Great (106-48 BCE-Roman General) besieges and takes Jerusalem and the Temple from Aristobulus' supporters.
Rioting had been going on since the year 66 that was led by Judean rebel factions, when the Judean provisional government was formed in Jerusalem. The Judean provisional government was a short-lived de facto governing entity of Judea, which was established in the year 66 by Judean rebel forces of the Pharisee and Saduccee parties, and aimed to govern the Judean state.
The government functioned until the Zealot Temple Siege in the year 68, when most of its leaders were massacred in the inter-rebel struggle. Jerusalem was occupied by the Roman army.
Judea was made a tributary and stripped of the territories acquired by the Hasmoneans. Pompey ended the Jewish independence they had had since Simon the Maccabee. This is the start of their occupation of Jerusalem and Judah. It covers the time period of at least 5 generations.
Gaius Julius Caesar(12 July 100 BCE-15 March 44 BCE) was a Roman general and statesman who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BCE, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years.
Pompey sacked Jerusalem and installed Hasmonean prince Hyrcanus II as Ethnarch and High Priest but not as king. Some years later Julius Caesar appointed Antipater the Idumaean, also known as Antipas, as the first Roman Procurator. Antipater's son Herod was designated "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate in 40 BCE but he did not gain military control until 37 BCE. During his reign the last representatives of the Hasmoneans were eliminated, and the huge port of Caesarea Maritima was built.
1st Emperor Augustus reigned from 31 BC to 14 CE. He was grandnephew of Julius Caesar.
The Imperial Roman army was the land-traveling armed forces deployed by the Roman Empire from about 30 BC to 476 AD. During this period, Augustus was the 1st Emperor who ruled from 31 BCE to 14 CE. His attitude toward the Jews of Jerusalem and Judea and the Diaspora was not a friendly one. He was he one who confirmed the kingship of Herod and returned to him the areas which had been taken away through the influence of Cleopatra. He converted Judea into a region governed by a procurator living in Caesarea.
Under Augustus, the European borders of the empire he inherited from his grand-uncle Julius Caesar were considerably expanded. During the first half of his sole rule (30 BCE–9CE), Augustus' central strategic objective was to advance the Roman border from Illyricum and Macedonia to the line of the Danube, Europe's greatest river, in order both to increase strategic depth between the border and Italy and to provide a major fluvial supply route for the Roman armies in the region.
Tiberius Julius Alexander.
Tiberias became the 2nd emperor from the year 14 to 37 and was the stepson of the 1st, Augustus. Titus would become the 10th emperor from 79 to 81. It was Tiberius who expelled the Jews from Rome in 19 because of a fraud perpetrated on a Roman matron sympathetic to Judaism. 4,000 young Jews were sent to Sardinia to fight the brigands. Palestine was hardly administered under his rule when the crucifixion of Jesus happened.
3rd Emperor Caligula reigned from 37 to 41. He was the grandnephew of Tiberius. He gave Agrippa, grandson of Herod, the tetrarchy of NE Judea and the title of king. He insisted on being worshipped as a divinity and this caused a big problem among the Jews and was used as an excuse for anti-Jewish disturbances in Alexandria on the occasion of Agrippa's visit in 38. Philo headed the Jewish delegation sent to intercede with Caligula, and has recorded a graphic impression of his court. Caligula was assassinated which prevented serious consequences in the Jewish world.
4th Emperor Claudius reigned from 41 to 54 and was the uncle of Caligula. He became emperor due to the help of his friend, Herod Agripia I, whom he approved as king, adding Judea to his Kingdom and uniting under him the whole area ruled by Herod. Claudius issued edicts at once reaffirming Jewish religious autonomy in Alexandria. When Agrippa I died in 44, Claudius put Judea under a procurator, but in 49 gave Agrippa's son, Agrippa II, regions of Judea to rule. In 49 and 50 he expelled a number of Jews from Rome because of a Jewish-Christian conflict.
5th Emperor Nero reigned from 54 to 65 or 68 and was the stepson of Claudius. His reign coincided with a period of turmoil in Judea culminating in the outbreak of the war against Rome. HIs wife, Poppaea, was sympathetic to Judaism. Nero is not unfavorably represented in talmudical legend.
Jews were living in Rome in the year 66 and had been there since 139 BCE.
The Great Revolt began in the year 66 CE, during the twelfth year of the reign of Emperor Nero( reign from 54 to 68- the last ruler of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius, thus becoming his heir and successor. Like Claudius, Nero became emperor with the consent of the Praetorian Guard.), originating in Roman and Jewish religious tensions. The crisis escalated due to anti-taxation protests and attacks upon Roman citizens by the Jews. The Roman governor, Gessius Florus, responded by plundering the Second Temple in Jerusalem, claiming the money was for the Emperor, and the next day launching a raid on the city, arresting numerous senior Jewish figures. This prompted a wider, large-scale rebellion and the Roman military garrison of Judaea was quickly overrun by the rebels, while the pro-Roman king Herod Agrippa II(28-93-last king of the house of Herod, son of Agrippa I ruled.
6th Emperor Galba reigned from 68 to 69.
7th Emperor Otho reigned from January to April of 69.
8th Emperor Aulus Vitellius reigned from July to December of 69.
Jewish Zealots, a Jewish political party in 2nd Temple times, was founded in 6CE by Judah the Galilean and Zadok the priest who demanded non-compliance with the Roman demand for a census which really was an assessment of their property on the grounds that this would constitute an acknowledgment of subjection. Their feelings were that they had proclaimed G-d as the sole ruler of the Jewish nation. The zealot numbers were increasing. Just before the revolt against Rome in 66, they had their highest numbers from all social strata. They were terrorizing their opponents, however, dividing their forces by fighting against the Temple guardians. After the destruction of Jerusalem, some fled to the forest where they were killed by the Romans. Others fled to Egypt where they tried to stir up disorders but were also wiped out. Some people think the Dead Sea Scroll group were the Zealots.
9th Emperor Vespasian (69-79). Nero had sent him in 67 to subdue the Judaean rebellion and by 68 he had conquered Galilee, Transjordan and the Judean coast before stopping his army when he received the news of Nero's death. In 69 he became emperor, and his campaign was ended by his son, Titus. He was the patron for General-and writer Josephus. The Talmud speaks of his favorable treatment of Rabbi Johanan ben Zakkai- that is, as far as Roman Emperors go.
Titus would become the 10th emperor from 79 to 81.
10th Emperor Titus
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| Burning of Jerusalem and Temple 70 CE by Titus |
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| Here Titus leads his army with Jewish captives who carry loot from the Temple back to Rome as is show on the Arch of Titus in Rome. Titus was the son of the 9 th Emperor Vespasian (69-79). |
Tiberias became the 2nd emperor from the year 14 to 37 and was the stepson of the 1st, Augustus. Titus would become the 10th emperor from 79 to 81. It was Tiberius who expelled the Jews from Rome in 19 because of a fraud perpetrated on a Roman matron sympathetic to Judaism. 4,000 young Jews were sent to Sardinia to fight the brigands. Palestine was hardly administered under his rule when the crucifixion of Jesus happened.
Titus started the siege 3 days before the holiday of Passover on April 14, 70 CE. It lasted for 4 months, ending in August with the burning and destruction of the 2nd Temple. That day is now remembered as Tisha B'Av. People were starved to death. Titus took over the command of the Roman army in Judea from his father in 70 CE when he destroyed Jerusalem after a 5 month siege. The Romans deliberately destroyed the Temple with the object of eliminating the national religious center of the Jews.
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| Roman Empire by 100 CE after Jerusalem's Destruction They surrounded the Mediterranean Sea
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
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