Nadene Goldfoot
It's hard to imagine that there were people carrying on their life 4,000 years ago, and I wondered what sort of life they led. This period is during the BRONZE AGE. The Bronze Age is a historical period characterized by the use of bronze, and in some areas proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization. Period: 3000 BC – 1200 BC Wikipedia
What is Bronze? Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon.
Sumer is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages, and one of the first civilizations in the world, along with Ancient Egypt, Norte Chico and the Indus Valley. Sumerians included the city of Ur where our patriarch, Abram (Abraham) came from. It was in existence from 4500 BCE to 1900 BCE, which covered our period of 2020 BCE.
"It was the time of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt of the 11th, 12th, 13th and sometimes 14th dynasties. This means that there was even an ancient kingdom before them, referred to as the Old Kingdom! " Civilizations started to rise around 3500 BCE." This Middle Kingdom existed from 2050 BCE to 1710 BCE. "The Eleventh Dynasty ruled the south. Around 2000 BC, a powerful leader named Mentuhotep II became king of southern Egypt. He launched an attack on the north and eventually reunited Egypt under one rule. This began the period of the Middle Kingdom".
Our Moses was born much later in about 1391 and died in 1271 BCE,. The Middle Kingdom was followed by the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt, another period of division that involved foreign invasions of the country by the Hyksos of West Asia. The Hyksos were a people of diverse origins, possibly from Western Asia, who settled in the eastern Nile Delta some time before 1650 BCE. The arrival of the Hyksos led to the end of the Thirteenth Dynasty and initiated the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt.
That was when Middle Easterners from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers migrated westward which included the family of Terah and his son Abram (Abraham). Abram was born in the city of Ur of the Chaldees where they lived with the Canaanites and Philistines.
Before Moses came along, people in Egypt were polytheistic. They thought many gods were in control of the world. They would use magic to cause the gods to react to their prayers. They believed in an afterlife and went through great funeral preparations to ensure that their soul would survive till getting to the afterlife. "For a brief period, in the theology promulgated by the pharaoh Akhenaten, a single god, the Aten, replaced the traditional pantheon. Ancient Egyptian religion and mythology left behind many writings and monuments, along with significant influences on ancient and modern cultures."
Marduk, in Mesopotamian religion, the chief god of the city of Babylon and the national god of Babylonia; as such, he was eventually called simply Bel, or Lord. Marduk. © Juulijs/Fotolia. Originally, he seems to have been a god of thunderstorms. His form was a dragon. They called him "Bel" or lord. Ancient Egyptian civilization emerged in the fertile Nile Valley, bounded on either side by harsh deserts. In Mesopotamia (now southern Iraq, the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers), the first cities appeared on irrigated lands. Both resulted from the consolidation of political and economic power.
The Egyptian conception of the universe centered on Ma'at, a word that encompasses several concepts in English, including "truth", "justice", and "order. It was the fixed, eternal order of the universe, both in the cosmos and in human society, and it was often personified as a goddess. It had existed since the creation of the world, and without it the world would lose its cohesion. In Egyptian belief, maat was constantly under threat from the forces of disorder, so all of society was required to maintain it."
Iran (Persia)
Zoroastrianism religion came along from the 10th to 5th century, much later, supposedly before Judaism. What preceded it was polytheism.
China had already started growing rice by 2700 BCE and continued to learn how by 1600 BCE. Silk was created before then as well. The Chinese Bronze Age had begun by 1700 BCE in the kingdom of the Shang dynasty along the banks of the Yellow River in northern China. At times the Shang kings ruled even larger areas.However, "the Bronze Age Chinese did not drink tea or eat rice. Both these commodities came from the south and were not popular in the rest of China until hundreds of years later. Instead the ordinary people consumed cereals, breads and cakes of millet and barley and drank beer. Members of the royal court could afford to vary their diet with meat and wine." They created beautiful pottery by 3,000 BCE. " in the Bronze Age people learned how to farm and produce enough extra food to feed other workers — such as miners, bronze-smiths, weavers, potters and builders who lived in towns — and to feed the ruling class who organized and led society.
In their 3rd millennia from 2500-2000 BCE we see a development in their pottery. " Ceramic objects included three-legged tripods, steamer cooking vessels, gui pouring pitchers, serving stands, fitted lids, cups and goblets, and asymmetrical beihu vases for carrying water that were flattened on one side to lie against a person’s body have been found.
The Shang kings spent most of their time riding forth from their walled cities with their nobles and knights to hunt and fight wars. The farmers were peasants who belonged to the land and were supervised by vassals of the king. In many ways society in Bronze Age China resembles society in Medieval Europe."At times the Shang kings make animal and human sacrifices as well; and when the king and powerful members of the royal court died, it was not unusual that their wives, servants, bodyguards, horses and dogs were killed and buried with them. During the Zhou Dynasty people gradually turned away from this custom and substituted clay figures for real people and animals."
In 2070 BCE, the "Xia dynasty is the first dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography. According to tradition, the Xia dynasty was established by the legendary Yu the Great after Shun, the last of the Five Emperors, gave his throne to him. The Xia was later succeeded by the Shang dynasty. Before the Xia dynasty was established, battles were frequent between the Xia tribe and Chi You's tribe. The Xia tribe slowly developed around the time of Zhuanxu, one of the Five Emperors. The Records of the Grand Historian and the Classic of Rites say that Yu the Great is the grandson of Zhuanxu, but there are also other records, like Ban Gu, that say Yu is the fifth generation of Zhuanxu. Based on this, tradition ascribes the ancestry of the Xia clan to Zhuanxu.
Religious practices in ancient China go back over 7,000 years, before the Bronze Age. Long before the philosophical and spiritual teachings of Confucius and Lao-Tzu developed or before the teachings of the Buddha came to China, the people worshipped personifications of nature and then of concepts like "wealth" or "fortune" which developed into a religion. Modern Taoists in China (and elsewhere) worship many gods at private altars and in public ceremonies which originated in the country's ancient past.
India-Indus Valley 2600-1900 BCE By 2600 BCE, the Early Harappan communities turned into large urban centres. Such urban centres include Harappa, Ganeriwala, Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan, and Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar, and Lothal in modern-day India. In total, more than 1,000 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra Rivers and their tributaries. Their Hindu religion started from the 15th (1,500 BCE to 5th (500 BCE) . Moses started the Jewish religion while on the Exodus c 1311 BCE.
The people of the Indus Civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass, and time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. A comparison of available objects indicates large scale variation across the Indus territories. Their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal in Gujarat, was approximately 1.704 mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age. Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights.
Their religion was that of polytheism
Rome: The Early Bronze Age from 2300 -1700 BCE shows the beginning of a new culture in Northern Italy and is distinguished by the Polada culture. Polada settlements were mainly widespread in wetland locations such as around the large lakes and hills along the Alpine margin. They were way behind in development compared to Egypt. Somehow they overcame this and developed weapons for war that outdid Judah, bringing Jerusalem's destruction. Polytheism was practiced heavily in Rome and Greece.
Europe 3200 -600 BCE was their Bronze Age
Most Brits carry the R1b Y haplogroup. Bronze Age Britain is an era of British history that spanned from c. 2500 until c. 800 BC. Lasting for approximately 1,700 years, it was preceded by the era of Neolithic Britain and was in turn followed by the period of Iron Age Britain. "There is no clear consensus on the date for the beginning of the Bronze Age in Great Britain and Ireland. Some sources give a date as late as 2000 BC, while others set 2200 BC as the demarcation between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. The period from 2500 BC to 2000 BC has been called the "Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age", in recognition of the difficulty of exactly defining this boundary. Some archaeologists recognize a British Chalcolithic when copper was used between the 25th and 22nd centuries BC, but others do not because production and use was on a small scale."
Resource:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/articles/the-8-oldest-religions-in-the-world/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marduk
http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/egypt/gods.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_Europe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain
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| Three Egyptian Gods from Tomb of Horemheb |
It's hard to imagine that there were people carrying on their life 4,000 years ago, and I wondered what sort of life they led. This period is during the BRONZE AGE. The Bronze Age is a historical period characterized by the use of bronze, and in some areas proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization. Period: 3000 BC – 1200 BC Wikipedia
However, the long period just before that was The New Stone Age.
A few civilizations even started to rise around 3500 BCE.
A few civilizations even started to rise around 3500 BCE.
Sumer is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages, and one of the first civilizations in the world, along with Ancient Egypt, Norte Chico and the Indus Valley. Sumerians included the city of Ur where our patriarch, Abram (Abraham) came from. It was in existence from 4500 BCE to 1900 BCE, which covered our period of 2020 BCE.
 |
| Mentuhotep II |
Our Moses was born much later in about 1391 and died in 1271 BCE,. The Middle Kingdom was followed by the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt, another period of division that involved foreign invasions of the country by the Hyksos of West Asia. The Hyksos were a people of diverse origins, possibly from Western Asia, who settled in the eastern Nile Delta some time before 1650 BCE. The arrival of the Hyksos led to the end of the Thirteenth Dynasty and initiated the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt.
That was when Middle Easterners from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers migrated westward which included the family of Terah and his son Abram (Abraham). Abram was born in the city of Ur of the Chaldees where they lived with the Canaanites and Philistines.
Before Moses came along, people in Egypt were polytheistic. They thought many gods were in control of the world. They would use magic to cause the gods to react to their prayers. They believed in an afterlife and went through great funeral preparations to ensure that their soul would survive till getting to the afterlife. "For a brief period, in the theology promulgated by the pharaoh Akhenaten, a single god, the Aten, replaced the traditional pantheon. Ancient Egyptian religion and mythology left behind many writings and monuments, along with significant influences on ancient and modern cultures."
Marduk, in Mesopotamian religion, the chief god of the city of Babylon and the national god of Babylonia; as such, he was eventually called simply Bel, or Lord. Marduk. © Juulijs/Fotolia. Originally, he seems to have been a god of thunderstorms. His form was a dragon. They called him "Bel" or lord. Ancient Egyptian civilization emerged in the fertile Nile Valley, bounded on either side by harsh deserts. In Mesopotamia (now southern Iraq, the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers), the first cities appeared on irrigated lands. Both resulted from the consolidation of political and economic power.
The Egyptian conception of the universe centered on Ma'at, a word that encompasses several concepts in English, including "truth", "justice", and "order. It was the fixed, eternal order of the universe, both in the cosmos and in human society, and it was often personified as a goddess. It had existed since the creation of the world, and without it the world would lose its cohesion. In Egyptian belief, maat was constantly under threat from the forces of disorder, so all of society was required to maintain it."
Iran (Persia)
Zoroastrianism religion came along from the 10th to 5th century, much later, supposedly before Judaism. What preceded it was polytheism.
China had already started growing rice by 2700 BCE and continued to learn how by 1600 BCE. Silk was created before then as well. The Chinese Bronze Age had begun by 1700 BCE in the kingdom of the Shang dynasty along the banks of the Yellow River in northern China. At times the Shang kings ruled even larger areas.However, "the Bronze Age Chinese did not drink tea or eat rice. Both these commodities came from the south and were not popular in the rest of China until hundreds of years later. Instead the ordinary people consumed cereals, breads and cakes of millet and barley and drank beer. Members of the royal court could afford to vary their diet with meat and wine." They created beautiful pottery by 3,000 BCE. " in the Bronze Age people learned how to farm and produce enough extra food to feed other workers — such as miners, bronze-smiths, weavers, potters and builders who lived in towns — and to feed the ruling class who organized and led society.
At times the Shang kings ruled even larger areas.'' This was much after the Bronze age of the Middle East.
In their 3rd millennia from 2500-2000 BCE we see a development in their pottery. " Ceramic objects included three-legged tripods, steamer cooking vessels, gui pouring pitchers, serving stands, fitted lids, cups and goblets, and asymmetrical beihu vases for carrying water that were flattened on one side to lie against a person’s body have been found.
The Shang kings spent most of their time riding forth from their walled cities with their nobles and knights to hunt and fight wars. The farmers were peasants who belonged to the land and were supervised by vassals of the king. In many ways society in Bronze Age China resembles society in Medieval Europe."At times the Shang kings make animal and human sacrifices as well; and when the king and powerful members of the royal court died, it was not unusual that their wives, servants, bodyguards, horses and dogs were killed and buried with them. During the Zhou Dynasty people gradually turned away from this custom and substituted clay figures for real people and animals."
In 2070 BCE, the "Xia dynasty is the first dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography. According to tradition, the Xia dynasty was established by the legendary Yu the Great after Shun, the last of the Five Emperors, gave his throne to him. The Xia was later succeeded by the Shang dynasty. Before the Xia dynasty was established, battles were frequent between the Xia tribe and Chi You's tribe. The Xia tribe slowly developed around the time of Zhuanxu, one of the Five Emperors. The Records of the Grand Historian and the Classic of Rites say that Yu the Great is the grandson of Zhuanxu, but there are also other records, like Ban Gu, that say Yu is the fifth generation of Zhuanxu. Based on this, tradition ascribes the ancestry of the Xia clan to Zhuanxu.
Religious practices in ancient China go back over 7,000 years, before the Bronze Age. Long before the philosophical and spiritual teachings of Confucius and Lao-Tzu developed or before the teachings of the Buddha came to China, the people worshipped personifications of nature and then of concepts like "wealth" or "fortune" which developed into a religion. Modern Taoists in China (and elsewhere) worship many gods at private altars and in public ceremonies which originated in the country's ancient past.
 |
| painted pottery that was a funeral urn in 3,000 BCE in China |
India-Indus Valley 2600-1900 BCE By 2600 BCE, the Early Harappan communities turned into large urban centres. Such urban centres include Harappa, Ganeriwala, Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan, and Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar, and Lothal in modern-day India. In total, more than 1,000 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra Rivers and their tributaries. Their Hindu religion started from the 15th (1,500 BCE to 5th (500 BCE) . Moses started the Jewish religion while on the Exodus c 1311 BCE.
The people of the Indus Civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass, and time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. A comparison of available objects indicates large scale variation across the Indus territories. Their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal in Gujarat, was approximately 1.704 mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age. Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights.
Their religion was that of polytheism
 |
| Daggers from Italy's Early Bronze Age |
Rome: The Early Bronze Age from 2300 -1700 BCE shows the beginning of a new culture in Northern Italy and is distinguished by the Polada culture. Polada settlements were mainly widespread in wetland locations such as around the large lakes and hills along the Alpine margin. They were way behind in development compared to Egypt. Somehow they overcame this and developed weapons for war that outdid Judah, bringing Jerusalem's destruction. Polytheism was practiced heavily in Rome and Greece.
 |
| The Kernosovskiy idol (3300-2600 BCE), featuring a man with a belt, axes, and testicles to symbolize the warrior; dated to the middle of the third millennium BCE and associated with the late Yamnaya culture around Ural River. |
A Handful Of Bronze-Age Men Could Have Fathered Two Thirds Of Europeans-started farming way before 2020 BCE.
By 5000 BCE it was fragmenting into more localized cultures, as different settlement patterns emerged and varying styles of pottery evolved. Its offshoots penetrated southern Scandinavia and Russia in the 5th millennium BCE, but here the poor soil and harsh climate delayed the onset of a full agricultural transition for several centuries, and communities continued to sustain themselves by a mix of hunting, foraging, fishing, herding and crop growing. Their common Y haplogroup is R.
Countries along the Atlantic Ocean " by 4000 BCE,had domestic animals that were being used as a source of milk. Some metal was used, and there were considerable copper mines and copper smelting centers, especially in the Balkans. Metal, however, was mainly used for display. Copper was sometimes used for axes, knives and hammers, but these were generally no more efficient than stone tools, and a great deal more expensive to produce. Gold and copper mostly appeared in jewelery and prestige objects.Most Brits carry the R1b Y haplogroup. Bronze Age Britain is an era of British history that spanned from c. 2500 until c. 800 BC. Lasting for approximately 1,700 years, it was preceded by the era of Neolithic Britain and was in turn followed by the period of Iron Age Britain. "There is no clear consensus on the date for the beginning of the Bronze Age in Great Britain and Ireland. Some sources give a date as late as 2000 BC, while others set 2200 BC as the demarcation between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. The period from 2500 BC to 2000 BC has been called the "Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age", in recognition of the difficulty of exactly defining this boundary. Some archaeologists recognize a British Chalcolithic when copper was used between the 25th and 22nd centuries BC, but others do not because production and use was on a small scale."
Resource:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/articles/the-8-oldest-religions-in-the-world/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marduk
http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/egypt/gods.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_Europe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain
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